Changes in Leaf Water Relations and Injuries in Maize Seedlings Induced by Different Chilling Conditions

The time course of injuries and electrolyte leakage as well as changes in leaf water content and relative turgidity during chilling at 5°C, 65 or 100 % relative humidity (RH) were determined for seedlings of two maize hybrids differing in chilling tolerance.
In the course of chilling of entire seedlings the statistically significant injuries and increased leakage of electrolytes occurred first, followed by significant water deficit in leaves which was independent of RH and genotype. However, during prolonged chilling high and significant correlation between the level of chilling-induced water stress and the extent of injuries was observed. Thus it has been assumed that the main factor responsible for primary chilling injuries in maize seedlings is the immediate influence of chilling temperatures on the cell membranes, and not the secondary water stress. The level of the water stress and the extent of the dehydration injuries under chilling conditions depended on the chilling sensitivity of the genotype. Differences between the examined genotypes consisted not only in delayed chilling injuries in a chilling tolerant hybrid, but also in significantly lesser effects of these injures on water relations.
However, exposure to low temperature of the aboveground part or of the roots of the seedlings only, caused first the chilling-induced marked water deficit in the leaves and next increased leakage of electrolytes. A direct effect of chilling temperature on the membranes in a situation when only a part of the seedling is being chilled, may be less harmful to the plant as a whole owing to normal functioning of the non-chilled part.     

北方白菜型冬油菜的膜脂脂肪酸组分和ATPase活性对温度的响应

为了解北方白菜型冬油菜膜脂脂肪酸和ATPase活性与抗寒性的关系,以抗寒性强的冬油菜品种陇油7号和抗寒性弱的品种天油2号为材料,研究了不同温度处理(25°C、10°C、2°C、–5°C)后叶片和根系膜脂脂肪酸组分和ATPase酶活性的变化。结果表明,低温胁迫下2个冬油菜品种叶片和根系膜脂脂肪酸组分相同,叶片中不饱和脂肪酸以亚麻酸为主,根系不饱和脂肪酸以亚油酸为主。随处理温度的降低,2个冬油菜品种叶片不饱和脂肪酸含量呈先降低(10°C,2°C)后增加(–5°C)的趋势;陇油7号根中不饱和脂肪酸含量逐步增加,天油2号则逐步降低;在低温条件下(2°C,–5°C),陇油7号膜脂U/S比值、IUFA值高于天油2号;ATPase活性表现为陇油7号逐渐高于天油2号。说明2个冬油菜品种的膜脂在低温响应上存在一定差异,低温下不饱和脂肪酸含量和ATPase活性的提高是强抗寒冬油菜品种在北方旱寒区严酷环境条件下能安全越冬的重要原因。     

The Effect of Short Warm Breaks during Chilling on Photosynthesis and the Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes in Plants Sensitive to Chilling

The effect of short warm breaks (from 15 min to 5 h) during chilling of three chilling-sensitive species (tomato, maize and soybean) was investigated. Injuries, intensity of net photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme activity were measured. Throughout chilling treatment, plants were warmed by transferring them during the last few hours of the light phase from chilling temperature (5 °C for tomato and maize, 2 °C for soybean) to 20 °C. After warming, seedlings were moved back to chilling conditions. Warm breaks of 5 h almost entirely prevented the appearance of injuries, as measured by changes in leakage of electrolytes and tissue water content, during 12 days of chilling. Even a 15-min warm break ensured a significant decrease in injuries in chilled maize seedlings compared to continuously chilled seedlings. Inhibition of gas exchange and fluorescence in seedlings of two maize genotypes differing in chilling resistance was, to a small extent, prevented by 1-h warm breaks, while 4-h warm breaks reduced inhibition significantly. The length of the warm break (1 or 4 h) had no influence on changes in SOD activity compared to continuously chilled plants, but warm breaks of 4 h produced a significant increase in CAT activity. The possible influence of an alternative pathway in preventing injuries is discussed.     

Influence of Warm Intervals on the Effects of Vernalization and the Composition of Phospholipid Fatty Acids in Seedlings of Winter Wheat

Excised embryos of winter wheat were submitted to a different number of vernalization (2 °C) and devernalization (20 °C) cycles of different lengths. In all treatments sum of cold and warm intervals was 50 and 10 days, respectively. The influence of different temperature conditions of seedling growth on the effectiveness of vernalization and correlations between effectiveness of vernalization and final content of phospholipid fatty acids were analyzed.
All indexes of generative development of plants (length of vegetative phase, % of generative plants, number of side shoots) showed the most effective was uninterrupted vernalization beginning immediately after excision of embryos. Increasing the number of 2 ° C/20 °C cycles rapidly depressed effectiveness of vernalization, which reached the minimum with the 8.3 days at 2 °C and 2 days at 20 °C cycle and then improved again as cycles became shorter and more numerous.
Correlations between indexes of generative plant growth and indexes describing composition of fatty acids in seedlings showed that from 50 % to 60 % of variability in the composition of phospholipid can be associated with changes in the degree of generative induction. A higher degree of generative induction was associated with a higher share of < 16, 16: 0 and 18:2 acids and a lower share of 18: 3 acid and also with a lower value of the 16: 0/< 16 ratio of phospholipids.
The relation between the generative induction of plants and the composition of phospholipid fatty acids may however be blurred when induction proceeds under conditions of alternate short spells of vernalization and devernalization temperatures.     

Effect of Nickel on Membrane Integrity,Lipid Peroxidation and Fatty Acid Composition in Wheat Seedlings

The influence of 50 and 100 μm Ni on membrane integrity, hydrogen peroxide content, lipid peroxidation as well as total fatty acid composition was studied in shoots and roots of wheat seedlings. In both organs, treatment with Ni led to significant increase in electrolyte leakage reflecting the metal‐induced enhancement of membrane permeability. In the shoots, it was accompanied by significant increase in lipid peroxidation. Accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, more pronounced in the shoots, was also found in Ni‐treated wheat. Exposure of wheat seedlings to Ni altered the total fatty acid composition, leading to decrease in their unsaturation, which was indicated by reduction in double bond index. In both organs, a significant decrease in linolenic acid (C18 : 3) content was observed. It was accompanied by increased linoleic (C18 : 2) and oleic (C18 : 1) acid contents in shoots and roots, respectively. In the shoots, parallel increase in palmitic acid (C16 : 0) and decrease in palmitoleic acid (C16 : 1) were found at the end of the experiment. Our results suggest that modification of fatty acid profile in Ni‐treated wheat seedlings is partly related to lipid peroxidation and increased electrolyte leakage and may reflect damage of cells caused by the metal.     

锌、锰、铁和铜离子对水稻幼苗生长及SOD活性的影响

用一定浓度的Zn^2 、Mn^2 、Fe^2 和Cu^2 溶液培养水稻幼苗，对水稻幼苗生长及生理活性物质的影响进行研究。结果表明：用MnSO4溶液培养的幼苗新生叶全部枯黄，叶片相对较短，根系生长受到抑制。用ZnSO4、CuSO4溶液培养的幼苗，叶呈黄绿色，苗株矮小，根系衰退。用FeSO4溶液培养的幼苗，叶呈深绿色，苗株长势旺盛。根系长势良好，Mn^2 使水稻超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性明显减弱，Cu^2 、Fe^2 使水稻SOD活性明显增强，Zn^2 对水稻SOD活性无明显影响，不同金属离子浓度处理对水稻酯酶活性无明显影响。     

黑腐病对花椰菜（Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis）幼苗根系形态和生理的影响

为了阐明黑腐病对苗期花椰菜的根系形态和生理的影响,对建立花椰菜抗黑腐病根系育种新途径提供依据,利用黑腐病菌感染花椰菜抗病品种雪峰的叶片后,研究植株根系发生的一系列形态和生理变化。结果表明,接种7天后的植株根长、根干重、地上部干重、根系活力比接种后2天的显著增加。接种处理的植株根长、根干重和地上部干重明显比未接种对照（CK）低,但是接种幼苗的根系活力比未接种对照的根系活力高。接种3天后,接种处理的根系可溶性蛋白质含量一直显著高于未接种对照;接种后0~4天,接种处理的根系超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性明显低于未接种对照,但到接种后5~7天,接种处理的根系SOD活性又高于未接种对照;根系多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性和脱落酸（ABA）含量在植株接种后都显著高于未接种对照。但是,黑腐病病原菌没有提高根系过氧化物酶（POD）活性。以上结果说明,黑腐病菌引起了花椰菜幼苗根部一系列形态变化,并通过诱导植株根系中防御酶活性和调控内源激素等抵御病原菌的进一步侵染。     

Chilling Tolerance of 10 Maize Genotypes as Related to Chilling-induced Changes in ACC and MACC Contents

We studied chilling-induced changes of 1-aminocydopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and of 1-(malonylamino) cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (MACC) contents in seedlings of ten maize genotypes with different chilling tolerance. Seedlings at the third leaf stage were chilled at 5°C and at 65% RH. Immediately before and after two and five days of chilling the contents of ACC and of MACC in the third leaf were measured. Water content and – after recovery – the degree of necrotic injuries and the percentage of seedling survival were also determined.
After 2 days of chilling, the ACC content increased in all genotypes investigated. The increase was significantly higher in the sensitive genotypes than in the tolerant ones. There was a significant correlation between ACC content and necrotic injuries of seedlings. Chilling for 5 days increased the ACC content further and the difference between the two groups of genotypes still existed.
The MACC content increased after 5 days of chilling in all genotypes investigated. The increase was greater in the tolerant genotypes than in the sensitive ones. However, the difference in MACC accumulation between the two groups of genotypes investigated was not significant, and thus no correlation between MACC accumulation and chilling susceptibility was found.
The possible causes for the increase of ACC and MACC contents under chilling conditions and the possibility of using the ACC content as an indicator of chilling tolerance in maize breeding are discussed.     

苗期低温胁迫对扬麦16叶片抗氧化酶和渗透调节物质的影响

以扬麦16为试验材料, 利用人工气候箱模拟低温逆境, 研究-4℃、-6℃和-8℃低温胁迫对小麦苗期生长和叶片生理特性的影响。结果表明, 随着处理温度的降低、胁迫时间的延长, 小麦植株由叶尖萎蔫变黄的2、3级冻害加重至叶片全枯的4级冻害, 甚至大部分茎蘖冻死的5级冻害, –4℃和–6℃处理24 h没有发生4级及以上冻害。–8℃处理24 h和48 h后植株5级冻害比例显著增加, 植株死亡率分别为16.7%和39.6%。低温胁迫初期小麦叶片中SOD、POD和CAT活性均呈上升趋势, 随胁迫程度加重, SOD最先表现出下降趋势, POD和CAT变化稍缓, MDA含量增加。苗期低温胁迫使叶片中游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量明显高于对照, 且随温度的降低和处理时间的延长呈上升趋势, 表现出对低温逆境的适应性。     

Effect of Low Night Temperatures on Photosynthetic Activity of the Maize Seedlings (Zea mays L.)

Night chilling (5 °C) subsequently lowered photosynthetic intensity in the leaves of maize seedlings at 20 °C through an increase in leaf diffusive resistance brought on by lower tissue water content in morning hours. A more significant increase in leaf diffusion resistance was observed when soil temperature was lowered than in the case of lower air temperature.
The unfavorable effect of soil and air cooling temperature on photosynthesis was limited by air saturated with water vapour. However, as a result of lowering the night temperature from 5 °C to 1 °C, the efficiency of the protective influence of higher atmospheric humidity was decreased. This demonstrates that the participation of factors unrelated to plant water status in inhibiting photosynthesis increases with lower night temperatures.
An additional reason for inhibited photosynthesis following cool nights was a decrease in chlorophyll accumulation, below 50 μg per 1 cm² of leaf area.     

不同供镁水平对不同时期小麦幼苗生长速率的影响

以小麦(Triticum aestivum)为试材,采用砂基培养的方法,在镁浓度分别为对照组的0%、50%、100%、150%、200%和300%的营养基质上,培养剔除胚乳后的二叶期小麦幼苗7d、15d及30d,并分别测定该3个时间段小麦幼苗的株高、根长、地上部和地下部的生物量、叶绿素含量、根系活力以及相对生长速度（RGY）、相对生长速率（RGR）和根冠比等指标,研究不同供镁水平对不同时期小麦幼苗生长速率的影响。结果表明,缺镁（0%）严重影响了小麦全株的生长,供镁不足（50%）促进根系生长但抑制地上部分的生长,供镁轻度过量（150%、200%）对小麦生长发育影响较小,但过量供镁（300%）对小麦生长发育影响较大,且对根系的影响比对地上部的影响更显著。不同供镁水平处理小麦幼苗时,无论是7d、15d还是30d,RGR均随RGY的变化而变化,但二者在小麦幼苗的地上部均呈极显著正相关,而在根系二者的相关性不显著。另外,3个时期小麦幼苗的RGR和RGY,均以15d最高,7d次之、30d最低。     

The Effect of Short Warm Breaks during Chilling on Water Status, Intensity of Photosynthesis of Maize Seedlings and Final Grain Yield

The effects of short-term exposure of seedlings to suboptimal temperature (14 °C for 1 or 4 h in 24 h cycles) during chilling (5 °C for 12 days) on the water status and intensity of photosynthesis of tolerant (TG) and chilling-sensitive (SG) maize genotypes were studied. Daily warming for 1 or 4 h resulted in a decrease in the hydration of the seedlings to 31.1 % and 61.5 % (SG) and 14.8 % (TG) and 39.1 % (SG), respectively, in comparison with the continuously chilled control. During warming for 4 h, both genotypes absorbed water from soil in amounts that partly compensated for its loss through transpiration, after the plants had been moved to the lower temperature. A protective effect of shorter warming (1 h) on the hydration of the seedlings was a result of a strong, stomatal limitation of transpiration during the initial days of chilling. Warming for 1 or 4 h also increased the ability of TG stomata to close in reaction to water deficit in chilling conditions. The effect of increased temperature delayed the decrease of P_N in leaves and limited RGR inhibition of the seedling mass caused by chilling. Daily warming of plants at the seedling phase (14 and 20 °C for 1 or 4 h) reduced the unfavourable effect of chilling (5 °C for a period of 8 days) on the final yield, the filling of caryopses and their number in a cob after growth in natural conditions.     

机插稻超秧龄秧苗的生长特点研究

水稻机插移栽中秧苗不能及时机插而生长过度, 形成超秧龄秧苗。本试验以扬粳9538为供试品种, 在不同床土培肥条件下, 观测了超秧龄秧苗的生长特征。在超秧龄初期阶段(至播种后28 d), 秧苗地上部仍维持一定的生长, 秧苗干重和单位苗高干重尚有一定增加, 尚能维持糖氮代谢。但秧苗叶色(SPAD值)迅速下降, 地下部生长停滞, 根长、根数停止增加, 根系活力迅速下降, 根冠比明显降低。在严重超秧龄阶段(至播种后36 d), 苗高依然快速增加, 单位苗高干重大幅下降, 秧苗叶色维持在较低水平。根系活力低, 根系生长处于最低水平。超秧龄生长过程中秧苗糖代谢反应敏感, 氮代谢相对稳定, 糖氮比在严重超秧龄时大幅下降。床土肥力显著影响超秧龄秧苗生长, 高培肥水平下的秧苗茎基粗没有显著变化, 但苗高迅速增加, 单位苗高干重大幅降低, 地下部生长较低培肥处理更弱, 根数和根长较低, 根系活力下降迅速, 根冠比与低培肥处理相比大幅减小。床土培肥水平对秧苗的碳氮代谢影响显著, 高培肥处理的超龄秧苗营养状态更为劣化。以上结果表明, 超秧龄阶段特别是在严重超秧龄阶段的秧苗生长, 很大程度上取决于育秧阶段(适栽期)的育秧条件和生长状况, 低培肥处理的秧苗在超秧龄生长中糖氮比能维持相对较高的水平, 从而维持秧苗相对较好的营养状态。     

Pb胁迫条件下旱柳扦插苗生长过程生理生化响应机制研究

为研究旱柳对铅的耐受机制,以2年生旱柳(Salix matsudana)扦插苗为材料,进行盆栽实验,分析研究生长6个月后的扦插苗在铅浓度为0、200、600、1000、1200 mg/kg时的生理生化响应机制。结果表明：随着土壤铅浓度的增加,植株长势、根茎叶中的SOD、POD、CAT活性、可溶性蛋白含量以及叶中的叶绿素含量均呈先升后降的变化趋势,MDA含量呈上升趋势。各项生理指标：根＞茎＞叶。该实验表明：旱柳根系为重金属铅的主要累积部位,只有少量的铅转移到地上部分且600 mg/kg铅胁迫下旱柳幼苗有最佳耐性机制。     

不同土壤环境对地枫皮幼苗生长和生物量分配的影响

比较研究了4种土壤环境(养分含量高低依次为:石灰土﹥混合土﹥园土﹥火烧土)对地枫皮种子苗生长和生物量分配的影响。结果表明:不同土壤环境显著影响地枫皮幼苗的生长与成活率,随着土壤养分含量的增高,地枫皮幼苗的株高、基径和冠宽均显著增大,植株不同部位的干鲜重也均显著增大,地下根系更加粗壮发达。地枫皮幼苗可以通过调节生物量分配来适应养分环境的变化,养分水平低时,分配更多的生物量到根,根生物量比和根/冠比增大,养分水平高时,分配更多的生物量到叶,叶生物量比增加。石灰土栽培地枫皮幼苗能获得最好的生长和较高的成活率,火烧土栽培地枫皮幼苗的成活率最高,由于使用石灰土成本较高,建议采用灰分高的火烧土培育地枫皮幼苗。     

小麦不同绿色器官光合速率与碳同化酶活性及其基因型差异研究

比较了小麦不同基因型籽粒生长期旗叶与穗、茎、鞘等非叶绿色器官光合速率及光合碳同化酶活性的变化,结果表明, 存在显著的基因型差异。籽粒生长早期非叶器官净光合速率最大值低于旗叶，但后期的净光合速率下降幅度小于旗叶。各器官RuBPC活性和PEPC活性的变化均呈单峰曲线，RuBPC活性表现为旗叶>芒>叶鞘>穗下节间>颖片(护颖、外颖),其中芒的酶活性与叶片差异很小； PEPC活性表现为穗颖、叶鞘、穗下节间均明显高于旗叶。各基因型各非叶器官不同时期PEPC/RuBPC活性平均比值均明显高于旗叶, 后期非叶器官中PEPC活性甚至超过RuBPC活性。暗示在小麦生长后期的碳同化、特别是非叶器官的碳同化过程中，PEPC可能发挥着重要作用，后期非叶器官光合速率的相对稳定性可能与其较高的PEPC活性及活性下降缓慢有密切关系。在小麦品种改良过程中，不仅要重视叶片而且要重视非叶绿色器官光合性能、特别是PEPC活性的选择。     

硅对玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长作用机制初探

研究硅对玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长代谢的影响, 结果表明: 在Si浓度从1.0 mmol/L到2.5 mmol/L范围内, Si能提高玉米种子萌发过程中淀粉酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶活性, 促进呼吸代谢, 提高种子发芽率和增加单株鲜重. 在幼苗生长阶段, Si能增加叶绿素含量, 提高光合强度, 增强根系活力和硝酸还原酶活力, 降低蒸腾强度, 提高蒸腾比率、叶     

Effects of Exposure to Short Periods of Suboptimal Temperature during Chill (5 °C) on Gas Exchange and Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Maize Seedlings (Zea Mays L.)

The effect of various periods of exposure to suboptimal temperature ('warm breaks'– WB: 14 °C for 4 h, 1 h and 0 h – control in 24 h cycles) during chilling (5 °C) of maize seedlings on the photosynthesis, the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and on the injuries of the cell membranes of leaves and water content in plants was compared. The measurements were conducted after 1, 3, 7 and 12 chill cycles. It was found that WB of either length distinctly diminished the chill-induced inhibition of net photosynthesis and the decrease of photochemical efficiency of PSII. The protective effect on WB on these parameters was observed shortly after completion of chilling of the plant as well as an after-effect. Daily warming up of the plants also reduced the leakage of electrolytes and diminished the water deficit of the chilled seedlings. The protective effect of WB on the measured parameters of the plants was greater in the chill-sensitive genotype than in the chill-tolerant one, especially when plants were warmed up for 4 h. The results obtained are an indication that short periods of warm weather during cold spring may diminish the injuries of the photosynthetic apparatus, as well as reduce the disturbance of water status of seedlings, contributing in this way to better condition of maize crops.     

栽培型与野生型青蒿愈伤组织及毛状根的诱导

为了比较栽培型与野生型引种青蒿愈伤组织及毛状根的诱导差异,以2种类型青蒿种子为材料,在不加激素的MS培养基中诱导青蒿苗,并利用青蒿的根、茎和叶片在MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+IBA 0.5 mg/L诱导愈伤组织,发根农杆菌C58C1、ATCC15834和Accc10600诱导毛状根。结果表明青蒿愈伤组织诱导效率以根最佳,其次为茎和叶片。农杆菌C58C1和ATCC15834分别以青蒿的根和叶片的诱导率可达100%和70%;Accc10600菌种不能诱导青蒿叶片毛状根发生,但是可诱导根生出毛根的芽点。该研究为青蒿素的生物反应器规模化生产奠定了基础。     

低氮诱导小麦灌浆期旗叶衰老与膜脂的关系

小麦产量主要来自于小麦灌浆期旗叶的光合产物, 低氮造成的灌浆期旗叶早衰对小麦产量影响极大。本试验以小麦品种“长旱58”为试验材料, 在大田环境下设置低氮(120 kg hm ^-2)和正常氮(180 kg hm ^-2)处理, 研究低氮诱导的小麦旗叶衰老与膜脂的关系。结果表明, 开花14 d后, 低氮处理小麦旗叶的光合速率、叶绿素含量、旗叶总氮含量均显著降低; 旗叶中膜脂各组分含量均显著下降, DGDG/MGDG的比值升高; 以C18:3、C18:2为代表的不饱和脂肪酸含量显著下降, 以C16:0为代表的饱和脂肪酸含量显著增加, 不饱和双键指数显著降低; 此外类囊体蛋白质堆积密度也显著降低。综合分析认为低氮处理导致小麦灌浆期旗叶早衰, 早衰过程伴随着膜脂降解和组分改变, 降低了膜的流动性和通透性, 导致叶绿素降解, 使光合功能受损。同时, 植物通过调整DGDG/MGDG比例来响应低氮胁迫, 利用DGDG的双层特性来部分弥补其它双层膜脂的降解对膜功能造成的损伤。