利用信息化学物在田间控制粉虱(半翅目:粉虱科)的潜力（英文）

粉虱取食为害以及传播植物病毒给全球作物生产带来重大危害。寻求高效、经济、环境友好型的防控方法成为当务之急。在害虫综合防治中化学信息素的使用可有效减少化学农药的用量,然而目前并没有实际可用的防治粉虱的化学信息素类产品。鉴于挥发性化学信息素在粉虱行为反应中的重要作用,以此开发的化学引诱剂将在粉虱监测和防治中起到重要作用。本文主要综述了植物-粉虱-天敌之间的信息化合物研究进展,重点关注粉虱相关的挥发性信息化合物,及基于此类化合物开发新型防治技术和作物栽培管理策略。     

柑橘粉虱田间药效试验

柑橘粉虱不仅吸食植株汁液,而且排泄的蜜露还诱发煤烟病,是为害柑橘较重的一种害虫。用70％吡虫啉WG20000倍液、25％吡虫啉WP5000倍液、15％N维·毒EC1000倍液、25％扑虱灵（噻嗪酮）WP1000倍液、3％啶虫眯EC5000倍液、40％杀扑磷EC1000倍液这几种药剂对柑橘粉虱进行喷雾防治,筛选出了效果最好的药剂是70％吡虫啉WG20000倍液,其次是25％吡虫脒WP5000倍液和40％扑磷EC1000倍液、25％扑虱灵（噻嗪酮）WP1000倍液、阿维·毒EC1000倍液、3％啶虫眯EC5000倍液。这几种药剂对柑橘生长和果实发育安全,可以在柑橘生产上推广使用。     

螺旋粉虱的分子检测方法

螺旋粉虱(Aleurodicus dispersus)是一种世界性重要入侵害虫。针对其体型微小难以进行准确、快速鉴别,以及对其卵、若虫及不完整标本更是难以鉴别的难题,本文研究了它的分子标记快速检测方法。利用螺旋粉虱的CO I基因序列设计1对特异性引物,其扩增片段为399 bp。结果表明:此引物只对螺旋粉虱CO I基因具有特异性扩增,而对其他粉虱类昆虫不具有特异性扩增条带;该引物不仅能快速准确检测成虫,而且对其他虫态(卵、若虫和拟蛹等)亦具有同样的检测能力;同时,此检测方法灵敏度高,对成虫的检测限达到1/4000头。该检测方法的建立,为有效防控螺旋粉虱在我国的进一步扩散蔓延和危害提供了技术保障。     

利用植绥螨为主的粉虱生物防治研究进展

粉虱是严重为害农林生产的类群。当前已研究利用较多的粉虱天敌主要是寄生蜂、瓢虫、捕食蝽、病原微生物等。植绥螨是农林害虫、害螨的重要天敌。同时,植绥螨作为粉虱天敌的利用已渐被认可,因其易人工大量饲养、生产成本低、有较强的种群控制能力等,使其对粉虱的防治具有较好应用前景。     

利用天敌防治温室粉虱

本文报导了日本引进的温室粉虱的寄生蜂天敌——丽蚜小蜂的生活史;在番茄地内的释放方法;评价了利用天敌防治害虫的优点和存在的主要问题.简要介绍了一些国家目前天敌的利用情况。     

万州区柑橘粉虱和黑刺粉虱的发生动态规律

柑橘粉虱、黑刺粉虱是柑橘上的重要害虫,为深入了解2种粉虱的发生时期、发生为害程度和田间种群动态,采取田间系统调查与黄板诱捕监测相结合的方法,综合分析2种害虫在田间的发生规律,为科学控制害虫提供理论依据。     

57种南药植物粗提物对螺旋粉虱杀虫活性初步研究

测试了57种南药植物粗提物对螺旋粉虱成虫的杀虫活性.结果表明,在5 mg/mL浓度下,57种南药植物粗提物对螺旋粉虱成虫表现出较好的触杀活性.其中长春花、艾纳香、刺篱木、薄荷、广藿香、曼陀罗6种南药植物粗提物对成虫的触杀活性在60％以上,活性最好的是长春花粗提物,对成虫的触杀活性为67.3％.毒力测定结果表明:薄荷粗提物对成虫的EC50值最小,为3.308 9 mg/mL.因此薄荷对螺旋粉虱表现出较好的抑制活性,具有进一步研究开发的价值.     

我国粉虱类害虫的为害情况综述

对近20年来我国粉虱为害记录进行了整理,发现自2000年以来我国粉虱类害虫为害明显加重。柑橘粉虱和烟粉虱是为害最重的粉虱类群,受害最严重的省份是福建和湖南。根据各类粉虱的生物学特性,预计了未来10年我国粉虱的为害趋势,特别要警惕柑橘粉虱可能在南方柑橘产区暴发为害。     

常用杀虫剂对螺旋粉虱的活性及田间防效

为了筛选对螺旋粉虱有较强生物活性的化学药剂,以螺旋粉虱成虫为试虫,采用叶片浸渍法对15种常用杀虫剂进行筛选,并对较为敏感的药剂进行室内毒力测定及田间防效评估。室内毒力测定结果表明,虫螨腈、辛硫磷对螺旋粉虱成虫活性较为显著,LC50分别为0.881mg/L和1.055mg/L,甲氰菊酯、异丙威对螺旋粉虱若虫活性较为显著,LC50分别为5.320mg/L和9.425mg/L。在田间药效评估中,甲氰菊酯、虫酰肼、异丙威、氟铃脲在各供试浓度下对螺旋粉虱均表现出较好活性,药后144h,125mg/L浓度田间防效均在80%以上。上述结果表明,甲氰菊酯、虫酰肼、异丙威、氟铃脲对螺旋粉虱具有较好的防治效果,在进行螺旋粉虱的田间防治中,可用这几种药剂进行交替使用,防止抗性的产生。     

柑橘粉虱对柑橘叶片及其挥发物的行为反应

通过Y型嗅觉仪比较了7类14个不同品种的柑橘对柑橘粉虱引诱力的差异,采用顶空固相微萃取和气质联用(GC-MS)分析其中3个品种柑橘叶片挥发物成分,并测定柑橘粉虱对其中的10种挥发物单体标样在10-2、10-4、10-6、10-8g/mL浓度下的行为学反应,以期明确植物挥发物在柑橘粉虱寄主定位中的作用。结果显示,供试的14个柑橘品种中南丰蜜橘对柑橘粉虱引诱作用最强,HB柚最弱。被检测出的37种挥发物单体中的主要成分是烃类、醇类化合物,被测3个品种共有的挥发物有9种。在被测的10种挥发物单体中,引诱作用最强的是浓度为10-8g/mL的γ-松油烯和浓度为10-4g/mL的R-(+)-柠檬烯。研究表明,柑橘叶片中的挥发性气味对柑橘粉虱的寄主选择有重要影响,而且挥发性气味的化合物组成及其相对浓度影响其引诱效果。     

烟粉虱MED隐种对植物挥发物的趋性行为

利用“Y”型嗅觉仪测定了14种植物挥发物对烟粉虱成虫Bemisia tataci EMD隐种的作用。结果表明,10%的1,8-桉树脑、丁香酚、月桂烯、苎烯和肉桂醛引诱作用较强,其中1,8-桉树脑和月桂烯效果最好（P<0.001）。而顺-3-已烯-醇蒎烯和戊烯为趋避作用,其中顺-3-已烯-醇蒎烯趋避性最强;1%的1,8-桉树脑、丁香酚、月桂烯、烟酸乙酯和橙花醇引诱作用显著,其中1,8-桉树脑和丁香酚的效果最好（P<0.01）。顺-3-已烯-醇蒎烯和戊烯为趋避作用,二者之间无显著差异;将有引诱作用的单体复配后,仅1,8-桉树脑＋丁香酚（1：1）和1,8-桉树脑＋月桂烯（1：1）有引诱作用;10%的1,8-桉树脑涂抹黄板显著提高了黄板诱杀力。因此,植物挥发物对烟粉虱有趋避或引诱作用,其作用因浓度而发生改变,趋性一致的复配后不一定能发挥原有作用。     

cis-Jasmone treatment induces resistance in wheat plants against the grain aphid,Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Homoptera: Aphididae)

cis-Jasmone is a plant volatile known to have roles as an insect semiochemical and in inducing plant defence. It was evaluated in laboratory and field trials for control of cereal aphids. In an olfactometer bioassay cis-jasmone was repellent to alatae of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Homoptera: Aphididae). Moreover, wheat, Triticum aestivum (L), seedlings sprayed with formulated cis-jasmone 24 h previously were less susceptible to attack by S. avenae than control plants. In field simulator studies, significantly fewer alate S. avenae settled on cis-jasmone-treated plants over a 24-h period. In addition, the intrinsic rate of population increase, r(m), of S. avenae apterae was reduced on cis-jasmone treated seedlings. In a series of small-plot experiments conducted over four years, cis-jasmone applications reduced cereal aphid populations infesting wheat in the field.     

Exploiting chemical ecology to manage hyperparasitoids in biological control of arthropod pests

Insect hyperparasitoids are fourth trophic level organisms that commonly occur in terrestrial food webs, yet they are relatively understudied. These top‐carnivores can disrupt biological pest control by suppressing the populations of their parasitoid hosts, leading to pest outbreaks, especially in confined environments such as greenhouses where augmentative biological control is used. There is no effective eco‐friendly strategy that can be used to control hyperparasitoids. Recent advances in the chemical ecology of hyperparasitoid foraging behavior have opened opportunities for manipulating these top‐carnivores in such a way that biological pest control becomes more efficient. We propose various infochemical‐based strategies to manage hyperparasitoids. We suggest that a push‐pull strategy could be a promising approach to ‘push’ hyperparasitoids away from their parasitoid hosts and ‘pull’ them into traps. Additionally, we discuss how infochemicals can be used to develop innovative tools improving biological pest control (i) to restrict accessibility of resources (e.g. sugars and alternative hosts) to primary parasitoid only or (ii) to monitor hyperparasitoid presence in the crop for early detection. We also identify important missing information in order to control hyperparasitoids and outline what research is needed to reach this goal. Testing the efficacy of synthetic infochemicals in confined environments is a crucial step towards the implementation of chemical ecology‐based approaches targeting hyperparasitoids. © 2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Incidence and characterisation of resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides and pymetrozine in the greenhouse whitefly,Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

BACKGROUND: Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), also known as the greenhouse whitefly, is a serious pest of protected vegetable and ornamental crops in most temperate regions of the world. Neonicotinoid insecticides are used widely to control this species, although resistance has been reported and may be becoming widespread. RESULTS: Mortality rates of UK and European strains of T. vaporariorum to a range of neonicotinoids and pymetrozine, a compound with a different mode of action, were calculated, and significant resistance was found in some of those strains. A strong association was found between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine, and reciprocal selection experiments confirmed this finding. Expression of resistance to the neonicotinoid imidacloprid and pymetrozine was age specific, and resistance in nymphs did not compromise recommended application rates. CONCLUSION: This study indicates strong parallels in the phenotypic characteristics of neonicotinoid resistance in T. vaporariorum and the tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, suggesting possible parallels in the underlying mechanisms. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Report of resistance to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid in Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Susceptibilities of UK and mainland European samples of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid were investigated over a 7 year period. All 24 strains collected between 1997 and 2003 showed similar baseline levels of susceptibility to that of a known susceptible laboratory strain when exposed to a diagnostic concentration (128 mg L(-1)) of formulated imidacloprid. Two samples collected during 2004, one from the UK and one from The Netherlands, demonstrated reduced susceptibility at this concentration. Using dose-response assays, the presence of resistant individuals was disclosed in both these strains; some individuals were unaffected at doses high enough to induce phytotoxic effects. This report represents the first confirmed cases of neonicotinoid resistance inducing control failures in T. vaporariorum, and highlights a need for careful vigilance to sustain the effectiveness of imidacloprid and related neonicotinoid insecticides.