离心泵叶轮内部三维紊流数值模拟与验证

基于N—S方程和标准的k-ε紊流模型,对一比转数ns=96的离心泵叶轮内部的流动情况进行了数值模拟,模拟软件对3个典型工况进行计算,得到了叶轮内的速度和压力分布,并和PIV实验结果比较,两者在总体上是一致的。     

离心泵叶轮内变工况三维湍流数值模拟

采用工程上广泛使用的标准k—ε两方程湍流模型，对离心泵最佳工况和大流量工况、小流量工况进行了叶轮内部流动的数值模拟，对3种工况下叶轮内的相对流动、径向流动及切向流动进行了分析，探讨了轴向旋涡的特征、叶片流道的挟持约束作用、叶片流道内的压力分布与流量的关系等流动特性。     

双流道污水泵叶轮内部三维湍流流动的数值模拟

基于Reynolds时均化的N-S方程和标准的k-ε两方程湍流模型,运用流场计算软件Fluent,在不同工况下对QW950-15-55型双流道污水泵叶轮蜗壳耦合流场进行了数值模拟研究,捕捉到了双流道叶轮内流的重要特征.依据计算结果,主要分析了设计工况时双流道叶轮内部的速度和压力分布情况.叶轮内压力分布与叶片式离心泵的数值模拟是类似的;在偏离设计的大流量工况,叶轮流道内的流动呈现明显的不对称性;叶轮内部流动为混合螺旋流,由轴向旋涡作用引发的相对速度旋涡的涡核位置靠近后盖板和压力侧;叶轮出口的压力和绝对速度分布呈现明显的周期性,其周期性与叶轮流道的周期性是对应的;静压周向分布的轴向不对称性较小,而速度周向分布的不对称性则较大.对比试验与数值模拟的扬程和水力效率值,数据基本吻合.     

低比转数离心泵内部非定常流动特性数值预测

为了深入研究低比转数离心泵在运行过程中内部的非定常不稳定流动现象的内在机理,采用CFD数值模拟的方法对模型泵内部三维湍流流场进行数值计算,并根据离心泵速度三角形推导了用来直观定量衡量流动非定常强度的时均非定常强度系数。通过分析该时均非定常强度系数在低比转数模型泵中的分布可知,叶轮叶片背面附近流场非定常性较强,且流体流经叶片后缘产生的尾迹现象同样随时间波动明显。蜗壳流道出口管及靠近叶轮出口处流动非定常性较强。     

叶片出口角对离心泵性能的影响及滑移系数修正

为研究不同叶片出口角对两级离心泵性能的影响,以25-150/2-30/N型两级矿用潜水离心泵为研究对象,采用计算流体动力学软件CFX,基于N-S方程和SIMPLE算法,选用标准k-ε湍流模型,对4组不同叶片出口角下两级离心泵进行定常数值模拟.模拟得到不同叶片出口角下两级离心泵性能曲线,并对扬程、效率及功率进行对比分析,同时分析泵内部流场的压力和速度分布规律.结果表明:叶片出口角对离心泵性能有明显影响,随着叶片出口角增大,扬程逐渐上升,轴功率则在大流量区趋于平稳;内部流场中,叶轮进口低压区面积扩大,出口高压区面积缩小;叶片压力面低速区增大,叶轮流道靠近叶片压力面处出现旋涡.同时,应用数理统计和回归分析,以不同叶片出口角下离心泵的理论扬程为依据,对斯托达拉滑移公式进行修正.     

超低比转数离心泵的内部流动及非定常特性

为全面地研究超低比转数离心泵的内部流动和非定常特性,以一台比转数n_s=25的超低比转数离心泵为研究对象,对其进行三维非定常数值计算,并与试验结果进行对比,进而对内部流场、叶轮上的径向力和蜗壳各断面的压力脉动进行分析.研究结果表明:在不同流量工况下,叶轮流道内存在数量不等、大小不一的旋涡;靠近隔舌的2个相邻流道内,在叶轮出口边工作面的位置存在高流速区域,随着流量的增大,此处高流速区域逐渐消失;在大流量工况下,低速区面积逐渐减小,旋涡区的范围和数量逐渐减少,叶轮内相对速度分布逐渐变均匀;叶轮上的径向力大小和方向时刻变化,呈现六角星型分布,径向力脉动的主要激励频率均为叶频及其整数倍频;蜗壳各断面内压力脉动峰值随着断面变化逐渐增大,蜗壳各断面内压力脉动的主要激励频率均为叶频及其整数倍频,说明叶轮出口与蜗壳的耦合作用是蜗壳内压力脉动的主要影响因素.研究结果可为超低比转数离心泵的水力优化设计和合理运行区间的选择提供一定参考.     

低比转数冲压多级泵叶轮内三维流动数值模拟

应用标准k-ε湍流模型加壁面函数法对低比转数冲压多级离心泵叶轮内的三维湍流流动进行了时均N-S方程的数值计算。分析了叶轮内部流场的速度分布和压力分布,研究了离心泵叶轮通道内流动的规律。并利用CFD软件CFX的模拟结果得到了设计工况下离心泵叶轮的扬程和效率的预测值,预测结果与相关的试验数据相吻合。     

离心泵在启动阶段的瞬态三维数值模拟

为研究离心泵启动瞬态过程的内部流动机理,建立了求解叶轮启动和加速过程非定常流动的数学模型,以三维模型泵为对象进行启动过程内部流动的数值模拟.采用RNGk-ε湍流模型计算叶轮启动过程内部非定常流动结构和演化过程,得到不同时刻的瞬态外特性曲线,并与定常计算结果进行对比.定性分析了离心泵在启动过程中的瞬态效应,得到叶片及蜗壳压力分布的变化规律.从叶片的压力分布图也清楚地看出压力的不平衡分布,说明存在严重的压力脉动现象,这是引起叶轮不稳定振动的主要原因.     

单叶片离心泵蜗壳内二次流的非定常特性研究

单叶片离心泵蜗壳内易形成二次流旋涡,容易诱发高幅值的压力脉动,严重时还会降低水泵运行的安全稳定性。基于SST k-ω模型,对单叶片离心泵在典型工况下的非定常流动进行数值模拟,得到了其内部流场和压力脉动特性。结果表明,数值计算结果与实验结果基本一致。对压力脉动特性进行分析,发现在不同流量工况下,泵内流场均表现出明显的周期性变化的压力脉动特性,蜗壳第一断面压力脉动强度最低,第二断面压力脉动强度最高。压力脉动的主频均是叶片通过频率,随着流量的增加主频幅值呈现减小的趋势。进一步对单叶片离心泵的蜗壳内二次流的非定常特性进行分析,发现不同流量工况下,蜗壳内均出现二次流旋涡,并随着叶轮旋转也呈现出周期性变化。蜗壳内的横向速度在额定流量下较小,在非额定流量下显著增大。该研究可为单叶片离心泵机组运行稳定性提供一定参考。     

带凸形叶片侧流道泵内部旋涡特性研究

侧流道泵是一种超低比转数径向式叶片泵,流体在侧流道泵中以螺旋形轨迹运动,整个流动过程是一种复杂的三维湍流形式,存在着大量的轴向、径向旋涡。为了研究侧流道泵的内部旋涡特性,以带凸形叶片侧流道泵为研究对象,采用非定常数值模拟的方法,通过试验对比验证了数值模拟的可靠性,并基于数值模拟,利用Q准则对其内部涡旋结构进行可视化分析,分析了涡团分布和涡量波动等特征。结果表明:增加凸形叶片可以扩大侧流道泵的高效区,拓宽侧流道泵的应用范围;带凸形叶片侧流道泵内部涡团主要存在于叶轮流道内,且大部分位于叶轮进出口区域附近及叶轮根部处;随着流量的增加,除了叶轮进口区域,侧流道泵叶轮内涡团变小,且数量显著减少。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。