铜绿假单胞菌单细胞与群体细胞生长规律模拟与验证

采用单细胞生长流动成像系统,观测并探究铜绿假单胞菌单细胞生长规律,运用随机建模的方法构建单细胞与群体细胞之间的关系,模拟铜绿假单胞菌群体细胞的生长并进行验证。同时,通过多次模拟实验来探究不同初始接菌量对铜绿假单胞菌细胞生长迟滞期的影响。结果表明,在25℃和35℃条件下,模拟曲线基本能够呈现实际测得群体细胞生长的趋势,模拟方法可以用来实现对群体细胞生长的预测。同时,对初始接菌量为0、1、2、4、8、16和100个/mL的铜绿假单胞菌生长进行多次模拟表明,在25℃和35℃下,其生长迟滞时间随初始接菌量的增大分别由12.52 h降低为6.33 h,由8.61 h降低为4.01 h。通过单细胞水平模拟群体细胞生长过程,能够更加明显地体现出细菌细胞生长过程中的不确定性与变异性,为深入研究细菌细胞生长迟滞现象以及准确预测微生物的生长提供借鉴。     

铜绿假单胞菌的温度、pH值和乳酸钠主参数模型构建

采用全自动微生物生长曲线分析仪Bioscreen测定分离自腐败冷却猪肉的铜绿假单胞菌在不同温度(25~40℃)、pH值(5.0~7.5)、乳酸钠质量浓度(0~0.035 g/mL)影响下的生长曲线。基于最小二乘法运用Matlab软件中的fminsearch函数拟合铜绿假单胞菌迟滞期关于温度、pH值和乳酸钠质量浓度的主参数模型,经参数估计求得铜绿假单胞菌的最低生长温度、最适生长温度、最高生长温度、最低生长pH值、最适生长pH值、最高生长pH值、乳酸钠的最小抑菌浓度,进而通过10组随机数据进行验证。结果表明,构建的主参数模型能较好预测铜绿假单胞菌的相关生长参数,决定系数R2为0.929 1,偏差因子B f为1.097 5,准确因子A f为1.393 6,平方根误差为1.598 9。验证组的决定系数R2为0.854 6,偏差因子B f为1.122 5,准确因子A f为1.211 7,都在可接受的范围内。     

酸化和渗透压不同处理顺序对肠炎沙门菌失活的影响

为探讨酸化和渗透压不同处理顺序对肠炎沙门菌失活的影响,运用统计学模型模拟了最优处理条件下,肠炎沙门菌在不同初始接菌量下的失活过程。实验结果表明:在25℃和10 h内,先15%Na Cl再p H值4.5处理使肠炎沙门菌失活的效果大于相反顺序的处理、同时处理或者单独处理的效果。模拟结果表明:在最优处理条件下的各个阶段中,随着初始接菌量的增加,肠炎沙门菌分别达到0.986 4和0.993 9失活率时对应的失活时间的变异性逐渐降低。对于大量群体细菌,用确定性失活动力学一级模型拟合的D值是单一的定值;而对少量群体细菌,由于个体细胞本身的变异性,D值表现出较高的变异性,并且可用概率分布的形式表示。酸化和渗透压不同处理顺序的研究能为食品工业生产控制致病菌提供借鉴,且应用的统计学建模方法有助于从个体细胞的角度理解群体失活过程,提高风险评估的准确性。     

鱼源莓实假单胞菌生长动力学与碳源利用分析

以鱼源莓实假单胞菌为研究对象,利用BIOLOG获得15、25、33℃下其GEN III板中碳源生长数据,采用修正的Gompertz模型,结合孔平均颜色变化率及利用面积,分析其碳源利用效果,并对3个温度下pH值、NaCl和乳酸钠(NaL)的抑菌效应和生长动力学进行研究。结果表明,25℃时莓实假单胞菌总体碳源利用能力和活性最强,15℃时次之,33℃时最弱。在15~33℃内,碳源利用以糖类、羧酸类和氨基酸类为主。糖类中利用较好的有α-D-葡萄糖、L-岩藻糖等;氨基酸类中利用较好的有L-焦谷氨酸、L-丙氨酸、L-谷氨酸;羧酸类中利用较好的有奎宁酸、D-葡糖酸、糖质酸等。15~25℃下4%~8%NaCl及33℃下1%~8%NaCl对莓实假单胞菌皆有抑制作用。33℃时pH值对莓实假单胞菌生长起抑制作用,1%的NaL对其具有促进作用。通过对莓实假单胞菌抑菌效应和碳源利用分析,可为优化产品配方和保障产品质量提供理论依据。     

不同贮藏温度下鲈鱼腐败菌生长动力学与货架期预测

为快速预测鲈鱼在不同温度下特定腐败菌的生长规律,模拟了鲈鱼的4种贮藏温度:流化冰贮藏(-1.8℃)、碎冰贮藏(0℃)、冷藏1(4℃)与冷藏2(10℃),分析了不同温度下鲈鱼的菌落总数、希瓦氏菌与假单胞菌数,并测定了相应条件下鲈鱼货架期终点时的总挥发性盐基氮和QI值。采用修正的Gompertz方程描述鲈鱼特定腐败菌的动态变化,分别以Belehradek平方根方程和Arrhenius方程建立微生物生长预测模型。结果表明,修正的Gompertz方程能准确描述4种贮藏温度下鲈鱼特定腐败菌的生长规律,希瓦氏菌和假单胞菌的腐败阈值分别为(6.48±0.41)lg CFU/g与(6.33±0.36)lg CFU/g。通过碎冰贮藏组(0℃)和模拟流通组(流化冰预冷(-1.8℃)—无冰运输(0.8℃)—碎冰贮藏(0℃))样品对模型适用性进行验证,得出基于Belehradek方程的希瓦氏菌、假单胞菌生长预测模型偏差度分别为0.993 6、0.951 0和1.024 2、0.982 1,准确度分别为1.084 5、1.042 5和1.107 5、1.093 4,货架期预测模型相对误差绝对值在0~10%,准确度优于Arrhenius方程。因此,由Belehradek方程建立的模型能更准确描述鲈鱼在常规流通方式下希瓦氏菌和假单胞菌的生长规律,可为鲈鱼流通货架期的预测提供理论依据。     

环境因子对大黄鱼腐败希瓦氏菌生长影响的计数法分析

以分离于腐败大黄鱼中的腐败希瓦氏菌为对象,采用平板计数法和浊度法分析不同p H值、Na Cl浓度和温度下的生长情况,运用修正的Gompertz方程拟合生长曲线,用决定系数、准确度、精确度、残差平方和及平方根误差评价拟合优度,比较分析2种计数法下环境因子对生长界限和动力学参数的影响。结果表明,在3~8℃,p H值6.0及Na Cl质量分数3.5%时不生长;2种计数法下生长动力学参数最大比生长速率(μmax)和代时差异不显著(p0.05),而迟滞期(λ)和最大细胞密度差异显著(p0.05);环境因子对生长动力学参数有显著影响,温度和Na Cl浓度对代时影响较大,温度越高或Na Cl浓度越低,代时越短;在3~25℃,温度越高,μmax越大,增速为(0.014 3±0.003 2)h-1/℃,温度越高,λ越小,平板计数法下其降速约1.5 h/℃,而在8~15℃,浊度法下λ降速约2.5 h/℃;平板计数法下μmax的变化受Na Cl浓度及p H值影响较大,λ变化无明显规律,而浊度法下μmax的变化受Na Cl浓度和p H值影响不明显,λ变化较明显。因此2种计数法均可对腐败希瓦氏菌生长/非生长作出有效判断,环境因子强度较大时浊度法相比平板技数法迟滞期与最大细胞密度误差较大。     

鸡肉中假单胞菌的近红外光谱快速识别

假单胞菌是鸡肉腐败最主要的致腐菌,为了快速识别鸡肉中的假单胞菌,首先从腐败鸡肉中分离并筛选出致腐菌,进一步利用聚合酶链反应技术对目标菌株进行生物学鉴别(分别为盖氏假单胞菌、嗜冷假单胞菌、莓实假单胞菌和荧光假单胞菌);配置鉴定的4种假单胞菌和等体积混合的4种假单胞菌菌液,采集菌液近红外透射光谱信息;然后运用标准正态变量变换对光谱进行预处理,利用联合区间偏最小二乘法筛选出特征波段;最后有比较地运用K最近邻法、最小二乘支持向量机和反向传播人工神经网络建立5种假单胞菌菌液的近红外光谱分类识别模型。其中反向传播人工神经网络模型预测效果最佳,其训练集和预测集的识别率分别为99.17%和95.00%。研究结果表明,近红外光谱结合反向传播人工神经网络可以快速识别鸡肉中的假单胞菌。     

同步脱氮除硫菌株生长条件影响的研究

微生物的生长与代谢是其自身特性与外界因素相互作用的结果。在微生物的生长和代谢过程中,很多因素会直接或间接影响到微生物的的生长,包括内因和外因。为了探寻最适合同步脱氮除硫菌种的生长环境,本试验研究了影响微生物生长的非生物因素,即对pH、温度、碳源和氮源四个影响菌体生长的主要外部因素进行了综合测试。结果表明,荧光假单胞菌(Pseudom onas fluorescens)的最适生长条件为:温度30℃,初始pH 7.5,最适碳源为苹果酸,最适氮源为KNO3+NH4C l;确定了铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudom onas aeruginosa)的最适生长条件为:培养温度35℃,初始pH 7.0,最适碳源为苹果酸,最适氮源为KNO3+NH4Cl,从而为优化菌体的生长奠定了基础。     

食源性致病菌单细胞观测与预测的研究进展

微生物在单细胞水平下的生长普遍具有随机性和变异性,同时低菌量污染食品所造成的危害风险亦不可忽视,因此食源性致病菌单细胞的生长观测及预测研究逐渐成为食品预测微生物学及食源性致病菌风险评估的研究热点。在分析现有相关文献的基础上,将目前主要的食源性致病菌单细胞生长观测研究分为间接推断和直接观测两类方法;同时对食源性致病菌单细胞生长预测的模型参数与建模过程进行概述,比较了传统预测微生物的决定模型与微生物单细胞的随机模型二者之间的区别,强调了单细胞生长模型需在随机建模的基础上开展,并通过个体建模方法进一步联系其与所在食品环境之间的关系。最后,分析了食源性致病菌单细胞生长观测与预测的现状,并展望了其未来与食品安全风险评估相结合的发展趋势。     

饲用益生菌的筛选及培养条件优化

本试验从养鸡场附近土壤中筛选得到既能产蛋白酶,又能产糖化酶和纤维素酶的且产酶能力较高的菌株3株,分别为X4、X5、F4。混合培养结果表明:在接种量为3%,初始pH值7.5的条件下,35℃培养12h菌体生长良好。在最佳培养条件下,测其OD为0.563,有效活菌数可达到7.9×108cfu/mL。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。