Cd2+对缢蛏谷胱甘肽硫转移酶、磷酸酶活性的影响

通过重金属暴露法,研究了不同质量浓度Cd2+（0.005、0.025、0.05、0.1 mg/L）在168 h内对缢蛏消化腺和鳃组织谷胱甘肽硫转移酶（GST）、酸性磷酸酶（ACP）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）活性的影响。结果显示,Cd2+对两种组织GST活性均有激活作用,且高浓度比低浓度更易快速诱导其活性,但在暴露的后期（>96 h）,两个较高浓度组（0.05、0.1 mg/L）GST活性均出现下降;两种组织的ACP活性（鳃组织0.005 mg/L组除外）在暴露的6h即被显著诱导,并表现出剂效关系,但高浓度组更快达到峰值后就持续下降,于暴露中后期（>72 h）被不同程度抑制;消化腺（0.005 mg/L浓度组除外）和鳃AKP活性在暴露168 h内均表现出“抑制-诱导-抑制”的规律,并且较高浓度组活性反而比低浓度组更易被激活,各组AKP活性被诱导达到最高值后就持续下降直至被再次抑制。Cd2+在低浓度水平下即能引起缢蛏两种组织的GST、ACP、AKP活性变化,表明Cd2+的胁迫可对缢蛏机体的解毒体系和新陈代谢产生影响。     

氯化三丁基锡对黑鲷鳃和肝组织SOD、MDA和GPx的影响

观察和比较了黑鲷Sparus macrocephalus在不同浓度的氯化三丁基锡(tri-n-butyltin chloride,TBTCl)溶液中暴露后,其鳃和肝脏组织中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GPx)活性的变化情况.结果表明,TBTCl对黑鲷鳃SOD活性有抑制作用,对肝脏SOD活性表现出促进作用;暴露TBTCl溶液中24 h后,黑鲷鳃和肝脏MDA含量均有升高,且随浓度变化与对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05),但暴露48 h后,2组织中MDA含量相对于对照组均降低.TBTCl对黑鲷鳃GPx活性的影响先是表现出显著性抑制,之后随时间延长呈显著的促进效应,肝脏则呈现随浓度增加GPx活性被显著性地促进的趋势.黑鲷体内鳃和肝脏组织中抗氧化酶系统对TBTCl的毒理学敏感性,表明其可以作为监测有机锡污染程度的效应指标.     

菲律宾蛤仔对镉、铜暴露的蓄积作用及其抗氧化酶系统的响应研究

研究了镉（Cd）、铜（Cu）2种重金属单一暴露下菲律宾蛤仔（Ruditapes philippinarum）肝胰腺和鳃组织内的重金属富集特征和抗氧化酶活力变化特点。结果表明,蛤仔肝胰腺与鳃对Cd、Cu的富集量随重金属浓度与暴靠时间的增加而增火,具有明显的浓度效应与时间效应;菲律宾蛤仔对Cd的富集能力高于Cu,H．肝胰腺中审盖属的蓄积量高于鳃;蛤仔肝胰腺和鳃组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱廿肽过氧化物酶（（;Px）和谷胱竹肽硫转移酶（CST）活力在暴露的某些时段被显著诱导（P〈0．05）,似随暴露时问延长或重金属浓度增加,SODf11GST活力则被显著抑制（P〈O．05）,而CPx活力随暴露时问延K逐渐恢复至对照组水平、菲律宾蛤仔肝胰腺和鳃2种组织中SOD和GST的活性变化可作为海洋Cu^2＋Cd^2＋钙染的牛物标志物．     

干露胁迫对中华绒螯蟹成体呼吸和能量代谢及抗氧化能力的影响

将体质量（127.07±10.92）g的中华绒螯蟹（Eriocheir sinensis,以下简称河蟹）成体雄蟹和体质量（86.16±6.80）g雌蟹离水,分别暴露于室温（20～22℃）下0 h（对照组）、8 h、16 h和24 h,随机选取12只蟹（雌、雄各6只）采肝胰腺和肌肉样品,测定组织匀浆清液中琥珀酸脱氢酶（SDH）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性及丙酮酸、丙二醛（MDA）含量、总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）和肝/肌糖原比,探讨不同干露胁迫时间对河蟹成体呼吸代谢、能量代谢及抗氧化能力的影响。结果显示：（1）雄蟹肝胰腺中LDH活性随干露时间的延长呈先下降后上升趋势,在24 h时最高;雌、雄蟹肌肉中LDH活性均随干露时间延长而下降,而SDH活性呈先上升后下降趋势,在8 h时最高;（2）雄蟹肝胰腺中的糖原含量随干露时间的延长而显著上升;雌、雄蟹肝胰腺中的丙酮酸含量先下降后上升,在24 h最高;雄蟹肌肉中的糖原含量在24 h时最高,而肌肉中MDH活性显著下降;（3）雌蟹和雄蟹肝胰腺中的T-AOC和CAT活性均在24 h时最高,显著高于其他时间点;雌...     

低浓度Cd2+胁迫对青鱼组织SOD活性和MT诱导的影响

采用静水试验方法,研究了Cd2+对青鱼的急性毒性效应以及Cd2+安全浓度胁迫对青鱼鳃丝、肌肉和肝脏的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和金属硫蛋白(MT)的影响。结果表明:Cd2+对青鱼的96 h LC50为1.434 mg/L,Cd2+对青鱼的生态毒性为高毒。在0.143 mg/L(安全浓度)Cd2+胁迫下,各组织中SOD活性和MT含量在6 h、12 h内显著上升,呈现出一定时间-效应关系,以暴露6 h时最为显著(P0.05);暴露12 h后,MT的含量基本上趋于平衡,而SOD活性却是快速下降,表明了12 h后该浓度Cd2+污染胁迫对SOD活性的抑制作用。整个试验期间,对照组青鱼各组织中的SOD活性和MT含量大小顺序皆为肝脏鳃丝肌肉,同种组织内相对比较稳定;肌肉中的SOD活性要显著低于鳃丝和肝脏,而肝脏中的MT含量要显著高于肌肉和鳃丝。     

17-雌二醇对双齿围沙蚕幼虫SOD、CAT和GST活性的影响

将双齿围沙蚕（Perinereis aibuhitensis）幼虫暴露于不同浓度的17-雌二醇（0.1 gL-1、1 gL-1、10 gL-1、100 gL-1和1 000 gL-1）中,于第2 、第4 、第6 和第8 天取样,分别测定抗氧化酶[超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶（GST）]活性。结果表明,第2 天时10 gL-1浓度组显著诱导双齿围沙蚕CAT、SOD和GST活性,1 000 gL-1浓度组显著抑制其SOD和GST活性。第４天时各浓度组SOD和GST活性均被不同程度诱导。第6 天时低浓度组（0.1 gL-1和1 gL-1）显著抑制双齿围沙蚕CAT活性,高浓度组（100 gL-1和1 000 gL-1）则抑制其SOD活性。第8天时,除1 000 gL-1浓度组外,其余各组CAT活性均被不同程度诱导（P0.05）,而SOD活性则受到抑制,10 gL-1浓度组显著抑制其GST活性。试验结果显示,外源性17-雌二醇对双齿围沙蚕幼虫产生氧化胁迫,沙蚕幼虫SOD、CAT、GST对17-雌二醇的响应与其暴露浓度及时间有关。     

0#柴油水溶性成分对黑鲷肝脏、鳃、肌肉组织中抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用室内实验方法,研究了不同浓度(0 mg·L-1、0.015 mg·L-1、0.03 mg·L-1、0.06 mg·L-1)0#柴油水溶性成分(WSF)对黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus)肝脏、鳃和肌肉谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的影响。结果显示:(1)肝脏、鳃、肌肉和组织中GST活性与0#柴油具有明显的时间-效应和剂量-效应关系,肝脏组织中GST活性较肌肉和鳃组织中的更为灵敏;(2)各组织中SOD活性随时间和剂量的变化整体无明显规律;(3)肝脏组织中CAT活性先诱导后抑制,肌肉中始终被诱导,鳃中始终被抑制。CAT活性变化幅度不如GST明显。实验表明,黑鲷肝脏组织中GST更适合作为0#柴油污染响应的生物标志物,用作早期海洋石油污染的预警和监测的指标之一。     

汞离子胁迫对红鳍笛鲷抗氧化酶及乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响

为探讨鱼体抗氧化系统以及神经系统对水体中汞胁迫的响应机制,在实验条件下研究了汞离子对红鳍笛鲷幼鱼[体长为(4.95±0.79)cm,体重为(4.57±2.02)g]的急性毒性及对鱼体肝脏、鳃组织的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)及脑组织乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活力的影响。结果表明:半静水实验条件下,汞离子对红鳍笛鲷幼鱼的安全浓度为0.040mg/L。汞离子暴露6h时,各浓度组的肝脏SOD酶活均比对照组有显著升高(P<0.05)。随暴露时间的增加,低浓度组SOD的活性变化较小,而高浓度组鱼体肝脏SOD的活性出现被诱导或被抑制的现象,表明鱼体在高浓度汞胁迫下抗氧化系统出现一定程度的紊乱。鳃的SOD活力在暴露6h亦显著升高,随时间的延长,各浓度组SOD的活性具不同程度的下降趋势。MDA含量的变化表明,鳃组织在暴露6h时已开始受到显著损伤(P<0.05),而肝在6h时无显著变化,在12h时开始受损伤。脑组织AChE活性在暴露6h时略受抑制(P>0.05);暴露12h时高浓度组显著增加(P<0.05),诱导率平均为36%;汞离子暴露24h时,鱼脑AChE的抑制率分别为28%～38%;暴露48h、96h时抑制率...     

我国淡水经济双壳类的繁殖生物学研究进展

<正>双壳纲（Bivalvia）,也即瓣鳃纲（Lamellibranchia）,因其形态左右扁平,两侧对称,具有两扇合抱身体的贝壳得名,常被称为双壳类,由于腹部具有大而侧扁的斧足,也称斧足纲（Pelecypoda）（刘月英,1979）。双壳纲是软体动物门中除腹足纲以外种类数量较多的一纲,全部生活在水中,世界上现有已知种类15,000种,其中生活在淡水中的2,000种。我国双壳类在淡水水域中的经济种主要有：三角帆蚌（Hyriopsiscumingii）、池蝶蚌（Hyriopsisschlegeli）、褶纹冠蚌（Cristariaplicata）、背角无齿蚌（Anodontawoodiana）、橄榄蛏蚌（Soleniaoleivora）及河蚬（Corbiculafluminea）等,除河蚬外,其他6种蚌类均有类似的寄生繁育习性（刘月英,1979;闻海波等,2020a）。三角帆蚌为我国特有种,     

不同质量浓度铅对草鱼鱼种抗氧化性能的影响

将草鱼暴露于不同水平(0、72、144、288 mg/L)的硝酸铅水溶液中,分别于12、24、48、96 h测定草鱼肝、鳃组织中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量.试验结果表明,当鱼经不同质量浓度Pb2+处理24 h后,其肝脏的GSH-Px活性表现为诱导效应;而鳃在低质量浓度(72 mg/L)Pb2+处理也表现诱导效应,但高质量浓度Pb2+(144、288 mg/L)处理24 h后,其GSH-Px活性表现为抑制效应.与肝GSH-Px相比,草鱼肝SOD经Pb2+处理后其活性抑制更加明显,表明肝SOD对Pb2+的毒性反应比肝GSH-Px敏感.同时,草鱼经不同质量浓度Pb2+处理12 h后,肝与鳃的MDA含量均比对照组明显增加.上述研究结果表明,水体铅可能通过诱导草鱼肝脏与鳃发生氧化损伤而发挥毒性作用,并进一步损伤机体结构及其生理功能.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.