并串混联稳定克令吊运动学与动力学建模

稳定克令吊对于高海况下作业船与海上平台之间货物的稳定快速吊运发挥着重要的作用。结合海上运动补偿的特点,提出了一种并串混联稳定克令吊机构,并联部分为2自由度转动并联机构,能够主动补偿作业船的横摇和纵摇,为串联部分提供一个水平的底座,稳定克令吊机构能实现其末端一点相对地球保持静止。在非惯性系下,结合矢量法和旋量速度、加速度理论,按照先并联后串联的顺序,建立了稳定克令吊机构末端稳定一点的运动学模型;基于旋量形式的牛顿-欧拉公式,结合D’Alembert原理和虚功原理,按照先串联后并联的顺序,建立了其动力学模型。最后通过数值算例验证所建模型的正确性,为稳定克令吊的工程化应用奠定了理论基础。     

六面体可展机构自由度与运动特性分析

针对一种空间多环耦合六面体可展机构自由度分析问题,提出了选取动平台、建立等效串联分支、构建等效并联机构,进而基于并联机构自由度分析理论得到六面体机构自由度的分析方法。首先,选取多个构件组成的运动链整体作为动平台,基于螺旋理论建立动平台的所有运动等效串联分支;然后,减少动平台所含构件数,重新建立等效串联分支;最终将原机构等效为动平台仅由1个构件组成的传统并联机构。这样逐渐降低了原六面体机构的耦合度,从而降低了其自由度分析的难度。建立了六面体可展机构的仿真模型,通过施加不同的驱动对六面体机构的运动规律进行了分析,并讨论了该机构的折叠性能。本研究为此六面体机构的力学特性分析奠定了基础,提出的自由度分析方法为其他多面体可展机构自由度分析提供了思路。     

2-PUR-PSPR并联机构的运动学与有限元分析

设计了一种2R2T的并联机构——2-PUR-PSPR并联机构,应用螺旋理论分析并联机构的自由度,并用修正的Kutabach-Grgübler公式验证自由度的正确性。由闭环矢量方程建立并联机构的位置逆解方程,并在MATLAB中求解2-PUR-PSPR并联机构的工作空间。在ANSYS Workbench中对2-PUR-PSPR并联机构进行静力学分析和模态分析,通过静力学分析得到2-PUR-PSPR并联机构的应力、应变云图;通过模态分析,得到2-PUR-PSPR并联机构的固有频率和振型,分析固有频率和振型对2-PUR-PSPR并联机构的影响。     

具有3T、2T1R和2R1T模式的并联机构构型综合

基于具有2R1T和2T1R运动模式的并联机构,在其动平台上串联平面平行四边形机构后,提出了一种混联变自由度支链,分析了串联变自由度支链和混联变自由度支链的运动模式。采用旋量理论分析了具有串联和混联变自由度支链的机构在运动模式变换过程中的自由度特征,验证了该机构在不同运动模式下驱动副选取的合理性。在机构自由度和机构驱动副选取合理性分析时,选取不同的杆件作为动平台,简化了分析过程。结果表明,该含有混联变自由度支链的并联机构具有3T、2T1R和2R1T运动模式,当该机构在上述3种运动模式的一般位形下,3个驱动副可以实现对机构的控制。机构在从3T运动模式变换为2T1R运动模式时,机构需通过3T1R瞬时自由度位形;机构在从2T1R运动模式变换为2R1T运动模式时,机构需通过2R2T瞬时自由度位形。当该机构在运动模式变换时,处于3T1R或2R2T瞬时自由度时,机构处于约束奇异位形,需增加1个辅助驱动副,以实现机构运动模式的变换。该机构使用较少的驱动副可以实现多种运动模式,运动模式变换时不需对机构进行重新组装,可以快速实现机构重构。     

四自由度混联机器人运动学分析与仿真

根据串联机构和并联机构的特点,以两平移一转动并联机构为主体,设计了一种四自由度混联机器人,该机器人动平台自由度为三平移和一转动,同时,在并联机构动平台和虚拟固定平台间增加一辅助支链,该辅助支链具有独立的转动自由度。与具有同样运动特性的并联机构相比,该机器人的工作空间大,转动灵活。分析了该机器人的运动学特征,求出其位置正反解析解,利用运动影响系数对其速度和加速度进行了系统研究,并进行了动态仿真验证。     

基于支链驱动理论的解耦球面转动并联机构型综合

针对解耦并联机构与串联机构的运动学相似性,提出一种解耦球面转动并联机构的支链驱动理论,将解耦并联机构分为基本运动支链和驱动支链.在此基础上,推导得到球面转动并联机构运动解耦的拓扑条件,并利用该条件综合得到多种结构新颖的球面转动并联机构.经运动学分析表明:此类机构具有3个独立的转动自由度,且每个自由度仅由单个驱动器控制,实现了球面转动并联机构的运动解耦.     

五自由度混联机构圆弧插补算法研究

提出了一种由两自由度并联机构和三自由度串联机构构成的五自由度混联机构-2SPU+U+RRR。建立了该混联机构的三维模型并搭建了试验样机,通过分析将其等效为U+RRR串联机构。对等效后的U+RRR串联机构进行运动学正反解分析,并验证了正反解求解的正确性,同时对两自由度并联机构进行了运动学反解计算,为机构控制奠定了理论基础。针对传统空间圆弧插补算法计算的复杂性,提出了一种基于等弧度数据采样的新型空间圆弧插补算法,简化了插补算法的计算量。通过Matlab仿真和样机实验,验证了上述插补算法的正确性。     

矢量推进解耦球面并联机构动力学研究

为实现水下机器人的矢量推进,提出了一种2自由度解耦球面并联机构。基于螺旋理论计算了机构的自由度,分析了机构的运动学,获取了机构的运动学正逆解。利用一阶运动影响系数法推导出了机构的雅可比矩阵,并在旋量形式的牛顿-欧拉方程基础上,运用船舶水动力学的螺旋桨推进理论,建立了机构的动力学方程,并给出了相应的数值算例。     

五自由度混联机器人逆动力学分析

基于一种具有两转动一移动(2R1T)3自由度的并联机构2RPU/UPR构造了5自由度混联机器人,该5自由度混联机器人具有结构简单、运动学模型简单及模块化程度高的特点。为解决该5自由度混联机器人的动力学问题,首先推导出了并联机构各分支和并联机构动平台独立运动参数之间的3×3速度雅可比方阵;然后求得了并联机构各分支质心速度与动平台质心广义速度之间的速度映射矩阵,并建立了UPR分支和RPU分支的运动学模型,且基于虚功原理建立了并联机构2RPU/UPR的动力学模型;其次运用达朗贝尔原理对并联机构所串联的单自由度摆头进行受力分析,建立单自由度摆头和并联机构动平台之间的力学关系;最后运用Matlab和ADAMS仿真软件,对机器人的理论动力学模型进行了仿真验证,通过所得结果的对比分析验证了理论模型的正确性。     

基于单开链单元的并联气液动连杆机构运动分析

依据平面并联气液动连杆机构的拓扑结构特征,基于相同的序单开链分解线路,建立了与机构拓扑结构相统一的机构位置、速度、加速度分析模型,得到了维数恰等于机构耦合度的平面并联气液动连杆机构位置、速度、加速度方程。以3自由度平面并联气液动连杆机构为例,进行了位置、速度、加速度分析。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。