桉树人工林中期施肥试验研究

对尾巨桉2.5 a生间伐后的林分进行施肥试验.结果表明,间伐后施用适量的N、P、K肥有明显的增产效果.以每株施用磷酸二铵(N、P)750 g、氯化钾(K肥)90~270 g、硼砂(B肥)0~30 g,即每株施N135 g、P2O5338 g、K2O50~100 g、B 0~5 g的增产效果最好,优化配比为N:P2O5:K2O:B=1∶2.5∶0.37~1.11∶0~0.04.在肥料元素合理配比下,磷酸二铵、氯化钾和硼砂的总施肥量控制在850~950 g/株,以单质肥料测算,则N、P2O5、K2O、B有效养分总量应控制在520~575 g/株范围.以该施肥组合方案进行实施,施肥后2.5 a林分平均胸径、树高和材积年均生长量分别达3 cm、3.2 m和0.10 m3以上,比未施肥的林分分别提高190%~200%、268%~273%和400%~465%,可净增加收入7~8万元/hm2.中期施肥对提高林分生长量和经营经济效益显著.     

紫花苜蓿栽培技术

紫花苜蓿 (MedicagosativaL .) ,又叫紫苜蓿、苜蓿、苜蓿草 ,豆科苜蓿属 ,多年生宿根性草本。1　主要特点1 1　产量高 ,营养丰富紫花苜蓿产量高而稳定 ,生产成本低。紫花苜蓿为长命牧草 ,0℃以下严寒和 5 5℃以上高温仍正常生长 ,1次种植可利用 7～ 8年 ,如果管理利用得好 ,可达 1 0年以上 ,在东北寒冷地区 ,1年可割 2～ 3次 ,每公顷产鲜草 3 760 0～5 3 5 0 0kg ,开花初期割的紫花苜蓿干燥率为 2 5 %～ 3 0 % ,最高可达 3 5 % ,公顷产干草 75 0 0kg以上 ,则每千克干草的生产成本 5分钱左右。紫花苜蓿质地柔软 ,味道清香、适口性好 ,是高…     

丹凤县油松飞播林间伐后胸径结构和蓄积变化初探

本文以丹凤县1975年飞播的油松林为对象,研究不同间伐强度(4个梯度)间伐前及间伐6年后,油松蓄积量和直径结构的变化规律,结果表明:(1)与对照相比,间伐后的油松飞播林生长状况、林分内部竞争等都有显著的改善;(2)在株数间伐强度为50%时,林分内的竞争及生长状况达到最优;(3)当以50%的强度开展森林抚育时,抚育间隔期应控制在5年以上;(4)初始林分密度对经营效果有显著影响,因此,在确定抚育间伐强度时,应充分考虑林分初始密度。     

杨树单板用材林的栽植密度与立地效应研究

杨树单板用材林培育将更多地追求大径材比率 ,通过密度试验和大量典型样地调查 ,建立了出材率模型 ,揭示了林分密度、立地指数与大径材生产结构的效应规律。结果表明 :林木径阶 34cm时大径材出材率才能达到 5 0 %以上 ,林分密度越大、立地条件越差 ,培育单板材的周期就越长 ;2 0指数级、4m× 5m密度 9a生时林分平均胸径为 33 1cm ,大径材产量达 15 7 10m3 /hm2 。因此 ,根据不同的立地条件 ,确定计划采伐周期至关重要。营造大径杨木的基地应在地位指数 16以上的滩涂地上发展较好 ,地位指数 16以下时以培育中小径材为主的高密度杨树林为主要目标。大径杨木的适宜密度应在 5 0 0株 /hm2 以下 (株行距不宜低于 4m× 5m)。     

集水造林不同密度林分生长研究

在黄土高原 ,集水造林与常规造林相比 ,林木的生长规律和林分的生产力水平有显著的差异 ,其产生的根本原因是集水造林通过增加植树带汇流量改善了林地土壤水分条件。通过对 4种密度 (84 0、1110、2 2 2 0和 3330株·hm- 2 )自然坡面集水造林的 15a生刺槐林及拍光坡面集水造林和常规造林 (密度同为 10 0 0株·hm- 2 )的 9a生刺槐林进行研究 ,表明林分密度越小 (集水面积越大 ) ,微型集水区产流率越高 ,则植树带汇流量越大。以密度为 84 0株·hm- 2 的林分植树带汇流量为 10 0 %计 ,则从小到大其余 3种密度的林分植树带汇流量分别占 93 6 0 %、81 77%和 84 4 3% ,密度最小的林分年均土壤含水率比密度最大的 2林分高约 2 0 %～2 5 % ;集水造林比常规造林植树带年汇流量多 30 %左右 ,土壤水分相差约 10 %。由于水分条件的差异和密度效应 ,各密度林分间及集水造林和常规造林间的树高、胸径和材积生长量差异显著 ,尤其生长总量最为明显 ,从小到大 4种密度林分 15a时树高分别为 12 10、10 31、8 4 5和 7 2 2m ,胸径分别达到 17 14、11 6 1、9 17和6 5 6cm ,林分蓄积量分别为 2 14 5 8、110 2 9、12 1 35和 84 0 3m3·hm- 2 ;集水造林和常规造林 9a时的树高生长分别达到 9 13和 7 0 4m ,胸径生长分别达到     

木麻黄防护林生态系统凋落物及养分释放研究

运用定位研究的方法 ,在福建惠安赤湖林场定期收集木麻黄林分的凋落物 ,开展凋落物分解试验 ,并研究了木麻黄防护林的养分释放规律。结果表明 :( 1 )沿海木麻黄防护林 2 0a和 7a林分的凋落物年产量分别为 1 3 973和 1 2 3 85t·hm- 2 a- 1 ;( 2 )在凋落物分解过程中 ,木麻黄凋落物的失重率随时间而变化 ,其相互关系可用方程式W =-0 0 3 2 6t3+0 5 465t2 +2 1 5 41t+0 865 7来表达 ;( 3 )在不同林龄林分中 ,2 0a林分凋落物及其各组分中养分元素的含量高于 7a林分 ;同一林分中 ,元素种类不同 ,它们在凋落物各组分中的含量差别较大 ;( 4 ) 7a和 2 0a木麻黄林分每年归还给林地的养分总量为 2 5 0 2 4和 2 80 2 5kg·hm- 2 a- 1 ;( 5 )木麻黄凋落物分解的半衰期为 1 0 2a ,95 %的凋落物分解所需时间为 4 4a;7a和 2 0a林分每年通过凋落物分解释放进入林地土壤的养分总量分别为 1 2 5 1 2和 1 3 6 82kg·hm- 2 a- 1 。     

鸭茅生物学特性及栽培技术

鸭茅 (ＤａｃｙｌｉｓｇｌｏｍｅｒａｔｅＬ .)俗称鸡脚草、果园草等 ,是一种优良的禾本科多年生牧草 ,适宜林下生长 ,有很高的饲养价值。青绿茎叶干物质含量约为 2 3 9%～ 30 5 % ,其中粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、无氮浸出物、灰分分别占干重的 8 5 %～ 1 8 4%、3 3%～5 0 %、2 3 4%～ 35 1 %、41 8%～ 45 6 %、7 5 %～ 1 1 4% ,营养价值与“牧草之王”紫花苜蓿接近 ,适合各种畜禽饲喂。1　植物学特征鸭茅是禾本科鸭茅属多年生草本植物。须根发达 ,主要根群分布在 30～ 40ｃｍ的土层中 ,种植 3ａ以上的鸭茅草地 ,土表可形成致密的根…     

大叶相思人工林木材理化特性及利用方式的研究

对同林龄不同林分大叶相思人工林木材试验地的生长量调查、化学组成测定及相关部位利用的研究 ,结果表明 :萌生林分比实生林分的材积和生物量分别提高 14 8%和 4 3 4 % ,证实速生树种形成次生林的幼树具有早期速生的特点 ;不同林分材性变化不明显 ,木材基本密度均≤ 0 .6 0g·cm- 3,纤维长度为 898～ 916μm ,壁腔比 0 5 6～ 0 6 0 (<1) ,纤维柔性系数 5 9 3～ 6 8 5 ,在 75～ 5 0范围内。采用KP法制浆 ,细浆得率达 4 4 %以上 ,木浆物理性能均达本色硫酸盐阔叶木浆标准 ;萌生林分鲜原胶产量大于实生林分 ,单株平均净增产鲜原胶 1 4 2kg ;挂胶与否对木材化学组成无影响而对树皮有影响 ,但不论挂胶与否 ,其树皮含单宁量高达 9 97%～ 11 4 0 % (>8% ) ,用于制备栲胶 ,产品质量及鞣革性能均优于国产一级木麻黄栲胶标准 ;木材、枝丫材作培养基栽培香菇等食用菌 ,其产量和生物效率与木屑对照组比较 ,均值差异达极显著 (F 相似文献   

杉木生长的遗传变异研究：三水平后代试验

在杉木4个产地，分别随机选择当地起源的4个体分，每个体分选5株优势未（林分年龄均为25a以上，优势木之间相距50m以上）采种育苗造林，进行3水平后代测定，并研究了杉木生长在产地间、产地内林分间和林分内家系间3个层次的遗传变异规律。7年生时的生长测定结果表明：树高、胸径和材积在产地、林分和家系3个层次上都表现出极显著差异，3性状产地间的遗传方差分别占总遗传方差的82.7％、75.4％和78．8％；产地内林分间分别占7．0％、10。6％和10、1％；林分内家系间分别占10．3％、14、0％和11．1％。树高、胸径和材积的产地间遗传变异系数分别为11．75％、13、92％和35．82％：产地内林分间分别为3、41%、5．22％和12．83％；林分内家系间分别为4．15％6．00％和13、45％     

林分密度对湿地松根系生物量及其分布的影响

为了确定湿地松中龄林的施肥位置和准确估测根系生物量,以湘北11年生5种造林密度湿地松为研究对象,采用全根分层挖掘法,对其根系生物量及其空间分布规律进行了研究。结果表明:湿地松根系发达,单株根系生物量随林分密度的增大而减小,林分根系生物量基本随林分密度的增大而增大。根桩和大根是构成根系的主体,合计占总根量的85.8%-89.4%。不同密度林分根系生物量随土层深度的增加而明显减小,63.1%以上的根系生物量集中分布在0-40 cm土层内,81.4%以上的根系(含根桩)生物量集中分布在距树干0-50 cm范围内,因此应在1/2株行距、20 cm深度的位置施肥最好;根系与树干相关性最大;建立的单株各径级根系生物量估测模型精度较高,可根据林木胸径、树高及林分密度估测根系生物量。     

Role of woody perennials in animal agroforestry

Two main roles are identified in the review: the productive one, where woody perennials yield a material output (fuel, fodder, etc.), and the ‘service’ type, with no tangible product (shelter, nutrient recycling, etc.). In their productive role trees and shrubs may supply fodder in browsing systems, or industrial material, wood products and food in forest and plantation grazing systems. Service roles, rarely divorced from productive ones, arise mainly from relationships between woody perennials and the herbaceous vegetation growing in their vicinity. As a fodder source, the relatively low productivity and palatability of high protein content foliage from most woody perennials would indicate a supplementary role, particulary during dry seasons in arid and semiarid zones. In these type of lands pod-bearing trees seem to have a greater potential for improving fodder production in silvopastoral systems. The negative effect of trees on pasture production in forest and plantation grazing is compensated by their contribution to the system through other products. Available data would support the potential of certain species of woody perennials to foster pasture growing underneath, mainly through soil enrichment. Windbreaks can also indirectly benefit pasture growth, by decreasing water loss from the soil. It is postulated that research efforts in animal agroforestry should be focused on woody perennials for browsing systems, particularly on pod-bearing trees having beneficial effects on the herbaceous layer growing underneath.     

Grazing land management and biodiversity in the Atlantic European heathlands: a review

Atlantic heaths are semi-natural habitats of high biodiversity interest which once covered large areas of the Atlantic Region. Nowadays these heathlands are dramatically reduced in many countries although they still cover wide areas in the north-west Iberian Peninsula, especially in the poorest and most socially marginal areas that are frequently affected by wildfires. We review the role of livestock grazing as a sustainable management strategy for heathlands in Europe. We have worked on a generalized conceptual framework for the management of a resource of nutritional and environmental value by drawing together evidence from studies of the livestock and the community ecology of grazed plants and the associated fauna. Key factors that influence grazing impact, such as type of livestock (animal species and breed) and their management are discussed. Goats thrive better than sheep, and horses than cattle, when heathland vegetation is the predominant resource available. Regardless of the type of livestock species managed, the low nutritive value of this vegetation hinders the maintenance of productive groups of suckler dams with offspring through the grazing season. The nutritional requirements of livestock can be met by adding improved pasture areas to heathlands. Under that strategy, sheep have the best productive performance and cattle the poorest. Management of mixed flocks with goats can lead to a more efficient use of vegetation, improve productivity and develop a patchier habitat which supports a richer associated fauna. Overall the results indicate that the sustainability of livestock grazing in these marginal lands will be achieved if they are managed effectively according to the available vegetation and their effects on the biodiversity.     

Soil compaction by grazing livestock in silvopastures as evidenced by changes in soil physical properties

Livestock, pasture, and timber trees are intimately interrelated in silvopastures. Most silvopasture research to date has focused on forage/animal/tree interactions, with less attention paid to animal/soil interactions in silvopastures. While a considerable body of work has been devoted to understanding the effects of livestock trampling on plants and soils in pastures, less has been done for livestock grazing in forests, and even less is available for silvopastures. Three replications of Douglas-fir forest, Douglas-fir/subclover pasture/sheep silvopasture, and subclover/sheep pasture were established in 1989 near Corvallis, Oregon USA. Pastures and silvopastures were grazed each spring during 1990–2001. These plots were sampled in 2002, after 11 years of grazing, and again in 2004 following 2 years without grazing. Soil in the silvopastures had 13% higher bulk density and 7% lower total porosity than those in adjacent forests in 2002. Most of the difference in total porosity was air-filled pores. Average water infiltration rate was 38% less in silvopastures than in forests, however total water stored in the top 6 cm of soil at field capacity was similar. Soil bulk density, total porosity, and air-filled pore space was similar for forests, pastures, and silvopastures after 2 years without livestock grazing. The infiltration rate of silvopasture soils in 2004 had increased to be similar to those of forests in 2002, however, forest soil infiltration rates also increased and continued to be higher than those of silvopastures. Plant production was not sensitive to changes in any of the soil parameters measured. Although livestock grazing did change soil infiltration rates, soil bulk density, and soil porosity, the effects were quickly reversed following cessation of grazing and had little detrimental effect on silvopasture forage or tree production.     

不同草场利用方式下土壤物理性状变化的对比研究

以克鲁伦河下游地区典型草原为研究对象,以传统游牧作为对照,研究探讨了围栏放牧草场利用方式下土壤物理性质变化规律,其研究结果如下:土壤含水量为游牧区>打草场区>轮牧区;土壤容重为轮牧区>打草场>游牧区;在夏营盘0～10 cm土层中孔隙度的比较结果为:游牧区>打草场区>轮牧区。在冬营盘各土层中土壤孔隙度比较结果是,游牧区>打草场区>轮牧区。土壤砂粒含量为游牧区<打草场区<轮牧区,细粉粒含量游牧区、轮牧与打草场区间均有显著差异,夏营盘和冬营盘的粘粒含量为轮牧区<打草场区<游牧区。     

Cattle grazing and pine survival and growth in subterranean clover pasture

When combining pines and cattle on tame pasture, grazing is often delayed for several years until trees are large enough to resist injury. As an alternative approach to delayed or deferred grazing during the early years, this study in central Louisiana, USA, examined the effects of cattle grazing in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) pastures on slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) seeding survival and growth during the first 3 years of tree establishment. Pines were planted at about 1200 trees/ha in 3 rows on 0.4-ha subclover units with 1.3 m spacing within rows. Three grazing treatments included: (1) ungrazed pines, (2) limited grazing with a single-wire electric fence above the planted pines, and (3) grazed pines. Thirty Brahman crossbred cows with calves and a bull grazed the tame pasture on a controlled grazing, rotational basis from December through May each year, during the subterranean clover growing season. Pine trampling injury during the year was 8% on the grazed seedlings while essentially none occured under limited grazing. During the first 2 growing seasons, survival and height of the pines were significantly less on the grazed seedlings than on either the limited grazing or ungrazed seedlings. Pine heights from the limited grazing and ungrazed treatments were not different during the 3-year study; loblolly pine heights from the limited grazing treatment continued to be taller than the grazed treatment through the third year while the slash pine heights were similar for all treatments by the third year. Seedling mortality became more acute as severity of grazing injury increased; the greatest mortality occured when the terminal bud and needles were both browsed off.     

Conservation of forest biodiversity and ecosystem properties in a pastoral landscape of the Ecuadorian Andes

High Andean cloud forests are home to a diversity of unique wildlife and are important providers of ecosystem services to people in the Andean regions. The extent of these cloud forests has been widely reduced through conversion to pasture for livestock, which threatens the forests’ ability to support biodiversity and provide ecosystem services. This paper explores whether impacts on woody plant biodiversity and four ecosystem properties (woody plant species richness, juvenile timber tree abundance, soil organic matter content and soil moisture) from converting forest to pasture can be mitigated if some woody forest vegetation is maintained within pastures. Woody vegetation in pastures was found to conserve those woody plant species that are more tolerant to exposure and grazing, but conservation of the high montane cloud forest community required areas of forest from which livestock were restricted. The sampled sites clustered according to woody plant species cover; these clusters represented a gradient from pasture with patches of shrubs to mature forest. Clusters differed in both woody plant species richness and number of juvenile timber trees whereas soil organic matter and soil moisture were observed to be similar among all clusters. This suggests that the different habitats may have some equivalent ecosystem properties. We conclude that the presence of woody vegetation in pastures may reduce some of the impacts of converting forest to pasture, but should not be considered a substitute for protecting large areas of forest, which are essential for maintaining woody plant species diversity in high Andean cloud forest.     

Sheep grazing in young oak Quercus spp. and ash Fraxinus excelsior plantations: vegetation control, seasonality and tree damage

An experiment was carried out where sheep were grazed in temporary fenced paddocks at a stocking rate of 178 LSU ha⁻¹ in a 5-year old broadleaf plantation of oak (Quercus spp.) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior) (1.5 m spacing) on fertile, former lowland pasture in Northern Ireland. The grazing regime was rotational and intensive, with two grazing periods of 5 days in February and October 2001. Results showed that a significant proportion of the rank herbage height was removed within the first 24 h of livestock introduction. Herbage biomass was reduced by approximately half after 5 days. Sward height in grazed plots remained significantly lower than control plots for over 6 months after cessation of grazing, whilst biomass remained significantly lower for over 4 months after cessation of grazing. No significant tree damage to either oak or ash was measured during the February grazing trial, however significant damage to the lateral branches of both oak and ash was observed in the October grazing trial. Leader damage did not occur on trees greater than 152 cm. Ash was more commonly browsed than oak. Annual height increment of both tree species was unaffected by grazing, but annual stem diameter increment was significantly reduced in both oak and ash in February grazed plots. Oak trees in both February and October grazed plots were found to have a significantly smaller annual increase in canopy diameter than those in control plots. Results are discussed with regard to practical implementation of controlled grazing in young broadleaf forestry plantations on fertile, lowland soils.     

Mediterranean cork oak wooded grasslands: synergies and trade-offs between plant diversity,pasture production and soil carbon

Mediterranean wooded grasslands that emerge from silvopastoral activities are multifunctional systems that result in high biodiversity and offer ecosystem services such as forage production and soil carbon sequestration. During 3 years, ten grazed wooded grassland fields were studied in the Berchidda–Monti long-term observatory, located in NE Sardinia, Italy, with the aim of exploring the synergies and trade-offs between biodiversity and selected ecosystem services. Positions below and outside the canopy of three cork oak trees in each field were randomly selected to compare seasonal pasture production, pasture utilization rate by animals, botanical composition, biodiversity indicators (Shannon index and plant species richness) and soil organic carbon. In autumn, dry matter production of pasture was similar in the two positions; in two winters out of three it was greater below the trees than outside, and in spring it was greater outside than below the trees. While plant species richness and Shannon index were not significantly influenced by the position, the overall wooded grassland plant species richness was 31% higher than that outside of the tree crown. The soil organic carbon content in the 0–40-cm soil layer was also higher below the trees. Our findings highlight that if the main purpose of the wooded grasslands is to provide forage for grazing animals rather than conserving and/or enhancing plant diversity and soil fertility, the presence of trees constrains the overall forage productivity, although the greater forage availability in winter under the trees can contribute to improve the seasonal distribution of forage production.     

Economic potential of agroforestry for public recreational parks

The availability of public recreational facilities is being threatened by growing demands, limited supplies, and declining government funding. In response to these pressures, the economic potential of agroforestry for supplementing operating budgets of public recreational parks is examined in a case study park consisting of 324 hectares. Agroforestry enterprises native to the area were selected for development on 70 hectares of the site. Linear programming was used to determine the optimum combinations of 23 agroforestry regimes composed of the following activities: 1) conventional forestry planting, tree density of 1682 trees/hectare, 2) the selected agroforestry planting with hay, tree density of 1495 trees/hectare, 3) the selected agroforestry planting with grazing, 4) hay production, and 5) rental of pasture for grazing. The objective function of the study was to maximize the net present value of the study site subject to land, labor, capital, and minimum annual income constraints. The preferred optimal regime generated $1782 per hectare from an agroforestry planting configuration of 1495 trees/hectare with 75 percent hay, 25 percent grazing, and no annual income requirements. Minimum annual income requirements of $2400 and $4800 were feasible but suboptimal from a net present value criteria. The study found that agroforestry could be used to privatize selective activities of public recreational parks and thus enable public agencies to provide these facilities more effectively.     

Quercus calliprinos regrowth advantage under grazing in Mediterranean maquis and its management implications

The post disturbance natural succession of the Mediterranean maquis, which turns open and species-rich landscapes into dense, closed stands of sclerophyllous woody vegetation is a principal threat to plant and animal diversity. Therefore, in the absence of traditional agricultural disturbance, active management regimes that include cutting and grazing are proposed to preserve biodiversity. The Mediterranean woody vegetation in Israel is strongly dominated by one species - the evergreen sclerophyllous Quercus calliprinos (Kermes oak). We hypothesized that under cutting and grazing, the evergreen Q. calliprinos has a relative regrowth advantage over other competing tree species. Here we examined the effect of grazing and the effect of tree structural traits on the regrowth after clear cutting of all trees in our study plots at Mt. Meron LTER site, Israel. All trees were removed from five blocks of 2000 m² and each block was divided into two plots, five of which were exposed to grazing livestock while five were wire-fenced and ungrazed. The regrowth rate of Q. calliprinos under grazing was higher than that of all other tree species suggesting that in the long-term, under such a conservation management regime, the dominance of the evergreen sclerophyllous Q. calliprinos over the deciduous tree species will increase and consequently will decrease plant and animal diversity. Therefore, we conclude that to protect landscape and species diversity in Mediterranean ecosystems dominated by evergreen oaks, when cutting and grazing are applied, special care must be paid to trees that are more negatively affected by such treatment.