桂林市水稻土养分状况研究

1998年秋收后，我们对全市稻田进行了取样化验，共采集土壤农化样3536个，经经验与第二次土壤普查的养分状况相比较，结果表明：土壤有机质、全氮呈上升趋势，土壤速效磷无明显变化、速效钿略有下降；pH值呈下降趋势。本文对这些化验结果进行了比较分析，为今后桂林市稻田培肥地力和合理施肥提供了科学依据。     

江西水稻土养分状况研究

为了解近年水稻土养分变化状况,于１９９７年采集原土壤普查点位的耕层土样１４２个,进行农化性状分析。结果表明：江西水稻土土壤有机质,全氮,碱解氮,速效磷含量呈上长这效钾含量稍有改善;ｐＨ值略有下降,并简略讨论了上述养分变化的主要原因。     

长期施钾对红壤水稻土水稻产量及土壤钾素状况的影响

研究了长期定位施肥试验中连续27年（1981～2007）施用钾肥对水稻产量和土壤钾素状况的影响。本试验选择了其中5个处理:CK（不施肥）、NP（施氮、磷肥）、NPK（施氮、磷、钾肥）、NP+RS（施氮、磷肥和稻草）和NPK+RS（施氮、磷、钾肥和稻草）。结果表明,施钾能明显提高水稻产量,施钾肥的NPK和NPK+RS处理27年的早稻平均产量分别比NP和NP+RS处理增加15.2%和10.9%;晚稻增产17.2%和9.1%;在27年54季水稻种植期间,不同施肥处理早、晚稻产量的变化趋势不同。CK、NP处理的早、晚稻产量随时间的推移呈负变化趋势,而NPK、NP+RS和NPK+RS处理的早、晚稻产量呈正变化趋势。施钾的NPK和NPK+RS处理不同土层中土壤全钾、缓效钾和速效钾含量均高于NP和NP+RS处理的相同土层;除NPK+RS处理外,其它各处理表观钾平衡均为负值,其中CK和NP处理钾的负平衡值最大。长期施用钾肥能提高水稻产量和维持土壤钾素肥力。     

桂林市水稻土养分状况研究

1998年秋收后 ,我们对全市稻田进行了取样化验 ,共采集土壤农化样 35 36个 ,经化验与第二次土壤普查的养分状况相比较 ,结果表明 :土壤有机质、全氮呈上升趋势 ,土壤速效磷无明显变化、速效钾略有下降 ;p H值呈下降趋势。本文对这些化验结果进行了比较分析 ,为今后桂林市稻田培肥地力和合理施肥提供了科学依据。     

稳定塘藻类生长规律及其影响的中试研究

在兰州构建了自然型稳定塘（自然塘）和人工型稳定塘（人工塘）的中试系统,研究了两种稳定塘中藻类生长状况及藻类生长对稳定塘污染物去除功能的影响。相比于自然塘,人工塘增加了折流式导流墙且悬挂了无纺布载体。结果表明,增设导流墙使得人工塘中水流速度比自然塘增加了2．4倍,这抑制了人工塘中藻类的生长繁殖。自然塘中藻类比人工塘中藻类生长更为旺盛,叶绿素a峰值分别出现在3月和4月,为279．44mg·m^-3和115．65mg·m^-3。藻类光合作用使得稳定塘出水DO和pH都明显高于进水,自然塘藻类生长更为旺盛,因此出水与人工塘出水相比具有更高的DO和pH。更高的pH使得自然塘具有更好的氨氮和总磷去除率,分别为56％和19％。     

水分状况对水稻土某些性质的影响

对太湖地区水稻土进行了以土壤分布的地形部位和不同水旱轮作引起的土壤水分状况，对水稻土某些性质的影响研究。初步结果表明，地下水位较高的老稻田有利于有机质和全氮的积累，但其有机氮的矿化率却比旱作历史较久的水稻土为低，而矿化产物中的硝／铵比亦明显偏低。土壤水分状况还明显地影响土壤剖面中的ｐＨ、有机质和全氮的分布。     

湖北省4种水稻土养分状况的系统研究

利用土壤养分状况系统研究法对湖北省4个不同地区典型水稻土的养分状况进行了综合评价.土壤化学分析结果表明,鄂东南蕲春县油-稻-稻三熟制区花岗片麻岩母质发育的水稻土(1#土)、鄂中荆门油-稻两熟区Q3母质发育的水稻土(2#土)、鄂北襄樊市麦-稻两熟区Q3母质发育的水稻土(3#土)、江汉平原洪湖市油-稻两熟区近代河流冲积物母质发育的水稻土(4#土),均主要缺乏N、P和K.并且4种土壤N的缺乏程度依次为3#＞4#＞1#＞2#、P为1#＞2#＞3#＞4#、K为1#＞3#＞4#＞2#.以高粱为指示作物的生物试验结果表明,1#土主要缺乏N、P、K,Zn:2#、3#和4#土主要缺乏N、P,同时施K也有一定效果.生物试验结果表明4种土壤N缺乏程度为3#＞2#＞4#＞1#,P为3#＞1#＞2#＞4#.结果显示土壤化学分析和盆栽生物试验判定养分丰缺种类结果基本一致.但两种方法判定的养分缺乏程度顺序不一致.     

Nitrogen sequestration under long-term paddy management in soils developed on contrasting parent material

Long-term paddy management promotes nitrogen (N) sequestration, but it is unknown to what extent the properties of the parent soil modify the management-induced N sequestration in peptide-bound amino acids (AA-N). We hypothesized that paddy management effects on the storage of AA-N relate to the mineral assembly. Hence, we determined contents and chirality of peptide-bound amino acids in paddy soils developed on contrasting parent material (Vertisols, Andosols, Alisols in Indonesia, Alisols in China, and Gleysol/Fluvisol in Italy). Adjacent non-paddy soils served as references. Selected samples were pre-extracted with dithionite–citrate–bicarbonate (DCB) to better understand the role of reactive oxide phases in AA-N storage, origin, and composition. The results showed that topsoil N and AA-N stocks were significantly larger in paddy-managed Andosols and Chinese Alisols than in their non-paddy counterparts. In other soils, however, paddy management did not cause higher proportions of N and AA-N, possibly because N fixing intercrops masked the paddy management effects on N sequestration processes. Among the different soils developed on contrasting parent material, AA-N stocks were largest in Andosols, followed by Alisols and Fluvisols, and lowest in Vertisols. The N storage in amino acid forms went along with elevated d-contents of bacteria-derived alanine and glutamic acid, as well as with increasing stocks of DCB-extractable Fe, Mn, and Al. Other d-amino acids, likely formed by racemization processes, did not vary systematically between paddy and non-paddy managed soils. Our data suggest that the presence of oxides increase the N sequestration in peptide-bound amino acids after microbial N transformations.     

Nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in paddy soils (Part 2) distribution of blue-green algae in paddy soils and the relationship between the growth of them and soil properties

As was shown in the previous report^l), a close connection between the photosynthetic autotrophs and nitrogen fixation in paddy soils was demonstrated.     

长期施肥红壤性稻田和旱地土壤有机碳积累差异

  【目的】  提高土壤有机碳水平对提升农田生产力有重要意义。基于长期定位施肥试验,比较施肥影响下相同成土母质发育的红壤性稻田和旱地土壤的总有机碳 (TOC) 及其组分的积累差异,以深入理解红壤有机碳的固持及稳定机制。  【方法】  稻田和旱地长期施肥试验分别始于1981和1986年,包含CK (不施肥对照)、NPK (施氮磷钾化肥) 和NPKM (有机无机肥配施) 3个处理,在2017年晚稻和晚玉米收获后,采集两个试验上述处理的耕层 (0—20 cm) 土样,通过硫酸水解法分离土壤活性与惰性有机碳,测定并计算土壤中TOC及其组分的含量及储量,并利用Jenny模型拟合试验期间耕层土壤TOC含量的变化动态,估算土壤固碳潜力。  【结果】  与CK相比,长期施肥可提高稻田和旱地土壤各有机碳组分的含量,且NPKM处理的效果优于NPK处理。相比于稻田土壤,施肥对旱地土壤各有机碳组分含量的提升更加明显。NPK和NPKM处理下,旱地土壤活性有机碳组分Ⅰ、活性有机碳组分Ⅱ、惰性有机碳含量的增幅分别是稻田土壤的2.7、2.7、5.8倍和2.0、1.4和2.5倍。不论施肥与否,稻田土壤TOC的固存量和固存潜力均显著高于旱地土壤。施肥促进土壤固碳,在稻田和旱地土壤上,NPKM处理的TOC固存量分别是NPK处理的1.7和25.5倍,TOC固存潜力则分别是NPK处理的1.4和5.8倍。长期不同施肥均显著提高稻田和旱地土壤年均碳投入量,线性拟合方程表明,随碳投入量增加,土壤活性有机碳储量的累积对稻田、旱地土壤TOC储量累积的贡献率分别达64.7%、44.6%。不同处理间稻田与旱地土壤活性有机碳 (包括活性有机碳组分Ⅰ与活性有机碳组分Ⅱ) 含量的差异可解释其TOC含量差异的52.9%～60.0%。  【结论】  与施氮磷钾化肥相比,有机无机肥配施可更好的促进土壤固碳,且在旱地土壤上的促进作用比在稻田土壤上更为明显。与稻田土壤相比,旱地土壤各有机碳组分含量的变化对长期施肥的响应更敏感,且在施氮磷钾化肥条件下表现更为明显。红壤性稻田和旱地土壤TOC积累的主要贡献组分分别为活性有机碳和惰性有机碳。红壤植稻虽有利于有机碳固持,但红壤性稻田土壤的活性碳占比较高,可能易因不当管理而发生损失。     

长期定位施肥对太湖地区稻麦轮作土壤酶活性的影响

对太湖地区25年长期定位试验田的稻麦两季土壤酶活性进行了测定分析。结果表明,麦季不同施肥处理间的5种土壤酶活性变化没有明显的规律性;无论是仅施化肥还是施有机肥加化肥,稻季5种土壤酶活性的不同肥料配比处理之间绝大多数均无显著差异;成对比较显示,稻麦两季绝大多数相同肥料处理的酶活性之间没有显著差异,仅有稻季猪粪加氮磷钾全施(MNPK)处理的酸性磷酸酶活性极显著高于麦季。分析差异不显著的原因,可能与经过多年的长期定位培肥,土壤储积酶已经达到"饱和"水平,因此不会对外源肥料的施用产生显著响应有关。     

长期不同量秸秆炭化还田下水稻土孔隙结构特征

  【目的】  生物炭被认为是一种能够提高土壤固碳能力、改善土壤结构和减缓全球气候变化的土壤改良剂。土壤孔隙结构直接影响土壤中水、气、热的运动,因此,研究长期施用生物炭对土壤孔隙结构特征的影响,以期为秸秆炭化还田提供理论依据。  【方法】  研究基于2013年建立的水稻秸秆炭化还田长期定位试验,选取在等氮磷钾条件下不施用生物炭 (C0)、施用低量生物炭 (1.5 t/hm2,C1.5)、高量生物炭 (3.0 t/hm2,C3.0)的 3个处理。利用X射线CT扫描和图像处理技术,分析了土壤孔隙结构参数,包括土壤孔隙度、土壤孔隙大小分布、孔隙连通性指数 (欧拉特征值)、各向异性、分形维数、最紧实层孔隙度和最紧实层平均孔隙直径等参数。  【结果】  C1.5和C3.0处理均能显著增加土壤有机碳含量和土壤总孔隙度,降低土壤容重,平均增加或降低比例分别为15.5%、10.5%和7.4%。C1.5与C3.0处理之间的总孔隙度没有显著差异,但孔隙大小分布存在差异。C1.5处理显著增加了大孔隙中当量孔径为100～500 μm和 > 500 μm的孔隙度,增幅分别为81.6%和275.3%,而C3.0处理显著降低了大孔隙中当量孔径100～500 μm的孔隙度,降幅为32.9%。C3.0处理当量孔径 < 25 μm的孔隙度显著大于C0处理和C1.5处理,增幅分别为13.8%和16.3%。C1.5处理的欧拉特征值最低,分形维数、最紧实层孔隙度和平均孔隙直径最大。各处理土壤孔隙的各向异性没有显著差异。  【结论】  长期施用水稻秸秆生物炭能够显著增加稻田土壤有机碳含量和总孔隙度,降低土壤容重。施用适量生物炭会增加土壤大孔隙度和土壤孔隙的连通性,但是过量施用生物炭可能会降低土壤大孔隙度和土壤孔隙的通气导水能力。炭化秸秆还田量与孔隙结构之间的定量关系还需深入研究。     

Community level functional diversity and enzyme activities in paddy soils under different long-term fertilizer management practices

Soil microbial community structure and function are commonly used as indicators for soil quality and fertility. The present study deals with the effect of different long-term fertilizer management practices on community-level physiological profiles (CLPP) and soil enzyme activities of paddy soils. Since 1954, chemical fertilizers have been applied in the fields as N–P₂O₅–K₂O, and compost has been added as rice straw at 0, 7.5, 22.5, and 30.0 Mg ha⁻¹ in NPK, NPKC750, NPKC2250, and NPKC3000 treatments, respectively. Community-level functional diversity was significantly enhanced in the plots treated with both chemical fertilizer and compost as compared to only chemical fertilizer and untreated control plots. Average well color development (AWCD) obtained by the Biolog Eco plate indicates that there were few differences among soil samples. Shannon diversity and evenness indices were the highest in NPKC750-treated soil and the lowest in chemically fertilized soil. Dehydrogenase, cellulose, β-glucosidase, and acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterase activities were significantly increased depending on the amount of added compost with inorganic fertilizers; the alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity was the most sensitive to treatments. Our results demonstrated that enzyme activities can be used as sensitive and liable indicators in long-term managed rice-paddy ecosystems.     

Oxidation of elemental sulfur in paddy soils as influenced by flooded condition and plant growth in pot experiment

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of rice cropping on elemental sulfur (S⁰) oxidation in three paddy soils under flooded conditions. Unaltered wet samples of paddy soils derived from cinnamon soil, black soil and red soil, respectively, were used. Repacked soils were incubated for 14, 28 and 42 days with or without addition of 2,000 mg kg^-1 S⁰ (particle size of 0.075 cm) and with or without cropping. Substantial amounts of oxidized S⁰ were found to be immobilized into organic S or taken up by plants. The apparent mass of oxidized S was calculated as the sum of the net increase of the sulfate-S and organic-S pools, and S taken up by plants. Under flooded conditions and in the absence of rice, the oxidation rates in all three soils were the greatest during the initial 14 days and then declined with progressive incubation. Incubation for a 42-day period resulted in oxidation of 5.58-10.15% of applied S⁰. Meanwhile 3.23-5.60% of the applied S⁰ was converted into organic S. Cropping with rice could significantly increase S oxidation and conversion of S⁰ into organic S in soils. Incubation for 42 days resulted in the oxidation of 10.28-14.87% of the applied S⁰, and conversion of 5.74-8.06% of applied S⁰ into organic S in the three soils. The results suggest that S⁰ fertilizers should be applied to the soil horizon rich with rice roots (i.e. the rhizosphere) in flooded paddy soils in order to increase the efficiency of S⁰ oxidation and plant availability.     

液体培养研究不同土壤中硝化活性

A red soil, a fluvo-aquic soil and a permeable paddy soil were used in a long-term investigation to study changes in nitrification with treatments: 1) soil incubation, 2) liquid incubation inoculated with soil samples, and 3) liquid incubation inoculated with ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) from the soils. There were significant differences (P < 0.001) in nitrification rates among the three soils when measured for 28 days by adding (NH4)2SO4 at the rate of 154 mg N kg-1 dry soil to fresh soil. However, the amounts of nitrifying bacteria in the three soils were not related to soil nitrification capacity. When the soil samples or the isolates of AOB enriched from the corresponding soil were incubated in liquid with pH 5.8, 7.0 and 8.0 buffers and 10 mmol L-1 ammonium nitrogen, there were no significant nitrification differences in the same soil type at each pH. The ability to oxidize ammonia through AOB from different types of soils in a homogeneous culture medium was similar, and the soil nitrification capacity could reflect the inherent properties of a soil. Altering the culture medium pH of individual soil type also showed that acidification of an alkaline fluvo-aquic soil decreased nitrification capacity, whereas alkalinization of the acidic red soil and permeable paddy soil increased their nitrification. For a better insight into factors influencing soil nitrification processes, soil properties including texture and clay composition should be considered.     

长期定位试验条件下的水稻田土壤有机质含量变化研究

依托湖北武汉、重庆北碚、湖南望城、湖南祁阳、江西南昌、浙江杭州6个水稻土壤肥力长期定位试验历史样品及数据,分析和讨论了土壤有机质含量变化趋势及对施化肥和有机肥的响应差异。施有机肥提升土壤有机质含量显著高于施化肥的效果。施化肥NPK处理,6个试验点土壤有机质含量都呈现提升趋势;但是,有机质平均年增量、有机质累计增量与累计有机肥施用量的比值都是逐年下降的,固定施肥方法提高土壤有机质含量是有限的,最高达到平衡点,施化肥的有机质含量的平衡点低于施有机肥的,土壤有机质含量提升不仅对施有机肥有响应,而且与累积产量也有一定的相关关系。     

Physical properties of soddy-podzolic soils in a long-term field experiment

The main physical properties of soddy-podzolic soils in a long-term field experiment have been studied. It is shown that their changes under the impact of a century-long application of lime, fertilizers, and manure have been relatively small. Reliable differences in the parameters of approximation of the dependence of penetration resistance on the soil water content in the variant with regular application of organic fertilizers have been revealed. This attests to stronger interparticle bonds (within the studied moisture range) in this variant. Interparticle bonds in the control variant and in the variant with lime application tend to increase with a decrease in the soil water content more significantly than those in other experimental variants. This may be due to the coarser texture of the soil in the control variant and to the aggregation of soil particles under the impact of lime in the variant with lime application.