Liquid penetration of precompressed wood VII: combined treatment of precompression and extraction in hot water on the liquid penetration of wood

The object of this study was to determine the cause of differences in the improvement in liquid penetration of precompressed wood species. The maximum amount of water uptake by the capillary rise method and changes in the aspirated pits seen with scanning electron microscopy before and after of preextraction and precompression were investigated using heartwood samples of four softwoods. The height of penetration and the weight by the capillary rise method for preextractive wood powders are discussed. Three wood species andLarix leptolepis showed marked increases in the amount of solution uptake after precompressed treatment only.Larix leptolepis wood required compression after extraction by boiling in water. These differences among wood species were caused by the accumulation of extractive material. It was also recognized that the accumulative material inLarix wood has plasticity and that inPseudotsuga is brittle. Based on these results it was found that it is difficult to destroy aspirated pits in the former and easy in the latter. On the other hand, the difference in penetration of each wood species was caused by the quantity and quality of the extraction material in addition to the extent of the wettability of the surface of the cell cavity as well as aspirated pit.Part of this report was presented at the 46th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kumamoto, April 1996     

杉木冷冻干燥材和气干材液体浸注性的比较研究

A comparative study was conducted on liquid penetration of the freeze-drying and air-drying sapwood and heartwood lumber of plantation Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata）. The maximum amount of dyeing solution uptake by the capillary rise method was used to evaluate the liquid penetration properties of the treated wood. The pit aspiration ratio was determined by semithin section method. Changes in wood microstructure were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that compared with air drying, the freeze drying had a significant effect on liquid penetration of sapwood and heartwood of Chinese fir. The liquid penetration of sapwood is significantly higher than that of the heartwood for both drying treatments. Low pit aspiration ratio and cracks of pits membrane of some bordered pits are the main reasons for increasing liquid penetration after freeze drying treatment.     

木材保护剂分散体系及其液体渗透性研究概述

木材保护是节约木材资源、提高木材使用质量的重要手段。为了实现长期、高效的木材保护,通常需要对木材进行整体浸渍处理,即通过木材的多孔结构将包含有效成分的木材保护剂分散体系引入木材内部。随着技术的发展,出现了各种不同类型的木材保护剂分散体系,笔者介绍了其分类以及各类型的定义和基本特性,在此基础上分别对溶液、微乳液、乳浊液、溶胶、悬浊液型木材保护剂分散体系在木材中的液体渗透性方面研究进行了概述。对于水溶型木材保护剂而言,木材构造、木材抽提物及处理药剂的性质是影响其液体渗透性的主要因素;油溶型木材保护剂的液体渗透性在很大程度上取决于其溶剂的性质,轻油溶剂比重油溶剂的渗透性更优;乳浊液的液滴粒径与木材纹孔膜上孔隙尺寸相当,因此其渗透性与液滴粒径、树种密切相关;微乳液比乳浊液更易渗透,甚至可部分进入木材细胞壁;溶胶形成胶体粒子后在木材内的渗透与木材构造、胶体粒子粒径及p H等相关;悬浊液型木材保护剂由于粒径较大,在木材内的渗透性不佳,分布也不均匀。分析了该领域现有研究的不足,提出应系统、深入地开展研究,在此基础上改善分散体系在木材中的液体渗透性,并为木材保护分散体系的开发提供指导。     

微波处理松材线虫病疫木技术研究

该文对利用微波处理松材线虫病疫木技术进行了研究，结果表明：不论木材厚薄大小、含水量多少、在微波处理炉腔内怎样堆放，以及环境温度、微波功率等因素的如何变化，只要SWB-Ⅱ型隧道式微波除害处理设备显示的木材表面温度大于68℃，持续30min，就能有效地杀死松木中的松褐天牛和松材线虫。     

液相色谱—串联质谱法测定木材及木制品中3种异噻唑啉酮类防腐剂

本文建立了一种木材及木制品中3种异噻唑啉酮类防腐剂的检测方法,采用超声法甲醇提取,离心后浓缩定容,利用液相色谱-串联质谱法进行检测。该方法操作简单,准确度高,回收率在85%~111%,相对标准偏差为0.93%~8.20%,提取效果较好。     

纹孔塞位置回弹对改善长白鱼鳞云杉木材渗透性作用初探

本文通过对难浸注的长白鱼鳞云杉气干5年心材进行水浸泡处理,探讨了纹孔塞位置可否回弹以提高木材渗透性的可能性。试验结果表明,气干5年长白鱼鳞云杉心材经水浸泡11周并用有机溶剂置换干燥后,平均气体渗透性增加了110%,但经成对比较试验t检验,以可靠性95%计差异不显著。表明气干5年后心材通过水浸泡处理,平均气体渗透性虽有增加,但偏移的纹孔塞可能并未重新回弹到中央位置使其渗透性获得真正的提高。     

TWP防腐剂处理橡胶木的防腐效果

TWP防腐剂以满细胞法处理的橡胶木,经露天气干2至9个月,用试剂显色法测定药剂透入深度。对4～6cm厚的板材药剂全部渗透,外层15mm硼酸当量(BAE)占木材绝干重0.20%以上。经耐腐性试验测定,用TWP处理的橡胶木属耐腐级,但野外耐腐性较差。此外,还探讨了板材不同深度的耐腐效力     

Vibrational properties of heat-treated green wood

To investigate the influence of water on heat treatment, green wood was heat-treated. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis Carr.) with about 60% moisture content (MC) was used. Young's modulus and loss tangent were measured by the free-free flexural vibration test. The specimens were heated in nitrogen at 160°C for 0.5h. The results were as follows. (1) Recognizing that the effects of heat treatment are mild and that the same specimens cannot be used for both heat treatment and as controls, it was necessary to investigate the effects of the heat treatment based on the variations of properties in the whole of the test lumber. (2) Young's modulus increased and the loss tangent decreased due to heat treatment. When the vibrational properties were measured at various MCs, the MCs at the maximum value of Young's modulus and the minimum value of the loss tangent were lower in heat-treated specimens than in controls. The effects of heat treatment in green wood were similar to those in air-dried wood. (3) The loss tangents of heat-treated specimens were smaller than those of controls at about 0% MC but were larger than those of controls at about 10% MC. We thought that this resulted from the decreased MC at the minimum loss tangent after the heat treatment mentioned above. (4) The properties measured at several MCs were more useful than those at only one moisture content for investigating the effects of heat treatment.This study was presented in part at the 46th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kumamoto, April 3–5, 1996; and at the 47th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kochi, April 3–5, 1997     

速生材增强处理技术研究进展及发展趋势

本文阐述了人工林速生材木材增强处理的机理、方法和国内外研究进展,分析了木材增强处理技术在产业化应用中存在的问题和未来发展趋势。     

桉材热处理及其渗透性能的改善

本文以高温软化和瞬时降压之方法对三种桉材（Ｅｕｃａｌｙｐｔｕｓ）进行了汽蒸热处理试验。结果表明：除赤桉（Ｅ·Ｃａｍａｌｄｕｌｅｎｓｉｓ）外，热处理后的桉材导管壁上纹孔膜出现了不同程度的破裂，甚至脱落为空洞。其渗透性能得到了较明显的改善。其中以１４０℃、５ｈ的热处理效果为佳。     

Anatomical variations in wood among four native species of Leguminosae grown in arid areas of China

Morphological features and anatomical variations are described and illustrated in detail for four native species of Legumi-nosae grown in arid sandy regions in China, which are Hedysarum scoparium Fisch.et Mey., Caragana korshiskii Kom., Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. and Ammopiptanthus mongolicus (Maxim. ex Kom.) Cheng f. All species showed similar morphological features: distinct growth ring boundaries, ring to semi-ring-porosity, simple perforation plates, alternate intervessel pitting, nonseptate fibers, para...     

Anatomical characteristics of thermally modified Eucalyptus nitens wood in an open and closed reactor system

ABSTRACT

Eucalyptus nitens specimens were thermally modified under open and closed systems. The anatomical characteristics from selected modifications that presented similar mass losses were investigated by analyzing images taken from scanning electron microscopy, transmission light microscopy, and X-ray micro-computed tomography. Wood cell wall thickness, fiber, and lumen area were measured and compared to unmodified specimens, and the crack formation after modification was also analyzed. There was only a slight decrease in the measured characteristics when compared to unmodified specimens. The wood cell wall thickness was less affected than the fiber and lumen areas, and both modifications presented similar crack formations. Overall, there were no significant differences between open and closed system modifications in the anatomical structure.     

Liquid water diffusivity of wood from the capillary pressure-moisture relation

This study focuses on liquid water transport in wood above the fiber saturation point in the nonhygroscopic region. The liquid water transport of hygroscopic porous materials including wood is usually described by Darcy’s law. It requires knowledge of capillarity and intrinsic and relative permeabilities. In this study, the capillary pressure-water relation and relative permeability were investigated using experimental data for wood available in the literature. The performance of three models (Brooks-Corey model, van Genuchten model, and Durner’s bimodal pore-size distribution model) was investigated for the capillary pressure-water relation. These models have advantages in that each shape parameter has qualitative physical meaning for the pore-size distribution. Most species had unimodal pore distributions except for aspen, which had a bimodal pore distribution. The van Genuchten model represented the capillary pressure-water relation better than the Brooks-Corey model. Durner’s bimodal model was found to be the most appropriate for the capillary pressure-moisture relation of aspen. The relative permeability was calculated by using Mualem’s model, which was compared with the value from the Couture model. From the results, the liquid water diffusivity divided by intrinsic permeability of wood was estimated. This approach may be promising for adopting the liquid water diffusivity for the numerical simulation of drying and sorption, although there might be considerable variation within and between trees.     

不同处理方法对杨树木材压缩变形恢复率的研究

采用加热和水蒸气处理方法对人工林杨树木材进行压缩变形恢复率的研究,目的是为了改善人工林软质木材的材性,提高其尺寸稳定性。结果表明:加热和水蒸气处理都是固定人工林木材压缩变形的有效方法;在处理温度相同时,水蒸气处理方法只需要4 min或8 min,而高温加热处理需要10 h或20 h。水蒸气处理方法更加经济。     

木质纤维成分的乙酸分离方法及表征

研究了一种用含有少量硫酸的乙酸溶液分离杨木成分的方法。考察了反应时间、乙酸浓度、液比和催化剂浓度对木材成分分离的影响。对分离出的木材三种成分进行了表征。结果表明,分离杨木成分的较佳条件为:硫酸浓度0.3%,液比6,反应时间3h和乙酸浓度90%。残渣的主要成分是α-纤维素和半纤维素。水不溶沉淀物(乙酰化木质素)的重均分子量分布在341到253之间,分散性系数分布在1.1到1.2这一窄范围内。糖分析结果表明,可溶性成分主要来源于半纤维素,以单糖形式存在。     

Shear strength of furfurylated,N-methylol melamine and thermally modified wood bonded with three conventional adhesives

The shear strength of furfurylated, N-methylol melamine (NMM) and thermally modified wood bonded with emulsion polymer isocyanate, polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), and polyurethane (PU) adhesives was examined. Furfurylation and NMM modification of Scots pine had a significant negative effect on the bonding strength with all adhesives irrespective of the treatment intensity. The obtained low-shear strength values were related to the brittle nature of the wood after modifications rather to the failure of the bondline. PVAc showed a better bonding performance with both furfurylated and NMM modified wood while the combination of furfurylated wood and PU gave the highest reduction in bonding strength (47–51%). Shear strength also decreased significantly after thermal modification in both Scots pine (36–56%) and beech (34–48%) with all adhesives. With the exception of thermally modified beech samples bonded with PU, bondline was found to be the weakest link in thermally modified wood as it was revealed by the wood failure surfaces. Bondline thickness and effective penetration of adhesives did not relate to the shear strength of all modified wood materials. The lower shear strength of modified wood could be attributed to other factors, such as the reduced chemical bonding or mechanical interlocking of adhesives, and the reduced strength of brittle modified wood substrate.     

Possibilities for energy wood procurement in north-west Russia: Assessment of energy wood resources in the Leningrad region

Abstract

Methodology to assess the potential for energy wood procurement in Russia is described in this article and applied to the Leningrad region. Wood from thinnings, logging residues, non-industrial roundwood and residues from sawmilling are considered as sources for energy production. Energy wood available in the region, based on the 2004 actual cut, is approximately 4 million m³. Nearly 86% of this is non-industrial roundwood and felling residues, and 14% is by-products from sawmilling. Almost two-thirds of the non-industrial roundwood and felling residues are in cutting areas and one-third is in central processing yards. Deciduous tree species (birch and aspen) dominate in energy wood, representing about 65% of the total amount of felling residues and non-industrial wood. It is possible to intensify utilization of forest resources and thereby also to increase the use of wood in energy production. The total amount could be 54% higher if the allowable cut was fully utilized and 124% higher if thinnings were also utilized completely. There are, however, significant intraregional differences, as the current rate of utilization of forest resources varies in the region.     

Effect of ozone treatment of wood on its liquefaction

The effects of ozone treatment were investigated to improve the process of liquefaction of wood with polyhydric alcohol solvents. The liquefied wood having a high wood to polyhydric alcohol ratio (W/P ratio) could be prepared by using the wood treated with ozone in the liquid phase. The liquefied wood with a W/P ratio of 2 : 1 had enough fluidity to act as a raw material for chemical products. To get some information about the effects of ozone treatment toward the wood components, cellulose powder and steamed lignin were treated with ozone and liquefied. In particular, ozone treatment in the liquid phase was found to be effective for wood and cellulose powder. On the other hand, steamed lignin self-condensed during liquefaction after treatment with ozone in the liquid phase. Thus, ozone treatment provided lignin with reactive functional groups, and caused the subsequent condensation reaction. Although lignin was converted to a more condensable structure by ozone treatment, the condensation reaction was found to be suppressed for wood during its liquefaction. The wood liquefied products displayed good solubilities in N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) even after treatments of long duration. It was suggested that one of the main effects of ozone treatment toward wood was the decomposition of cellulose.Part of this report was presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Fukuoka, April 2003     

Stress relaxation of chemically treated wood during processes of temperature elevation and decline

In order to clarify the effect of drying on structural changes of DMSO swell treated and DEA-SO2-DMSO decrystallization treated Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolate） wood, the stress relaxation of treated oven-dry specimens during the processes of temperature elevation and reduction and that of treated wet specimens at constant temperature were determined. A stress decrease process and a stress increase process were observed in all stress ratio curves of wood during the processes of decreasing temperature. Untreated wood, during the process of temperature reduction under higher initial temperature conditions and during the process of temperature elevation, has a larger stress decrease than treated woods. In a wet state this trend is reversed. It indicated that the drying set made treated woods have a smaller increase in fluidity of wood constituents with increasing temperature. Some bonding between decrystallization reagents and wood molecules may occur.     

木质材料激光表面处理研究进展

激光以其能量密度高、运行轨迹自如、方向性好等优点,被广泛用于木质材料切削加工以及表面处理等领域.其中,木质材料激光表面处理,即利用激光热/光电子效应促进材料发生物理、化学变化,以实现改性的目的.笔者对木质材料激光表面处理原理、激光类型与用途以及激光表面处理技术特点与应用领域等内容的研究现状进行了综述与分析.现有研究表明...