Gene Cloning and Tissue-Specific Microplitis mediator （Hymenoptera： Expression of G Protein β Subunit in Braconidae）

A gene encoding a novel G protein β subunit of β1 subclass, GβMmed was isolated from Microplitis mediator （Hymenoptera： Braconidae）. The full-length sequence of GβMmed is 1 119 bp, the cDNA contains a 1 023 bp open reading frame that encodes a protein with 340 amino acids, and the predicted molecular weight of GβMmed is 37.23 kDa and isoelectric point is 5.86. By the quantitative real-time RT-PCR method, the tissue-specific expression and quantitative changes in the developmental expression profile of GβMmed were detected. It was found that GβMmed was abundantly expressed in M. mediator antennae, head （without antennae）, thorax, abdomen, legs and the wings, and especially at high levels in abdomen. In antennae, expression varied through 1st day before emergence to 5-d-old adults, and had equal expression levels detected in females and males in total. In head, GβMmed expresses while initially high in females, and have another peaked in stage 4 and 1st day, in males showed a peak of GβMmed expression prior to emergence and relatively low levels after emergence. In female abdomen GβMmed expression levels have two peaks in stage 1 and the 5th d, but just have one peak in male abdomen in stage 1. In all other tissues expression was low and stable.     

Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Leaves Extracts from Native and Exotic Plants in Southern Brazil against Spodoptera frugiperda （Lepidoptera： Noctuidae） Caterpillars

The caterpillar Spodopterafrugiperda is an important pest of several crops, due to the damage it causes and the difficulty of its control. The method of controlling these pests is through chemical insecticides, which cause adverse effects to the biotic and abiotic environment. The selection of new insecticides that meet the requirements of efficacy, safety, selectivity and those are economically viable, is highlighting the study of mechanisms of plant defense. The present study aimed to verify the insecticide effect of 27 plants in three different types of plants extracts： aqueous, decoction and polypeptide on S. frugiperda. Three plants were chosen for performing sublethal effects bioassays： two plants with the highest corrected mortality （E. pulcherrima and R. simsii） and the other plant （Maytenus ilicifolia （espinheira santa）） with corrected mortality similar to control. In preliminaries bioassays, 25 plants showed corrected mortality less than 50%, according to Abbott＇s formula. R. simsii （azalea） and E. pulcherrima （billed parrot） showed 51% and 68% of corrected mortality, respectively. Only R. simsii aqueous and the three extracts of E. pulcherrima differ significantly from control （P 〈 0.05）. The aqueous extracts and decoction of R. simsii and polypeptide extract of E. pulcherrima reduced the larval period of S. frugiperda, different from control （P 〈 0.05）. The polypeptide extract of R. simsii reduced the pupal period of the target insect. The extracts obtained by decoction, aqueous and polypeptide of E. pulcherrima extracts and decoction of polypeptides and R. simsii affected the fertility and fecundity of S. frugiperda. For the other parameters, there is no significant difference when compared with the control. The results of this study suggest that the extracts obtained by decoction, aqueous and polypeptide of E. pulcherrima and R. simsii can be used to control S. frugiperda. However, the successful search, product starting from extracts of plants depends on the availability of plant and the entire assembly around the detection of bioactive products, in addition to the active ingredients of the chemical synthesis and elucidation of the target site insecticide molecule.     

温度对玉米螟赤眼蜂发育的影响

在实验室内以米蛾卵作寄主,观察了玉米螟赤眼蜂在5个恒温条件下(17,21,25,29,33℃)的发育羽化情况及成蜂寿命、产卵量和后代性比,实验中光照为14：10(L：D),相对湿度控制为75％．结果表明,玉米螟赤眼蜂完成一代所需的发育时间随温度的升高而减少,在17℃时完成一代需要25．12d,而在33℃时仅需要8．11d;在17～25℃成蜂羽化率最高,33℃时最低,其次是29℃;雌蜂的寿命在17℃时最长为219h,但随温度的升高而缩短,在33℃时仅为19．20h;在21．25℃范围内,雌蜂产卵量达到最高;所设定的5个温度条件下发育的雌蜂,其所产的后代中雌性均超过雄性,后代雌性百分率在17～29℃达到高峰,但在33℃时有所下降．     

赤眼蜂属一新种记述（膜翅目：赤眼蜂科）

记述膜翅目赤眼蜂科赤眼蜂属１新种。即碧岭赤眼蜂Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｇｒａｍｍａ ｂｉｌｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．．模式标本装玻片保存于华南农业大学昆虫生态研究室。该新川与拟澳洲赤眼蜂Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｇｒａｍｍａ ｃｏｎｆｕｓｕｍ Ｖｉｇｇｉａｎｉ（＝螟黄赤眼蜂Ｔ．ｃｈｉｌｏｎｉｓ Ｎａｇａｒｋａｔｔｉ ａｎｄ Ｎａｇａｒａｊａ ｎｅｃ．Ｉｓｈｉｉ）近似,但可由其宽大超过半圆的阳基背突侧叶区别。与舟蛾赤眼     

三种本地赤眼蜂对大豆食心虫卵的寄生潜能

【目的】大豆食心虫（Leguminivora glycinivorella Matsumura）是中国北方大豆生产上的最重要蛀荚害虫,研究旨在明确3种本地赤眼蜂即黏虫赤眼蜂（Trichogramma leucaniae ）、玉米螟赤眼蜂（T. ostriniae）和螟黄赤眼蜂（T. chilonis）对自然寄主大豆食心虫卵的寄生潜能,为选育优良蜂种、定量评估赤眼蜂对大豆食心虫的控害潜能提供科学依据。【方法】 在室内采用编制以米蛾卵为中间寄主繁育的3种赤眼蜂在大豆食心虫卵上的实验种群生命表的方法,比较分析其在大豆食心虫卵上的繁殖特性以及净增殖率（R₀）、平均世代周期（T）、内禀增长率（rm）、周限增长率（λ）、平均单雌寄生卵数、雌蜂平均寿命和羽化率等寄生特性参数。【结果】螟黄赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂和黏虫赤眼蜂在羽化当日均达到产卵高峰,分别占其总产卵量的68.1%、69.1%和64.0%,随着时间的延长,螟黄赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂的产卵量呈明显下降趋势,在无任何营养补给时,10.0%的黏虫赤眼蜂雌蜂个体可存活7 d,羽化3 d后,平均单雌寄生10.5粒大豆食心虫卵,占总寄生量的22.5%;黏虫赤眼蜂、螟黄赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂的R₀、T、rm和λ分别为24.75、23.78和21.13;9.46、10.34和10.37 d;0.3393、0.3064和0.2941;1.4040、1.3585和1.3419;而3种供试赤眼蜂的平均单雌寄生卵数、平均寿命以及在大豆食心虫卵上的羽化率均无显著差异。综合比较结果显示,黏虫赤眼蜂在大豆食心虫卵上的各项实验种群生命表参数（R₀、T、rm和λ）最好,其次是螟黄赤眼蜂,玉米螟赤眼蜂的表现最差。【结论】黏虫赤眼蜂对大豆食心虫卵有较强的嗜好性和适应性,其主要生殖力特征参数均优于螟黄赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂,是寄生大豆食心虫卵的优势蜂种,具有较大的应用前景。     

两种不同地理种群松毛虫赤眼蜂对米蛾卵的寄生功能及数值反应

【目的】松毛虫赤眼蜂(Trichogramma dendrolimi)是目前生物防治中应用面积最大的一种寄生性天敌。不同地理种群松毛虫赤眼蜂其生物学特性存在一定差异,论文旨在明确两种不同地理种群松毛虫赤眼蜂对米蛾卵的寄生功能反应及数值反应参数,为不同地理种群赤眼蜂的应用提供参考。【方法】选择松毛虫赤眼蜂黑龙江种群(TD-HLJ)和江苏种群(TD-JS),以米蛾卵为供试寄主,研究两个地理种群松毛虫赤眼蜂对米蛾卵的寄生功能反应与数值反应,并利用种群趋势指数(I)和干扰控制作用指数(IIPC)对两个不同地理种群松毛虫赤眼蜂进行分析比较。【结果】功能反应结果表明,TD-HLJ和TD-JS种群的寄生功能反应符合HollingⅡ型方程,TD-HLJ种群最大寄生量为186.78粒/d,比TD-JS的最大寄生量高75.68粒/d。数值反应研究表明,不同米蛾卵密度对松毛虫赤眼蜂TD-HLJ和TD-JS种群的寄生、发育及繁殖有显著影响,米蛾卵密度为1粒时是TD-HLJ和TD-JS种群羽化的临界值,米蛾卵密度为5和10粒时分别是TD-HLJ和TD-JS种群繁殖的临界值。采用I和IIPC分析松毛虫赤眼蜂的控制作用,TD-HLJ和TD-JS种群的I值均随着米蛾卵密度的增加而增加,对照TD-HLJ和TD-JS种群的I值分别为68.70和49.20,即TD-HLJ种群的下一代数量比TD-JS种群的数量多19.5倍;TD-HLJ和TD-JS种群的IIPC值均随着米蛾卵密度的增加而增加,说明随着卵密度的增加,TD-HLJ和TD-JS种群对寄主卵的控制作用逐渐减小。【结论】综合功能反应和数值反应结果,松毛虫赤眼蜂TD-HLJ种群比TD-JS种群具有更好的生物防治潜能。     

双斑长跗萤叶甲成虫对α-红没药醇等棉花和玉米挥发物的嗅觉行为反应

【目的】 筛选对双斑长跗萤叶甲Monolepta hieroglyphica (Motschulsky)成虫有引诱或趋避活性的植物挥发物。【方法】利用“Y”型嗅觉仪测定对双斑长跗萤叶甲有引诱或趋避作用的挥发物。【结果】10 μg/mL的α-红没药醇和α-蒎烯对双斑长跗萤叶甲雌雄成虫有明显的引诱作用,配方1、2、6对双斑长跗萤叶甲雄成虫有明显的引诱作用,配方2、6对双斑长跗萤叶甲雌成虫有明显的引诱作用。【结论】10 μg/mL的α-红没药醇和α-蒎烯对双斑长跗萤叶甲有明显的引诱趋性,可作为该叶甲的引诱剂成分。     

Volatiles from Sophora japonica flowers attract Harmonia axyridis adults (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

The multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), is a common generalist predator in China and is occasionally found gathering on the Chinese pagoda tree, Sophora japonica, in summer. In a field investigation, we found that H. axyridis adults preferred S. japonica during its flowering period even though their optimal prey(aphid) is absent at this time. In addition, male and female adults were attracted to S. japonica flowers to a similar extent in a Y-tube olfactometer assay. Using coupled gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection(GC-EAD), we identified a flower odor component(nonanal) that elicited a significant electrophysiological response in H. axyridis. Electroantennogram(EAG) dose-dependent responses revealed that the amplitude of the adult beetle's EAG response increased with increasing concentration of nonanal, peaking at 10 mg mL~(–1). In Y-tube olfactometer behavioral tests, H. axyridis adults preferred a 10 mg mL~(–1) nonanal source over a 100 mg mL~(–1) diluent. Under field conditions, the adults were significantly attracted to both concentrations(10 and 100 mg mL~(–1)), and high concentrations generally had greater attraction. All these results suggest that nonanal, a volatile compound of S. japonica flowers, greatly attracts H. axyridis adults. This study provides a basis for the development of synthetic attractants of H. axyridis, with the potential to promote biocontrol services of this generalist predator in the native area(e.g., China) and to suppress its population by mass trapping in its invasive areas.     

四种赤眼蜂对米蛾利他素的嗅觉反应

在实验室条件下用四臂嗅觉仪分别测定了卷蛾分索赤眼蜂Trichogrammatoidea bactrae、拟澳洲赤眼蜂Trichogramma confusum、微突赤眼蜂T.raoi、舟蛾赤眼蜂T.closlerae对来源于米蛾Corcyra cephalomica卵、米蛾卵浸提液、米蛾腹部鳞片浸提液的利他素的嗅觉反应．结果表明，这4种赤眼蜂对米蛾利他素有明显的趋向反应，表现为600s内，赤眼蜂在处理区的滞留时间比对照区的滞留时间明显延长，二者之间差异显著．     

12种植物挥发物对哈茨木霉的抑制效应

为研究植物挥发物对木霉菌丝生长和产孢量的影响,采用气体扩散法研究了经12种植物挥发物处理后对哈茨木霉菌丝生长和产孢量的影响。结果表明:12种挥发物对木霉的生长和产孢量均有抑制作用,但不同挥发物的抑制效果有较大的差异,其中抑制作用最强的化合物分是反-2-己烯醛,8μL处理时对菌丝生长和产孢量的抑制率分别为76.07%、81.30%。说明挥发物对木霉的菌丝生长和产孢量普遍存在抑制作用。     

花椒窄吉丁对寄主挥发物的触角电位及行为反应

【目的】探明寄主挥发物对花椒窄吉丁的引诱或驱避作用,为研制和开发花椒窄吉丁植物源引诱剂或驱避剂提供理论依据。【方法】利用固相微萃取和GC-MS分析花椒健康植株和受花椒窄吉丁危害植株不同部位的主要挥发性化合物,并采用触角电位仪(EAG)和Y型嗅觉仪测定花椒窄吉丁对寄主植物挥发物的触角电位和行为反应。【结果】健康花椒叶片中主要含β-石竹烯(13.27%)、反式β-罗勒烯(16.82%)和α-罗勒烯(16.42%),嫩枝中主要含β-石竹烯(25.98%)、乙酸香叶酯(15.89%)和荜澄茄油烯(17.27%),韧皮部主要含(1R)-(+)-α-蒎烯(25.91%)和β-石竹烯(47.98%)。花椒受虫害后各部位的月桂烯、(1R)-(+)-柠檬烯和乙酸芳樟酯的相对含量均升高,β-石竹烯和乙酸香叶酯相对含量均降低;韧皮部有新的挥发物α-水芹烯等生成。11种挥发物均能引起花椒窄吉丁的触角电位(EAG)反应,且多数挥发物在100μg/μL时引起成虫的EAG反应最强,但β-蒎烯在10μg/μL时引起两性成虫最大的EAG反应绝对值,(1R)-(+)-柠檬烯、月桂烯在10μg/μL时引起雌虫最大的EAG反应绝对值,在100μg/μL时引起雄虫最大的EAG反应绝对值。11种挥发物中乙酸香叶酯、桉叶油醇、葎草烯引起花椒窄吉丁的EAG反应相对较弱。除α-水芹烯,两性成虫对挥发物的EAG反应不存在显著的性别差异。行为反应测定结果表明,(1R)-(+)-α-蒎烯在1μg/μL时对雌雄成虫均有显著地驱避作用,β-蒎烯在0.1μg/μL时对雄虫有显著地驱避作用,β-石竹烯在10μg/μL时对雌虫有显著驱避作用(P0.05)。0.1μg/μL的水芹烯、10和100μg/μL月桂烯、0.1和1μg/μL(1R)-(+)-柠檬烯对雄虫具有明显的引诱作用。0.1~10μg/μL乙酸芳樟酯对雌虫具有引诱作用,在100μg/μL时却表现出驱避作用。【结论】花椒受虫害后各部位挥发物的种类和相对含量发生改变,其中月桂烯、(1R)-(+)-柠檬烯和乙酸芳樟酯的相对含量明显升高,β-石竹烯、乙酸香叶酯的相对含量明显降低,并有新物质α-水芹烯等生成。0.1μg/μLα-水芹烯、10~100μg/μL月桂烯、0.1~1μg/μL(1R)-(+)-柠檬烯、0.1~10μg/μL乙酸芳樟酯对花椒窄吉丁具有引诱作用,1~100μg/μL(1R)-(+)-α-蒎烯、0.1μg/μLβ-蒎烯、10μg/μLβ-石竹烯对花椒窄吉丁具有驱避作用。     

赤眼蜂防治菜粉蝶研究

对菜粉蝶天敌的研究结果表明，广赤眼蜂是防治甘兰菜粉蝶的最佳蜂种，人工繁殖后释放７５万头／ｈｍ＾２，卵寄生率平均高达８６．２％，比螟黄赤眼蜂，松毛虫赤眼蜂和对照（未放峰）分别高８３．２％，８５．１％和８５．７％，放蜂田不再施药，各种自然天敌得到保护，数量显著增加。