基于乌金猪深度发掘的优质高效新品种选育

目的揭示宣和猪PRKAG3基因外显子5多态性及其与肉质性状的关联。方法采用PCR产物直接测序法检测了120头宣和猪PRKAG3基因外显子5区域的SNP位点,借助最小二乘模型分析了各位点不同基因型及合并基因型对6个肉质性状的影响。结果宣和猪PRKAG3基因外显子5区域检出3个SNP位点,包括2个同义突变位点(T579C、T580C)和1个错义突变位点(G595A),分别以TT、TT、GA基因型和T、T、G等位基因的频率最高,且都处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态。T579C、T580C位点的TT和TC基因型可显著提高大理石纹(P<0.05)和降低失水率(P<0.01),分别呈显著的加性效应及加性—显性效应(P<0.05或P<0.01);G595A位点的AA基因型失水率最低(P<0.05)、熟肉率最高(P<0.05),呈显著的加性效应(P<0.05);3个位点的合并基因型TTTTGG、TCTCGG和TTTTAA分别具有最高的大理石纹、pH₁和最低的失水率(P<0.05或P<0.01),CCCCGG基因型的大理石纹和pH₁最低、失水率最高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论研究结果进一步确认宣和猪PRKAG3基因外显子5多态性与肌肉大理石纹、pH值和失水率显著关联,T579C、T580C位点的CC基因型和G595A位点的GG基因型具有协同降低猪肉品质的效应。     

Phosphorylation and regulation of Raf by Akt (protein kinase B)

Activation of the protein kinase Raf can lead to opposing cellular responses such as proliferation, growth arrest, apoptosis, or differentiation. Akt (protein kinase B), a member of a different signaling pathway that also regulates these responses, interacted with Raf and phosphorylated this protein at a highly conserved serine residue in its regulatory domain in vivo. This phosphorylation of Raf by Akt inhibited activation of the Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway and shifted the cellular response in a human breast cancer cell line from cell cycle arrest to proliferation. These observations provide a molecular basis for cross talk between two signaling pathways at the level of Raf and Akt.     

Phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein by viral protein with cyclin-dependent kinase function

As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses expertly modify cellular processes to facilitate their replication and spread, often by encoding genes that mimic the functions of cellular proteins while lacking regulatory features that modify their activity. We show that the human cytomegalovirus UL97 protein has activities similar to cellular cyclin-cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) complexes. UL97 phosphorylated and inactivated the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor, stimulated cell cycle progression in mammalian cells, and rescued proliferation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacking CDK activity. UL97 is not inhibited by the CDK inhibitor p21 and lacks amino acid residues conserved in the CDKs that permit the attenuation of kinase activity. Thus, UL97 represents a functional ortholog of cellular CDKs that is immune from normal CDK control mechanisms.     

AMP-activated protein kinase regulates neuronal polarization by interfering with PI 3-kinase localization

Axon-dendrite polarization is crucial for neural network wiring and information processing in the brain. Polarization begins with the transformation of a single neurite into an axon and its subsequent rapid extension, which requires coordination of cellular energy status to allow for transport of building materials to support axon growth. We found that activation of the energy-sensing adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway suppressed axon initiation and neuronal polarization. Phosphorylation of the kinesin light chain of the Kif5 motor protein by AMPK disrupted the association of the motor with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), preventing PI3K targeting to the axonal tip and inhibiting polarization and axon growth.     

Crystal structures of the adenylate sensor from fission yeast AMP-activated protein kinase

The 5'-AMP (adenosine monophosphate)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) coordinates metabolic function with energy availability by responding to changes in intracellular ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and AMP concentrations. Here, we report crystal structures at 2.9 and 2.6 A resolution for ATP- and AMP-bound forms of a core alphabetagamma adenylate-binding domain from the fission yeast AMPK homolog. ATP and AMP bind competitively to a single site in the gamma subunit, with their respective phosphate groups positioned near function-impairing mutants. Unexpectedly, ATP binds without counterions, amplifying its electrostatic effects on a critical regulatory region where all three subunits converge.     

Phosphorylation of muscle membranes: identification of a membrane-bound protein kinase

A membrane-bound protein kinase occurs in membranes derived from rat skeletal muscle and appears limited to a surface membrane fraction. The enzyme is magnesium dependent, is only minimally stimulated by cyclic nucleotides, and phosphorylates serine and to a lesser extent threonine residues of three membrane proteins with molecular weights of less than 30,000.     

中1医药治疗膝骨关节炎临床与实验进展＊

膝骨关节炎(knee osteoarthritis,KOA)是一种以退行性病理改变为基础的疾患,是一种常见的老年多发慢性病[ ]。临床上,初起的KOA患者可能无明显异常感觉及症状,或感觉膝关节发凉。随着病情发平常可表现为膝部关节疼痛,劳累后症状加重或伴膝关节红肿、僵直不适感,活动屈伸受限,上下楼梯困难,也会有患者表现关节肿胀、弹响、积液等,如不能及时得到治疗,则会引起关节畸形,留下残疾。     

Coupling of stress in the ER to activation of JNK protein kinases by transmembrane protein kinase IRE1

Malfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induce cellular stress and activate c-Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNKs or SAPKs). Mammalian homologs of yeast IRE1, which activate chaperone genes in response to ER stress, also activated JNK, and IRE1alpha-/- fibroblasts were impaired in JNK activation by ER stress. The cytoplasmic part of IRE1 bound TRAF2, an adaptor protein that couples plasma membrane receptors to JNK activation. Dominant-negative TRAF2 inhibited activation of JNK by IRE1. Activation of JNK by endogenous signals initiated in the ER proceeds by a pathway similar to that initiated by cell surface receptors in response to extracellular signals.     

梨CDPK基因家族全基因组序列鉴定分析

CDPK是植物特有的一类丝氨酸/苏氨酸型蛋白激酶,在介导植物生育信号和逆境信号转导中具有重要作用。为揭示CDPK基因在梨生长发育与抗逆防御机制中的作用,本研究通过生物信息学手段,结合梨基因组注释信息,鉴定梨基因组中CDPK家族基因成员,利用MEGA6.0程序进行多序列比对、分类并构建系统进化树;利用per1程序以及GSDS工具进行基因结构与保守性分析,为植物CDPK基因功能分析与利用提供依据。结果表明,本研究成功鉴定出26个CDPK家族成员,根据系统发育树分析,所有Pb CDPK被分为4类;基因结构预测结果表明,大多数Pb CDPK均含有6~7个内含子;且预测的Pb CDPK氨基酸序列绝大多数含4个EF-hand功能域;为了深入分析梨与其他物种的同源进化关系,构建了梨与拟南芥、水稻的CDPK基因系统进化树,进化树聚类分析结果将所有的CDPK蛋白分为四类。综上所述,目前已初步获得26个梨CDPK基因,为在基因组范围内研究CDPK基因在梨生长发育与逆境响应中的功能奠定了基础。     

玉米大斑病菌NAD(H)激酶蛋白的鉴定及分析

NAD(H)激酶是NADP(H)从头合成途径的关键物质,对生物体的生长、发育具有重要作用。本研究以稻瘟病菌中3个NAD(H)激酶蛋白为查询序列,搜索玉米大斑病菌蛋白质组序列库,结果发现在玉米大班病菌中均有同源序列,分别为127652、103052和163223。利用生物信息学的方法对3个基因的结构进行分析,结果表明只有163223为断裂基因,包含5个外显子和4个内含子,127652和103052为单外显子;163223和103052呈现酸性,而127652则呈现碱性;103052为稳定蛋白,而另两者为不稳定蛋白;通过高级结构分析发现这3种蛋白在N端一侧α螺旋较多,C端一侧延伸链和β转角较多,并且这3种蛋白质有2个在结构和功能上的相似的结构域。     

Cl- channels in CF: lack of activation by protein kinase C and cAMP-dependent protein kinase

Secretory chloride channels can be activated by adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase in normal airway epithelial cells but not in cells from individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). In excised, inside-out patches of apical membrane of normal human airway cells and airway cells from three patients with CF, the chloride channels exhibited a characteristic outwardly rectifying current-voltage relation and depolarization-induced activation. Channels from normal tissues were activated by both cAMP-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C. However, chloride channels from CF patients could not be activated by either kinase. Thus, gating of normal epithelial chloride channels is regulated by both cAMP-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C, and regulation by both kinases is defective in CF.     

Control of the interferon-induced 68-kilodalton protein kinase by the HIV-1 tat gene product

The tat-responsive region (TAR) of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) exhibits a trans-inhibitory effect on translation in vitro by activating the interferon-induced 68-kilodalton protein kinase (p68 kinase). Productive infection by HIV-1 was shown to result in a significant decrease in the amount of cellular p68 kinase. The steady-state amount of p68 kinase was also reduced in interferon-treated HeLa cell lines stably expressing tat, as compared to the amount of the kinase in interferon-treated control HeLa cells. Thus, the potential translational inhibitory effects of the TAR RNA region mediated by activation of p68 kinase may be downregulated by tat during productive HIV-1 infection.     

基于能量平衡的蒸散遥感估算模型的应用研究

【目的】用遥感技术估算陕西关中渭北地区的实际蒸散,并将估算的蒸散与参考作物蒸散进行比较。【方法】以陕西关中渭北地区2008-06-23和09-05的NOAA-18卫星遥感资料以及该地区的气象资料为供试数据,利用能量平衡单层模型,计算陕西关中渭北地区的潜热通量及蒸散,并将蒸散估计值与参考作物蒸散分布进行比较。【结果】能量平衡单层模型中参数的反演途径直接影响着蒸散的反演精度,蒸散与植被指数的分布具有高度的一致性,蒸散的变化与研究区域的土地利用密切相关。【结论】根据下垫面特征建立的、物理意义清楚的基于遥感和气象资料的能量平衡单层模型,更适合区域实际蒸散的估算。     

Viroid-induced phosphorylation of a host protein related to a dsRNA-dependent protein kinase

Viroids are very small, unencapsidated RNAs that replicate and induce severe disease in plants without encoding for any proteins. The mechanisms by which the viroid RNA regulates these events and interacts with host factors are unknown. An Mr 68,000 host-encoded protein has been identified that is differentially phosphorylated in extracts from viroid-infected and mock-inoculated tissues. This phosphoprotein is immunologically related to a double-stranded (ds) RNA-dependent protein kinase from virus-infected, interferon-treated human cells. Further, nucleotide photoaffinity labeling indicates that the protein has an ATP binding site. This protein is similar to dsRNA-dependent protein kinases implicated in mammalian systems in the regulation of protein synthesis and virus replication.     

玉米蛋白激酶基因ZmCIPK的序列及表达特性分析

以玉米为材料,采用序列分析及半定量RT-PCR等方法对ZmCIPK基因功能进行了初步研究.序列分析结果推测,AY104819,EU974290和EU968441均属于CIPK蛋白家族.半定量RT-PCR结果表明,NaCl和ABA均能迅速诱导玉米基因AY104819,EU974290和EU968441的表达.     

Expression and functional analyses of the mitogen-activated protein kinase(MPK) cascade genes in response to phytohormones in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Mitogen-activated protein kinase(MPK) cascades consist of a set of kinase types(MPKKKs,MPKKs,MPKs) to establish conserved signal-transducing modules mediating plant growth,development as well as responses to internal and external cues.In this study,the expression patterns of six MPKKK,two MPKK,and 11 MPK genes in wheat in responses to external treatments of phytohormones,including naphthylacetic acid(NAA),abscisic acid(ABA),6-benzyladenine(6-BA),gibberellin(GA_3),salisylic acid(SA),jasmonic acid(JA),and ethylene(ETH),were investigated.Expression analysis revealed that several of the MPK cascade genes are responses to the external phytohormone signaling.Of which,TaMPKKKA;3is induced by 6-BA and NAA while TaMPK4 repressed by ETH,GA_3,SA,and JA;TaMPKKKA,TaMPKKKA;3 and TaMPK1 are down-regulated by ETH and GA_3whereas TaMPK9 and TaMPK12 repressed by ETH and JA in addition that TaMPK12 also repressed by GA_3;TaMPK12;1 is down-regulated by ABA,GA_3 and SA while TaMPK17 repressed by all exogenous phytonormones examined.TaMPK4,a MPK type gene previously characterized to mediate tolerance to phosphate(Pi)deprivation,was functionally evaluated for its role in mediation of responses of plants to exogenous GA_3,ETH,SA,and JA.Results indicated that overexpression and antisense expression of TaMPK4 in tobacco dramatically modify the growth of seedlings upon treatments of GA_3,SA and JA,in which the overexpressors behaved deteriorated growth feature whereas the seedlings with antisense expression of TaMPK4 exhibited improved seedling phenotype.The growth behaviors in lines overexpressing or antisensely expressing TaMPK4 are closely associated with the biomass and the corresponding hormone-associated parameters.These results demonstrated that TaMPK4 acts as a critical player in mediating the phytohormone signaling.Our findings have identified the phytohormone-responsive MPK cascade genes in wheat and provided a connection between the phytohormone-mediated responses and the MPK cascade pathways.     

Defective thymocyte maturation in p44 MAP kinase (Erk 1) knockout mice

The p42 and p44 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), also called Erk2 and Erk1, respectively, have been implicated in proliferation as well as in differentiation programs. The specific role of the p44 MAPK isoform in the whole animal was evaluated by generation of p44 MAPK-deficient mice by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. The p44 MAPK-/- mice were viable, fertile, and of normal size. Thus, p44 MAPK is apparently dispensable and p42 MAPK (Erk2) may compensate for its loss. However, in p44 MAPK-/- mice, thymocyte maturation beyond the CD4+CD8+ stage was reduced by half, with a similar diminution in the thymocyte subpopulation expressing high levels of T cell receptor (CD3high). In p44 MAPK-/- thymocytes, proliferation in response to activation with a monoclonal antibody to the T cell receptor in the presence of phorbol myristate acetate was severely reduced even though activation of p42 MAPK was more sustained in these cells. The p44 MAPK apparently has a specific role in thymocyte development.     

Direct activation of the ATM protein kinase by the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex

The complex containing the Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1 proteins (MRN) is essential for the cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks, integrating DNA repair with the activation of checkpoint signaling through the protein kinase ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated). We demonstrate that MRN stimulates the kinase activity of ATM in vitro toward its substrates p53, Chk2, and histone H2AX. MRN makes multiple contacts with ATM and appears to stimulate ATM activity by facilitating the stable binding of substrates. Phosphorylation of Nbs1 is critical for MRN stimulation of ATM activity toward Chk2, but not p53. Kinase-deficient ATM inhibits wild-type ATM phosphorylation of Chk2, consistent with the dominant-negative effect of kinase-deficient ATM in vivo.     

Regulation of a heart potassium channel by protein kinase A and C

The enzymes adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A) and protein kinase C regulate the activity of a diverse group of cellular proteins including membrane ion channel proteins. When protein kinase A was stimulated in cardiac ventricular myocytes with the membrane-soluble cAMP analog 8-chlorphenylthio cAMP (8-CPT cAMP), the amplitude of the delayed-rectifier potassium current (IK) doubled when recorded at 32 degrees C but was not affected at 22 degrees C. In contrast, modulation of the calcium current (ICa) by 8-CPT cAMP was independent of temperature with similar increases in ICa occurring at both temperatures. Stimulation of protein kinase C by phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate also enhanced IK in a temperature-dependent manner but failed to increase ICa at either temperature. Thus, cardiac delayed-rectifier potassium but not calcium channels are regulated by two distinct protein kinases in a similar temperature-dependent fashion.     

Cell cycle regulation of myosin-V by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II

Organelle transport by myosin-V is down-regulated during mitosis, presumably by myosin-V phosphorylation. We used mass spectrometry phosphopeptide mapping to show that the tail of myosin-V was phosphorylated in mitotic Xenopus egg extract on a single serine residue localized in the carboxyl-terminal organelle-binding domain. Phosphorylation resulted in the release of the motor from the organelle. The phosphorylation site matched the consensus sequence of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), and inhibitors of CaMKII prevented myosin-V release. The modulation of cargo binding by phosphorylation is likely to represent a general mechanism regulating organelle transport by myosin-V.