玻璃化冷冻对猪卵母细胞超微结构的影响

本研究以GV期和MII期卵母细胞作为试验材料,通过透射电镜方法观察卵母细胞冷冻前后的超微结构变化,结果发现,透射电镜下观察卵母细胞发现,GV期卵母细胞与透明带连接紧密,微绒毛伸入透明带中,皮质区分布大量的线粒体。脂滴分为两种,一种为灰色脂滴,一种为深色脂滴。MII期卵母细胞排出第一极体,质膜下分布大量的皮质颗粒。微绒毛缩短成矮柱状,线粒体常聚集存在,卵周隙出现。冻后GV期卵母细胞微绒毛消失,线粒体肿胀,线粒体内有囊泡样结构,包围脂滴的内质网不完整,胞质内溶解为絮状,未见高尔基体。冻后MII期卵母细胞透明带损伤、微绒毛、细胞膜损伤甚至消失、极少量皮质颗粒分布于皮质区。脂滴部分溶解,相互连接,脂滴周围伴随大量肿胀呈圆形的线粒体,嵴不明显,内呈囊泡样,未见到高尔基复合体结构。     

玻璃化冷冻对猪MII期卵母细胞发育能力的影响

以MII期卵母细胞作为试验材料,应用玻璃化冷冻方法,就目前应用最多的7组冷冻保护液配方进行筛选,并且比较3种不同冷冻载体冷冻卵母细胞的效果。结果发现:7组冷冻保护液对MII期卵母细胞有低毒性作用,各组分裂率、囊胚率、囊胚细胞数均低于对照组;综合各组指标,选取3组对猪MII期卵母细胞的发育能力损伤最小的冷冻保护剂,应用GMP管对其冷冻保护效果进行比较,发现第7组冷冻保护液配方EFS不适于MII期卵母细胞的冷冻,其形态正常率、分裂率分别为1.19%、0,与第3组、第6组形态正常率、分裂率(59.48%、53.55%;24.19%、35.02%)差异显著(P0.05)。综合考虑,选取HM+7.5%(DMSO+EG),HM+17%(DMSO+EG)+0.4 mol/L Su作为冷冻保护剂来比较3种不同冷冻载体冷冻卵母细胞的效果差异,发现半麦管冻融后MII期卵母细胞的分裂率高达53.67%,与OPS法的29.33%及GMP法的35.00%相比差异显著(P0.05),半麦管法更适合MII期猪卵母细胞的玻璃化冷冻。     

紫杉醇预处理对猪体外成熟卵母细胞玻璃化冷冻的影响

为了提高猪成熟卵母细胞细胞玻璃化冷冻效果.本试验拟添加紫杉醇,比较其对冷冻环冷冻效果的影响.结果显示使用1.0μmolL~(-1)紫杉醇预处理卵母细胞,冷冻后其形态完整率(89.93%)和FDA染色存活率(83.33%)都显著高于未处理组的79.12%和70.97%(P＜0.05),继续提高紫杉醇浓度则表现为对卵母细胞的毒副作用.在不同预处理时间上,预处理30 min组冷冻后卵母细胞形态完整率和FDA染色存活率最高,分别达到90.21%和84.13%.预处理浓度1.0μmol·L~(-1),30 min是比较合适的处理方法;紫杉醇、细胞松弛素B(CB)或两者联合添加能显著提高猪成熟卵母细胞的玻璃化冷冻的效果(P＜0.05),但两者之间没有显著差异(P＞0.05).     

玻璃化冷冻山羊卵母细胞效果研究

为了提高玻璃化冷冻保存山羊卵母细胞的效果,试验用不含Ca2+的玻璃化冷冻液1[30%乙二醇(EG)]、玻璃化冷冻液2[27.5%EG+2.5%二甲基亚砜(DMSO)]和玻璃化冷冻液3(25%EG+5%DMSO)研究抗冻保护剂DMSO和EG的不同浓度配比对山羊卵母细胞形态正常率、孤雌激活率、体外受精卵裂率及胚胎发育能力的影响。结果表明:山羊卵母细胞经玻璃化冷冻液1,2,3处理后细胞形态正常率(97.1%、97.3%、97.3%)与对照组(100%)相比有所降低,但差异不显著(P>0.05),且对卵母细胞均不产生具有化学毒性作用的孤雌激活;山羊卵母细胞经3种玻璃化冷冻液冷冻保存后,玻璃化冷冻液2冷冻保存卵母细胞的囊胚率(13.8%)显著高于玻璃化冷冻液1(5.7%)和玻璃化冷冻液3(5.1%)(P<0.05)。说明采用玻璃化冷冻液2冷冻保存山羊卵母细胞可获得较为理想的效果。     

猪卵母细胞在玻璃化冷冻液中的培养效果

本试验的目的是要选择较好的用于猪卵母细胞玻璃化冷冻的玻璃化冷冻液，玻璃化液由ＴＣＭ－１９９、ｍＰＢＳ、Ｋｉｅｖ液分别加２０％的犊牛血清与３种抗冷冻剂（丙三醇、１，２──丙二醇和乙二醇）组成。猪卵母细胞采自屠宰厂的卵巢并培养在ＴＣＭ－１９９＋２０％犊牛血清、ｍＰＢＳ＋２０％犊牛血清和Ｋｉｅｖ＋２０％犊牛血清中，在３７℃、湿度１００％条件下培养至少５个小时。５小时后逐渐加入抗冷冻剂，使其终浓度达５０％。培养５分钟后，将猪卵母细胞依次移至抗冷冻剂浓度为２５％，１２．５％和０％的培养液中，培养５分钟，而后进行台盼蓝死活染色。结果表明猪卵母细胞在各组培养后的存活率没有显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），但乙二醇结果优于其它抗冷冻剂，而ＴＣＭ－１９９好于其它两类培养液。     

影响猪卵母细胞玻璃化冷冻保存效果的因素

对卵母细胞进行冷冻保存,可以使卵源不再受到时间和空间限制,并能为体外受精、核移植和转基因等胚胎工程技术的研究提供充足的原材料.猪卵母细胞中富含脂滴,且对低温十分敏感,因此,猪卵母细胞冷冻保存的研究进展相对较慢.玻璃化冷冻是有效的卵母细胞冷冻方法之一.综述了卵母细胞发育阶段、冷冻栽体和冷冻保护剂等因素对猪卵母细胞玻璃化冷冻保存效果的影响.     

去脂对猪卵母细胞和胚胎玻璃化冷冻的影响

卵母细胞和胚胎冷冻保存技术在动物种质资源保存、濒危动物保护等方面具有独特的作用。本文综述了猪卵母细胞和胚胎的玻璃化冷冻及去脂技术,以期为后续研究提供参考,提高冷冻成功率。     

牛卵母细胞玻璃化冷冻研究进展

探讨了玻璃化冷冻对牛卵母细胞的损伤以及目前常用的改善方法,以期降低牛卵母细胞玻璃化冷冻带来的损伤。     

牛卵母细胞的玻璃化冷冻研究

本试验通过牛卵母细胞玻璃化冷冻过程中采用载体、冷冻时卵母细胞所带颗粒细胞层数和其成熟培养时间这3个方面对牛卵母细胞的玻璃化冷冻进行了探讨。(1)不同载体的对比:玻璃OPS管和塑料OPS管冷冻效果较好。玻璃OPS管冷冻卵母细胞,解冻后形态正常率、体外受精后卵裂率和囊胚率分别为91.2%、41.3%和14.52%。塑料OPS管冷冻卵母细胞,解冻后形态正常率、体外受精后卵裂率和囊胚率分别为89.09%、40.90%和14.54%。(2)保留2￣3层颗粒细胞的卵母细胞玻璃化冷冻的冷冻效果较好,其冷冻解冻后形态正常率、体外受精后卵裂率和囊胚率分别为90.79%、40.13%和15.13%。(3)体外成熟培养22h的卵母细胞冷冻效果较好,其冷冻解冻后形态正常率、体外受精后卵裂率和囊胚率分别为94.14%、41.80%和15.23%。     

家兔卵母细胞玻璃化冷冻试验

本试验采用玻璃化冷冻保存方法,对162个成熟的家兔卵母细胞进行冷冻,解冻后体外受精。卵裂率为37%、桑椹胚率为26%、囊胚率为17%,试验结果与对照组比较差异较大。说明家兔卵母细胞的玻璃化冷冻效果一般,仍需进一步研究。     

小鼠卵母细胞SSV法冷冻保存技术的研究

试验用2种前处理液(10%EG和10%EG 10%DMSO)和4种玻璃化冷冻液(EFS30、EFS40、EDFS30和EDFS40)对小鼠卵母细胞进行玻璃化(SSV)法冷冻保存,研究小鼠卵母细胞冷冻后的发育潜力。结果表明:小鼠未成熟卵母细胞形态正常率最高可达92.3%,成熟率达57.2%;成熟卵母细胞形态正常率最高可达91.5%。     

The effect of resveratrol on the developmental competence of porcine oocytes vitrified at germinal vesicle stage

We tested the effects of resveratrol both as a pre‐treatment and as a recovery treatment after warming during in vitro maturation (IVM) on the viability and developmental competence of porcine oocytes vitrified at the germinal vesicle stage. Pre‐treatment before vitrification of oocytes for 3 hr with 2 μM resveratrol did not affect survival, oocyte maturation and embryo developmental competence to the blastocyst stage after parthenogenetic activation. However, supplementation of the medium with resveratrol during subsequent IVM after vitrification and warming significantly improved the ability of surviving oocytes to develop to the blastocyst stage, and this effect was observed only on vitrified, but not on non‐vitrified oocytes. The intracellular levels of glutathione and hydrogen peroxide in oocytes were not affected by vitrification and resveratrol treatment. Also, there was no significant difference in the occurrence of apoptosis measured by annexin V binding between vitrified and non‐vitrified oocytes, regardless of the resveratrol treatment. In conclusion, resveratrol did not prevent the cellular damages in immature porcine oocytes during vitrification; however, when added to the IVM medium, it specifically improved the developmental competence of vitrified oocytes. Further research will be necessary to clarify the mechanisms of action of resveratrol on the recovery of vitrified oocytes from vitrification‐related damages.     

In vitro production of porcine zygotes using intracytoplasmic injection of vitrified sperm

The objectives of this study were to evaluate if vitrified porcine spermatozoa are able to maintain their capacity to produce zygotes in vitro using intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and to evaluate the zygote development in two in vitro atmospheric conditions: 5% CO₂ and tri‐gas. A group of porcine oocytes maturated in vitro were injected with vitrified‐warmed sperm (treatment group) and another group, with sperm diluted and conserved at 17°C (control group). To evidence parthenogenetic activation, some oocytes were submitted to a Sham test. The injected oocytes were cultured in G1 medium at 38°C, 100% humidity and 5% CO₂ or tri‐gas. No significant differences (p > .05) were observed in embryo development between the oocytes injected with vitrified‐warmed sperm (31.8%; 36/113), and those injected with semen diluted and conserved at 17°C (35.5%; 32/90), when cultured in 5% CO₂ or under tri‐gas atmosphere (42.9%; 39/91 vs. 34.2%; 26/76, respectively). No significant differences (p > .05) were observed in the percentage of pronuclei (PN) obtained between 5% CO₂ and tri‐gas, within each treatment either. Of the 52 oocytes submitted to the Sham test, only two presented a female PN (activation) indicating that the PN observed in the treatment group were a product of fertilization and not parthenogenetic activation. To conclude, porcine sperm vitrified using spheres, at a concentration of 5 × 10⁶ spermatozoa/ml in TALP medium with 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA), conserve condensed and intact chromatin capable of producing early embryo development up to the pronuclear stage.     

Effects of maturation conditions on spindle morphology in porcine MII oocytes

Incomplete cytoplasmic maturation of in vitro matured (IVM) oocytes has been known to cause microtubule and microfilament alterations, which may result in abnormal pronuclear formation and failed embryonic development. We examined the influences of maturation conditions on meiotic spindle morphology at metaphase of meiosis II (MII) in porcine oocytes. Porcine oocytes were matured under various conditions, i.e., in vitro or in vivo, with different amounts of cumulus cells, with or without hormonal supplements, and with various exposure durations to the hormones, to examine the effects on spindle morphology in MII oocytes by immunofluorescence under confocal laser microscopy. Interpolar spindle length (microm) and spindle area (microm2) were compared among these maturation conditions. The spindle length was significantly shorter in IVM oocytes compared to those matured in vivo. Oocytes collected from cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs), which were poor in cumulus cells, showed smaller spindle areas than those from cumulus-rich COCs. The spindle length and area were both significantly reduced in oocytes grown without hormonal supplements. When oocytes were grown with hormonal supplements for either 6 or 22 hours for the first half of culture, there was no difference in the spindle morphology between these oocytes. These results suggested that maturation conditions significantly influence morphogenesis of MII spindles in porcine oocytes. Oocytes matured in poor conditions were more likely to have a shorter spindle length (long axis) and smaller spindle areas.     

小鼠未成熟卵母细胞OPS法冷冻保存技术的研究

试验用OPS法对小鼠未成熟卵母细胞进行玻璃化冷冻保存研究,并对解冻后小鼠未成熟卵母细胞的成熟情况进行观察。结果表明:小鼠未成熟卵母细胞在10%EG、10%DMSO前处理后,在EFS30、EFS40、EDFS30和EDFS40中平衡15～45s进行冷冻保存,使卵母细胞解冻后的形态正常率最高达92.4%,与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),成熟率达40.5%。     

Influence of co‐culture with denuded oocytes during in vitro maturation on fertilization and developmental competence of cumulus‐enclosed porcine oocytes in a defined system

Co‐culture of cumulus‐oocyte complexes (COCs) with denuded oocytes (DOs) during in vitro maturation (IVM) was reported to improve the developmental competence of oocytes via oocyte‐secreted factors in cattle. The aim of the present study was to investigate if addition of DOs during IVM can improve in vitro fertilization (IVF) and in vitro culture (IVC) results for oocytes in a defined in vitro production system in pigs. The maturation medium was porcine oocyte medium supplemented with gonadotropins, dbcAMP and β‐mercaptoethanol. Cumulus‐oocyte complexes were matured without DOs or with DOs in different ratios (9 COC, 9 COC+16 DO and 9 COC+36 DO). Consequently; oocytes were subjected to IVF as intact COCs or after denudation to examine if DO addition during IVM would affect cumulus or oocyte properties. After fertilization, penetration and normal fertilization rates of zygotes were not different between all tested groups irrespective of denudation before IVF. When zygotes were cultured for 6 days, no difference could be observed between all treatment groups in cleavage rate, blastocyst rate and cell number per blastocyst. In conclusion, irrespective of the ratio, co‐culture with DOs during IVM did not improve fertilization parameters and embryo development of cumulus‐enclosed porcine oocytes in a defined system.     

PMSG和hCG对猪卵母细胞体外成熟的影响

对猪卵母细胞不同发育阶段的激素需要进行了初步探讨。结果表明 :猪卵母细胞体外培养 48h ,前 2 4h在培养液中加入激素 ,后 2 4h不加激素 ,卵母细胞的A级成熟率 (51 73% )和总成熟率 (83 2 5 % )最高 ,极显著高于前 2 4h不加激素 ,后 2 4h添加激素培养的成熟率 (P <0 0 1 ) ;也显著高于不含激素的培养液连续培养 48h的成熟率 (P <0 0 5) ;但与添加激素连续培养 48h组成熟率差异不显著 (P >0 0 5)。     

The application of apoptotic inhibitor in apoptotic pathways of MII stage porcine oocytes after vitrification

Apoptosis is one of the main drivers of the decline in developmental potential of porcine oocytes after vitrification. However, which apoptotic pathways are engaged after vitrification remains poorly understood. To distinguish among the possible apoptotic pathways induced by vitrification of MII stage porcine oocytes, this study detected activity and expression levels of several key proteins and genes in both the death receptor and mitochondrial pathways using in situ fluorescence staining and real‐time PCR (RT‐PCR) following the addition of specific inhibitors of either the death receptor or the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway (Z‐IETD‐FMK or Z‐LEHD‐FMK, respectively) into the incubation solution. Survival and parthenogenetic developmental ability were also examined. The results showed the following: (i) compared with the vitrified group, the activities of pan‐caspase, caspase 3, caspase 8 and caspase 9 as well as the early apoptotic rate were significantly lower in the Z‐IETD‐FMK and Z‐LEHD‐FMK groups (p < .05); (ii) After vitrification, mitochondrial ΔΨm decreased from 1.33 for fresh oocytes to 0.90 for vitrified oocytes, while the addition of Z‐IETD‐FMK or Z‐LEHD‐FMK following vitrification increased mitochondrial ΔΨm to 1.09 and 1.05, respectively (p < .05); (iii) Relative expression levels of apoptotic‐related genes from both the death receptor pathway (caspase 8 and TNF‐α) and the mitochondrial pathway (caspase 9, Bcl‐2 and CuZnSOD) changed substantially after the addition of Z‐IETD‐FMK or Z‐LEHD‐FMK into the incubation solution; (iv) Survival, cleavage and blastocyst rates were higher in the Z‐IETH‐FMK or Z‐LEHD‐FMK groups than in the vitrified group (p < .05). In summary, both the death receptor and the mitochondrial apoptotic pathways participate in the apoptosis of MII stage porcine oocytes after vitrification.     

Porcine CPEB1 is involved in Cyclin B translation and meiotic resumption in porcine oocytes

Ovarian immature oocytes accumulate many dormant maternal mRNAs, which have short poly(A) tails. Cytoplasmic‐polyadenylation‐element binding protein (CPEB) has been reported to play key roles for the elongation of the tails and the translation of these mRNAs in Xenopus oocytes. However, the functions of CPEB in meiotic resumption have not yet been established in mammalian oocytes. The present study examined the roles of porcine CPEB in Cyclin B syntheses and meiotic resumption of porcine oocytes. Porcine CPEB1 (pCPEB1) cDNA was cloned from total RNA of immature oocytes by RT‐PCR. The overexpression of pCPEB1 by mRNA injection into immature oocytes increased Cyclin B expression and the rate of meiotic resumption. Conversely, the inhibition of endogenous CPEB by expression of a dominant‐negative mutant pCPEB1 (AA‐CPEB), which replaced the expected phosphorylation sites with alanines, had the effect of inhibiting Cyclin B synthesis, ribosomal S6 kinase phosphorylation (an indicator of Mos activity), and meiotic resumption. The inhibition of porcine Aurora A by an injection of antisense RNA enhanced the inhibitory effects of AA‐CPEB. These results suggest the involvement of mammalian CPEB1 in Cyclin B syntheses and meiotic resumption in mammalian oocytes. In addition, the phosphorylation sites of pCPEB1 were identified and are suggested to be phosphorylated by porcine Aurora A.