棉花蕾铃脱落的原因及预防措施

棉花蕾铃脱落是生产上普遍存在而又难以解决的问题,是直接影响棉花产量并导致其减产的主要原因之一。经调查,一般棉田蕾铃脱落率为50％～60％,如遇不良的生育环境,其脱落率还会更高。     

江苏南通县红铃虫危害损失和防治指标研究报告

红铃虫是我县蕾铃期常发生的主要害虫之一,每年均可造成不同程度的危害。幼虫蛀食蕾铃,一代造成蕾花脱落,二、三代蛀食棉籽,造成僵瓣,直接影响棉花的产量和品质。为探明一代造成的虫害花和棉花脱落、成铃的关系以及二、三代为害对产量和品质的影响,以便准确地估计红铃虫对棉花所造成的经济损失,制订经济允许的防治指标,以提高经济效益     

怎样识别虫害引起的棉花落蕾落铃

在棉花生长过程中,棉株上的蕾铃由于多种原因的影响,常常大量脱落,防止棉花蕾铃脱落是棉花生产上的一个重要问题。棉虫严重为害是造成蕾铃脱落的主要原因之一。为了调查棉虫为害对蕾铃脱落的影响,及时进行防治工作。现将我们使用的调查方法介绍于后,并把因各种棉虫为害而脱落的征状编为检索表,附有被害征状图,便于田间应用。     

华北平原膜下滴灌棉花水分利用效率及产量对供水方式响应研究

通过田间试验,系统地分析了膜下滴灌条件下,棉花干播湿出、湿播湿出处理与传统灌溉处理的水分利用差异。结果表明:膜下滴灌与传统灌溉相比,可以降低株高、减少蕾铃脱落和使根系集中。普通膜下滴灌处理比传统灌溉处理增产204.15 kg/hm2,总耗水量减少32.91 mm,水分利用效率增加0.73 kg/(mm.hm2)。干播湿出处理产量虽然不是最高,但是其灌溉量比其他两处理减少30%以上,水分利用效率最高,干播湿出具有一定的推广价值。     

防治棉红蜘蛛的好药剂——奥美特

棉红蜘蛛已成为棉田主要虫害之一。目前,危害棉花的红蜘蛛主要为朱砂叶螨、二斑叶螨、截性叶螨等,其危害症状：在棉叶背面,吸取汁液,造成叶片失绿,出现黄斑、红斑或黄白斑,严重时造成叶片干枯脱落,棉株枯死,幼苗被害严重时,造成死苗;蕾铃期受害,增加蕾铃脱落,铃重减轻,大大降低了棉花的品质,减少棉花产量。     

地面灌溉条件下高产棉田水肥耦合的产量效应

以中棉43号为材料,采用"3414"方案,在新疆沙雅新垦农场,通过田间小区试验,研究了地面灌溉条件下不同水肥耦合水平对棉花产量的影响,并建立了棉花产量的水肥回归数学模型.结果表明:不同水肥耦合水平对棉花产量都有显著影响;各因素对棉花产量的效应顺序为:施磷量＞灌溉量＞施氮量;各因素间耦合效应顺序为:氮、磷＞氮、水＞磷、水;水肥调控的最佳组合为:氮肥用量为545.55 kg/hm2,磷肥用量为199.8 kg/hm2,灌溉量为6 429.3 m3/hm2.     

南疆杏棉复合系统条件下棉花冠层的光特性

为了探明杏棉复合系统条件下棉花冠层光合特性及遮荫对棉花产量的动态影响,以中棉43号为试材,研究了4种复合系统下棉花冠层光照强度、光合有效辐射(PAR)、叶面积指数(LAI)及产量构成要素。结果表明:宽幅棉花冠层光照强度、PAR、LAI优于窄幅棉花(即:6 m×4 m6 m×3 m4 m×2 m4 m×1.5 m),棉花冠层各光合指标在间作带中从东到西呈现出由小增大再减小的变化趋势;4种复合系统下棉花产量及主要生长指标有较大差异,其中各系统间籽棉产量、蕾铃脱落率、收获株数均达到极显著差异,6 m×4 m模式下平均籽棉产量达到6 092.59 kg/hm2,是4 m×1.5 m模式的3.1倍;各复合系统产值与单作田产值的大小表现为6 m×4 m6 m×3 mCK4 m×1.5 m4 m×2 m。     

不同水分状况下化控对棉株蕾铃数和产量品质的影响

采用桶栽试验,研究不同水分状况下喷施2种植物生长调节剂——艾氟迪(AFD)和缩节胺(DPC)对棉花蕾铃数量、叶片叶绿素相对含量、籽棉产量、纤维品质的影响。结果表明,在本试验条件下,土壤含水量的高低是决定籽棉产量的重要因素,水分高则产量高。喷施调节剂后棉株叶绿素含量明显高于未喷施处理。喷施DPC对棉株蕾铃生长影响较小,土壤含水量较高时喷施DPC可使棉花增产,但纤维品质下降。喷施AFD对棉株蕾铃生长影响较大,使棉蕾铃数在生育期内的变化从大幅升降趋势变为先升后降的平缓趋势或缓慢上升趋势,对棉蕾开花成铃有显著促进作用,但抑制了新蕾生成,使得伏前桃产量明显增加,秋桃产量大幅下降,导致籽棉产量减少,棉花纤维品质略微改善。     

不同灌溉制度对机采棉水分运移、产量及品质的影响

通过2012年南疆地区机采棉膜下滴灌大田试验,以蒸发量为灌水控制指标,研究了灌水频率和灌水量对土壤水分及棉花产量和品质的影响,进而分析了不同灌溉制度的节水、增产和调质效果。结果表明：相同灌溉频率下,土壤剖面上含水率随着灌水量的增加而增加;相同灌溉量下,灌水频率为5 d时在膜下0～60 cm土层的平均土壤含水率较高;不同灌溉制度对棉花水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率的影响具有显著差异,当灌水频率为5 d和作物-蒸发皿系数为0.6时,棉花的水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率分别达到1.96 kg·m^-3和3.08 kg·m^-3,可实现棉花生产的节水、高产和优质。     

非充分灌溉下氮肥对棉花蕾铃消减及产量的影响

研究膜下非充分灌溉条件下施用氮肥对棉花生长发育的调节效应,揭示不同灌溉量下施用氮肥对棉花产量构成因子的效应,为干旱区发展节水高产高效农业提供依据。在南疆生态条件下,选用新陆中54为试验材料,研究灌溉量及氮肥对棉花的农艺性状及产量形成的影响。与灌溉量为3 800 m~3·hm~(-2)处理相比,2 800m~3·hm~(-2)生育进程提前,现蕾增加率、成铃增加率及产量增加率均最高;与不同施氮水平(4个施氮水平0、150、300、450 kg·hm~(-2),分别用N0、N1、N2、N3表示)相比,总体趋势表现为N2N3N1N0。灌溉量及氮肥对棉花干物质形成及其分配有显著的调节效应,灌溉量为2 800 m~3·hm~(-2)处理相比灌溉量为3 800 m~3·hm~(-2)的处理,更有利提高棉花增产率。结合灌溉棉田灌溉量可控的特点,制定相应的灌溉施肥制度,对实现棉田节水高产高效有重大意义。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.