东海稀有鱼类——冠丝鳍鱼的形态与分布

1999～2011年东海渔业资源监测调查共采集到273 ind冠丝鳍鱼(Zu cristatus)样本。这是我国首次报道在东海海域采集到该种稀有鱼类。冠丝鳍鱼的主要形态特征为:背鳍6+129;胸鳍11;腹鳍Ⅰ,5;尾鳍9+3;侧线鳞112;鳃耙2+9。体极侧扁,前部高大,肛门后急剧变细,侧线完全。背鳍前部1～6鳍条和腹鳍延长成细丝状。调查结果显示,冠丝鳍鱼仅在夏季出现于东海海域,从南到北均有分布,分布范围为27°00'～32°30'N、122°00'～127°00'E,集中出现于台湾暖流与黑潮暖流之间以及黄海暖流和黑潮暖流的交界水域。冠丝鳍鱼作为暖水性鱼种,主要栖息于热带水域,在东海海域出现主要是受黑潮暖流势力的影响。     

闽东北外海高脊管鞭虾的数量分布及其生物学特征

根据1998年5、8、11月和1999年2月在闽东北外海26°00′~28°00′N,120°00′~125°30′E的虾类调查资料,研究分析了该海域高脊管鞭虾(Solenoceraalticarinata)数量分布及生物学特征。结果表明:5、8、11和2月调查海域高脊管鞭虾平均密度指数分别为34·7、13·8、4·55和2·89kg·km-2;其数量分布具有明显的季节性,以5和8月数量为多,11和2月数量较少;分布区域以调查海域的东北部水域为主,以27°00′~28°00′N,122°30′~124°30′E水深80~100m海域数量为多;渔获体长范围为41~129mm,优势体长组为80~100mm,占44·7%,雌虾个体明显大于雄性个体,雌虾平均体重为12·0g,雄虾平均体重为8·3g,雌雄性比为1:0·66,生殖盛期为8~11月,不同季节和性别摄食强度没有明显差异。     

东海细点圆趾蟹数量分布的研究

本文依据1998年5月(春)、8月(夏)、11月(秋)和1999年2月(冬)在东海26°00’-33°00’N,127°00’E以西海域的蟹类资源调查资料,分析了东海细点圆趾蟹(Ovalipes punctatus)数量分布特征。结果表明:春、夏、秋和冬季调查海域细点圆趾蟹平均资源密度重量和个体数分别为65.00 kg·km-2、2076 ind·km-2,43.71 kg·km-2、395 ind·km-2,26.27 kg·km-2、643 ind·km-2和0.36 kg·km-2、7 ind·km-2。冬春季,东海北部近海细点圆趾蟹重量占蟹类总重量的一半以上,出现率和优势度远远高于其它水域,以产卵群体为主,是目前细点圆趾蟹最大的生产渔场。东海南部近海80-120m水深和北部外海80 m以深海域,各有一个细点圆趾蟹的高数量分布区。细点圆趾蟹的生产旺汛在春季的3-6月。夏季由于该种渔获个体规格和经济价值较高,加上有一定的资源密度,也是较好的捕捞季节。该种虽然能够适应广泛的温度和盐度,但具有明显的温水种特征,在东海北部近海又具有较低盐度的分布趋向性。     

闽东北外海鹰爪虾数量的时空分布及其生物学特性

根据2008年5月、8月、11月和2009年2月在闽东北外海海域(26°00’～28°00’N、120°00’～125°30’E)开展的虾类资源调查资料,研究分析了该海域鹰爪虾(Trachypenaeus curvirostris)数量的时空分布及生物学特性。结果表明:闽东北外海鹰爪虾群体数量分布随着季节、海域的不同差异很大。8月群体数量最多,其渔获量占周年渔获量的60.2%,平均密度指数为614.5 g/h和144.7 ind/h;5月群体数量极少。鹰爪虾群体主要分布于近海,水深60 m以内海域的渔获量占周年渔获量65.8%,平均密度指数达1119.2 g/h和214.7 ind/h;水深大于80 m的海域群体数量很少。鹰爪虾体长分布范围为47～120 mm,优势体长组60～85 mm,占68.6%,平均体长为74.1 mm,雌虾与雄虾个体大小差异悬殊,雌虾平均体重为6.4 g,雄虾平均体重仅为3.2 g;雌雄性比差异也很大,为1:0.42;雌性性腺成熟度以Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期为主,分别占44.7%和43.8%;摄食强度中等,以1级为主,占50.9%;调查海区年平均资源量684 t。     

闽东北外海中华管鞭虾的数量分布及其生物学特征

根据2008年5月、8月、11月和2009年2月在闽东北外海海域（26°00＇～28°00＇N、120°00＇～125°30＇E）开展的虾类资源调查资料,研究分析了该海域中华管鞭虾（Solenocera crassicornis）的数量分布及生物学特征。结果显示,中华管鞭虾在该调查海区分布范围较广,出现频率为31.9%,其渔获质量占虾类总渔获质量的9.8%,渔获质量平均密度指数为7.21 kg·km-2,5月、8月、11月和2月平均密度指数分别为1.45 kg·km-2、10.74 kg·km-2、12.79 kg·km-2和3.68 kg·km-2;其数量分布具有明显的季节性,以8月和11月数量为多,其渔获质量占年总渔获质量的83.0%,2月和5月数量较少;主要分布于调查海区80 m以内海域,80 m水深以外海域极少分布;渔获体长范围为36～126 mm,优势体长组为50～95 mm,占66.8%;雌虾个体明显大于雄性个体,雌虾平均体质量为7.3 g,雄虾平均体质量为3.4 g;雌雄性比为1∶0.47,雌性性腺成熟度以Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期为主,分别占44.3%和36.3%,生殖盛期为5～8月;不同季节和性别摄食强度没有明显差异,平均摄食等级1.45。     

东海南部光掌蟳数量分布及其群体组成

本文根据1998年5月、8月、11月和1999年2月在东海南部26°00′~28°00′N,120°00′~125°30′E的蟹类调查资料,研究分析了该海域光掌蟳(Charybdis riversandersoni)数量分布及其群体组成。结果表明:光掌蟳生物量的变化具有明显的季节性,以夏季(8月)最高,春季(5月)其次,秋季(11月)和冬季(2月)均很低,平均资源密度指数分别为0.54kg/h、0.92kg/h、0.14kg/h和0.15kg/h;主要分布于水深80m以外海域,尤以调查海区东北部27°00′~28°00′N,124°00′~125°30′E一带海域数量为多;渔获群体甲宽范围为25~120mm,优势甲宽组为55~80mm,占59.7%,雌雄性个体差异十分悬殊,雄蟹平均体重为74.2g,雌蟹平均体重为51.1g,雌性性腺成熟度以V期为主,占45.2%,不同季节和性别摄食强度没有明显变化。     

东海北部、黄海南部方头鱼资源调查

方头鱼属暖水性底层鱼类,据记载中国有4种。本文报导的是1998年8月-2004年6月在27°00′~34°00′N、128°00′E以西海域深水流网作业捕捞的日本方头鱼(Branchiostegus japonious)和白方头鱼(Branchiostegusalbus)混合群体的生物学特性和资源状况。本海域方头鱼捕捞群体体长范围100~390mm,平均体长223.9mm。体重范围30~1470g,平均体重231.5g,捕捞群体1~9龄,以1~3龄为主,体长与体重关系呈幂函数曲线增长,雄鱼平均体长、体重比同龄雌鱼大,但肥满度雌鱼略高。捕捞群体雌、雄比例接近1∶1.2。浙江近海有产卵场,主要产卵期在4-8月。方头鱼属广食性肉食性鱼类,在繁殖期间不停食。本海域的日本方头鱼主群分布在126°00′E以东海域,白方头鱼主群分布在124°00′E以西海域,124°00′~126°00′E为混栖区域。方头鱼在深水流网作业渔获总重量中约占30%,居其它种类之首。目前方头鱼资源虽未见明显衰败,但与早期比较,其产量占深水流网总渔获量比重已明显下降。因此,必须合理利用,保护该种资源维持相对稳定。     

厄尔尼诺年春季中国南海中沙群岛海域鸢乌贼的渔业生物学特性

根据厄尔尼诺年春季(2016年3—5月)我国灯光罩网渔船在中国南海中沙群岛海域生产调查期间采集的572尾鸢乌贼样本,对其渔业生物学特性进行了研究,初步探讨了厄尔尼诺现象对鸢乌贼渔业生物学特性的影响。结果显示,厄尔尼诺年间雌性鸢乌贼胴长范围为59.5~207.5 mm,优势胴长组为90~150 mm,占样本总数的66.24%;雄性胴长范围为56.5~236.5 mm,优势胴长组为60~120 mm,占样本总数的78.81%,雌雄样本优势胴长存在显著性差异。雌性样本体质量范围为7~318 g,优势体质量组为20~140 g,占样本总数的70.18%;雄性体质量范围为7~381 g,优势体质量组为0~80 g,占样本总数的92.14%。雌性鸢乌贼净重比例范围为46.59%~86.67%,平均为70.19%;雄性为42.86%~91.11%,平均为73.12%。不同性别间鸢乌贼胴长与体质量、胴长与净重的生长关系存在显著性差异:雌性胴长与体质量、净重的生长均最适合用幂函数表示,而雄性则均适合用指数函数表示。全部鸢乌贼样本的性别比例为41.43∶58.57,雄性样本多于雌性样本;雌雄样本的性成熟度主要以Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期为主,分别占样本总数的61.7%和85.79%。样本胃饱满度以0~2级为主,胃含物主要包括头足类、中上层鱼类、软体动物以及甲壳动物等。厄尔尼诺年间中沙群岛海域的平均表温较上一年度偏低0.213°C,可能会对该海域鸢乌贼的渔业生物学特性产生影响,使其个体变小。     

闽东北外海光掌蟳数量分布及其生物学特点

根据2008年5月、8月、11月和2009年2月在闽东北外海海域(26°00′~28°00′N、120°00′~125°30′E)开展的蟹类资源调查资料,结合1998~1999年各季度月调查资料,研究分析该海区光掌蟳数量分布变化及其渔业生物学特点。结果表明:光掌蟳在本调查海区分布范围较广,出现频率为39.7%,其渔获量占蟹类总渔获量的19.6%,渔获量平均密度指数为5.91 kg/km2,低于1998~1999年调查的渔获量平均密度指数。春、夏季分布范围相对广泛,其渔获量占年总渔获量的80%,秋、冬季数量很少。两次调查时空分布略有不同,1998~1999年渔获量、出现频率、平均资源密度指数最高值均出现在夏季,2008~2009年则出现于春季;主要分布密集区域为26°30′~27°45′N、123°00′~125°00′E的水深95~110 m海域,在80 m以内海域没有分布;渔获群体甲宽组成27~106 mm,优势甲宽50~70 mm,占48.8%,雌雄性个体有明显的差异,各季雄性个体均大于雌性;雌性性腺成熟度以Ⅱ期和V期为主,分别占42.7%和29.1%,春、夏、秋季均出现V期亲体,尤以夏季比例最高;摄食等级以1级为主,占36.2%,平均摄食等级为1.31。近十年来群体组成变化不大,但要加强对光掌蟳资源的合理利用和保护。     

海鳗个体繁殖力与生物学指标的关系分析

采集了96 indⅢ期以上海鳗性腺样本,计算得到海鳗个体繁殖力的数据,分析了海鳗个体繁殖力与各生物学指标的关系。个体绝对繁殖力F变动范围为(5.3~384.8)×104egg;个体相对繁殖力FL变化范围为202~3847 egg/mm;FW变化范围为156~618 egg/g。通过对个体繁殖力与6个生物学指标的相关分析、回归分析、复合分析、综合分析和因子分析,发现海鳗的个体繁殖力与总重、性腺重的关系最密切。为了更好地反映出各生物学指标的综合作用,可以把生物学指标归纳成生长指标因子和性体指标因子来进行分析。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.