真空冷冻脱水胡萝卜预处理工艺及干燥特性的研究

胡萝卜是一种营养物质含量丰富,人们喜食的蔬菜产品。为解决常压热风干燥技术生产的出口脱水胡萝卜营养物质损失严重和色泽差等产品质量问题,系统研究了胡萝卜在真空冷冻干燥条件下的预处理工艺及干燥特性。研究结果表明,胡萝卜真空冷冻干燥最佳工艺参数为:85℃下漂烫75s,体积分数为0.15%的VC+体积分数为0.09%的柠檬酸中护色10min,装载总量100g,装载厚度为6mm下真空冷冻干燥10.4h。在最佳操作条件下获得的胡萝卜产品颜色损失小,质量较佳。     

真空冷冻和热风干燥对哈密瓜片品质的影响

以西州蜜17号为原料,采用热风干燥和真空冷冻干燥方式对哈密瓜片进行干燥,研究不同干燥方式对哈密瓜片营养成分、色泽、微观结构以及香气成分的影响。结果表明,不同干燥方式对哈密瓜片的营养成分、色泽、微观结构以及香气成分均有显著影响。两种干燥方式中,真空冷冻干燥产品的色泽优于热风干燥;总酚、总黄酮含量以真空冷冻干燥产品最高,总糖、VC含量以热风干燥产品最高,真空冷冻干燥和热风干燥能显著降低不同营养成分的损失;热风干燥产品的微观整体结构更加塌陷,而真空冷冻干燥产品出现了孔洞结构;不同干燥方式处理哈密瓜片的香气物质、种类及相对含量具有一定差异;热风干燥主要的香气成分中,酮类中的香叶基丙酮含量最高,为19.47%,真空冷冻干燥主要的香气成分中,酮类中的β-紫罗酮含量最高,为26.12%。综合考虑加工成本与产品品质,采用热风干燥更适合哈密瓜片的加工生产。     

槟榔干果的碱脱涩技术研究与优化

为探索槟榔干果的脱涩技术,本研究以海南省万宁市槟榔白果和黑果为原料,通过单因素试验分析浸提温度、浸提时间、浸提液浓度对槟榔脱涩效果的影响,采用响应面法优化槟榔干果的最佳脱涩技术.结果 表明,槟榔白果最佳脱涩条件为:浸提温度90℃,浸提时间5h,浸提液浓度1％;槟榔黑果最佳脱涩条件为:浸提温度90℃,浸提时间5h,浸提液浓度1.37％.优化后的脱涩方法可使槟榔干果脱涩效果得到明显提升.     

不同干燥方式对十香菜根多酚和黄酮含量及其抗氧化活性的影响

对十香菜根分别进行自然风干、热风干燥、真空干燥、微波干燥、真空冷冻干燥处理,并对其总酚与总黄酮含量及抗氧化活性进行测定,研究不同干燥方式对十香菜根的影响。结果表明,真空冷冻干燥处理后十香菜根具有较高的功能性成分和抗氧化能力,多酚含量为6.672%,黄酮含量为4.784%,DPPH·清除率为60.081%,羟基自由基清除率为25.958%,ABTS+·清除率为66.148%,可作为干燥十香菜根的合适方法。     

热风干燥与真空冷冻干燥对鲜冬枣脆片品质的影响

以鲜冬枣为原料,通过分析干燥后鲜冬枣的得率、含水率、复水比、复水率、色泽和VC含量等指标,比较热风干燥和真空冷冻干燥对鲜冬枣脆片品质的影响。结果表明,真空冷冻干燥鲜冬枣脆片得率和含水率均低于热风干燥;真空冷冻干燥鲜冬枣脆片VC含量为580 mg/100 g,而热风干燥鲜冬枣脆片VC含量为97.6 mg/100 g,后者VC损失比较严重,真空冷冻干燥可较好地保留鲜冬枣中的VC。     

不同干燥方式对黄花菜干燥效果的影响

将新鲜黄花菜采用自然晾干、干燥箱烘干（60、70、75、80 ℃）和真空冷冻干燥（75 ℃）进行干燥处理,分析干燥过程中黄花菜质量的变化,计算含水量、干基含水率和干燥速率,绘制相应的曲线图,对比干燥结果。结果表明：晾干工艺依赖天气情况,晴天时室内外高温低湿环境会加速黄花菜的干燥速率,雨天时室内外低温高湿环境会降低黄花菜的干燥速率,但干黄花菜的品质最佳;真空冷冻干燥技术效率最高、干黄花菜颜色较好,但能耗大,投资成本高;干燥箱烘干效率随温度的升高而提高,烘干效率由低到高依次是60、70、75、80 ℃,但80 ℃高温烘干会导致黄花菜褐色加深。综合考虑在保障黄花菜的品质、降低预算的情况下,推荐75 ℃干燥箱烘干为黄花菜的适宜烘干工艺。     

不同干燥方式制备菠萝粉的效果比较

对热风干燥、真空干燥、微波真空干燥、真空冷冻干燥、喷雾干燥5种干燥方法生产的菠萝粉的VC含量和总胡萝卜素的保留率、流动性、润湿性等分别进行比较。研究发现,微波真空干燥方法生产的菠萝粉的品质明显好于热风及真空干燥的产品,接近真空冷冻干燥的产品,喷雾干燥产品的多项指标居中。     

不同干燥处理对马齿苋总酚含量及其抗氧化性的影响

分别采用热风干燥法、真空微波干燥法和真空冷冻干燥法处理马齿苋,测定马齿苋粉甲醇提取液的总酚含量、总抗氧化能力、还原能力、DPPH·清除能力、羟自由基清除能力和超氧阴离子自由基清除能力,研究不同干燥方法对马齿苋粉总酚含量和抗氧化性的影响。结果表明,真空冷冻干燥法制得的马齿苋干粉样品中总酚含量显著高于真空微波与热风干燥样品;不同的干燥方法对马齿苋粉的抗氧化性有明显影响,真空冷冻干燥法制得的马齿苋粉甲醇提取液的总抗氧化能力、还原能力、DPPH·与羟自由基清除能力显著高于真空微波和热风干燥法制得的马齿苋粉(P0.05),但真空冷冻干燥样品与真空微波干燥样品对O_2~-·的清除率无显著差异,综合考虑产品品质与加工成本,采用真空微波干燥法更为合理。     

不同干燥方法对黄洋葱粉品质的影响

采用冷冻干燥、热风干燥(75℃)、微波真空干燥(50、60℃)制备黄洋葱粉,比较干燥方法对其品质的影响。结果表明,60℃微波真空干燥所得洋葱粉中多酚和黄酮类化合物含量最高,但冷冻干燥洋葱粉的颜色更好;与冷冻干燥、热风干燥以及60℃微波真空干燥相比,50℃微波真空干燥制得的洋葱粉多酚和黄酮含量并不是最高,但是还原力和对羟自由基(·OH)的清除率最高。因此,干燥后洋葱粉的抗氧化性不仅与多酚和黄酮类化合物有关,也可能与干燥过程中其他抗氧化物质,特别是美拉德反应产物有关。热风干燥洋葱粉的冲调性最差,微波真空干燥与冷冻干燥制备的洋葱粉冲调性并没有显著性差别。     

香蕉片真空冷冻干燥工艺研究

以产品复水率、色差值、含水量和VC含量为指标,采用液氮快速冻结与真空干燥结合技术,对比热风干燥加工方式,进行了香蕉片的真空冷冻干燥研究;着重探讨了工艺参数(物料厚度、搁板温度和真空度)对真空冷冻干燥时间的影响,同时绘制出不同冻结速率下香蕉片的冻结曲线。试验结果表明,从缩短真空冷冻干燥时间和保证产品品质的角度考虑,较优的香蕉片真空冷冻干燥工艺条件为:物料厚度6～8mm,搁板温度43～47.5℃,真空度50～60Pa。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.