Kinetics of Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen and Trimethylamine Formation in Stored Rohu (Labeo rohita) Fish

Fish freshness estimation has been mostly studied in terms of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA-N) determination and partially addresses the kinetics, which limits its practical utility. In this study, TVB-N and TMA-N content of Rohu stored under limited refrigerated (5 and 0°C) and frozen (?5°C) conditions for 42 days showed an increasing trend, respectively. TVB-N and TMA-N formation in stored Rohu was higher at higher temperature and their initial and final values were found 4.57 ± 0.321, 0.14 ± 0.047 mg/100g and 46.56 ± 0.994, 3.24 ± 0.112 mg/100g, respectively. The volatile formations in Rohu at ?5°C were slow, as the frozen storage arrests the enzymatic and microbial activities in comparison to 0°C and above. The kinetics of TVB-N and TMA-N were investigated using zero, first, and nth-order reaction model. First-order kinetics exhibited the best fit model for TVB-N (R² = 0.98; χ² = 0.045), whereas TMA-N formation showed nth-order kinetics (n = ?0.4608, R² = 0.96, χ² = 0.028) as best fit model. The first-order kinetic reaction contributed activation energy of 58.16 kJ/mol for TVB-N and 10.86 kJ/mol for TMA-N. TVB-N and TMA-N formations were influenced by storage temperature and duration as expected. Kinetic parameters were also significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected by storage temperatures.     

在不同贮藏温度下鲢肌肉鲜度的变化

以总挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)和硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)作为肌肉鲜度的评定指标,研究在冷藏(4℃)和冷冻(-18℃)条件下鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)背部和腹部肌肉鲜度的变化情况。结果表明,在贮存过程中,鲢背部和腹部肌肉的TVB-N和TBA均符合一级反应动力学模型;随着温度的升高,反应速率加快;在4℃条件下,鲢肌肉一级鲜度的保质期为27～38 h,二级鲜度为51～65 h,到81～88 h腐败变质;在-18℃条件下,鲢肌肉一级鲜度的保质期为11～18 d,二级鲜度为36～43 d,到73～77 d腐败变质;在同一贮存时间,腹部肌肉的TVB-N和TBA均高于背部;并且,鲢肌肉的TVB-N与TBA呈极显著(P<0.01)的正相关关系。     

Studies on the Development of Small Abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta) Essence and its Antioxidative Properties

Essences of small abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta) were prepared by two methods, steaming and boiling. The chemical constituents and antioxidative properties of these essences were determined and compared to those of commercial freshwater clam essence (CFCE). Boiled small abalone essence (BSAE) contained more total soluble solids than steamed small abalone essence (SSAE). Total soluble solids and peptide content of both essences increased with longer extraction time. Glycogen contents of SSAE, BSAE, and CFCE were 14.01, 13.95, and 10.74 mg/mL, respectively. The concentrations of free amino acids in SSAE and BSAE (725.05 and 818.56 mg/100 g, respectively) were significantly higher than in CFCE (33.57 mg/100 g). The antioxidative properties of SSAE and BSAE were higher than that of CFCE. The reducing power and ferrous iron (Fe²⁺) chelating activity of 3-h SSAE were significantly higher than those of 10-min BSAE. The predominant free amino acid of both SSAE and BSAE was taurine (227.14–273.64 mg/100 g), followed by proline and arginine. Both essences also showed high correlations between peptide content and Fe²⁺ chelating activity and reducing power. Sensory evaluation trials suggested that 3-h SSAE is more favorable than BSAE in terms of appearance and overall acceptability. In conclusion, SSAE had better antioxidative properties and sensory scores than BSAE.     

The Effect of Detergents on Solubilization and Activity of the Lipid Peroxidative Enzyme System from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of Winter Flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus)

Sarcoplasmic reticular (SR) membranes from flounder muscle were solubilized using different ionic and nonionic detergents (Tween-20, Triton X-100, sodium dodecyl sulfate, or sodium desoxycholate). The recoveries of protein and NADH-dependent lipid peroxidative enzyme activity for different detergent treated SR preparations were compared. Triton X-100 was the least detrimental to the activity of the solubilized enzymes system. With Triton X-100, we were able to solubilize 85% of the SR protein and 97% of the phospholipid. Upon removal of the detergent, 98% of the peroxidative activity was recovered.     

次黄嘌呤生物传感器检测鱼类新鲜度之研究

检测鱼类新鲜度的常规方法是测定其总挥发性盐基氮（ＴＶＢ－Ｎ）或细菌菌落总数，手续繁琐且代价较高，本文提出的方法是一种新颖的快速检测法。实验表明，在鱼的腐败过程中，总挥发性盐基氮（ＴＶＢ－Ｎ，国标）、细菌落落总数和次黄嘌呤（Ｈｘ）的量之间皆存在着良好的相关性。因此，鱼腐烂而累积于组织的次黄嘌呤量可以指示鱼类的新鲜度，生物传感器快速检测法将取代现有的常规手段。     

罗非鱼排二段酶解工艺优化及其对酶解液风味物质的影响

为获知二段（或分步）酶解工艺对罗非鱼排水解液中风味物质的影响,通过响应面分析法研究了风味蛋白酶二段酶解罗非鱼排的最佳工艺,并分析比较一段酶解液以及二段酶解液中的游离氨基酸种类及含量,同时采用顶空-固相微萃取（ HS-SPME）结合气质联用（ GC-MS）技术对酶解液挥发性风味物质组成进行分析研究。结果显示：在温度为55℃, pH为7.0,加酶量为1315 U/g时,水解4 h,水解度可达47.22％,显著高于一段酶解液（33.70％）;二段酶解液的游离氨基酸总量及必需氨基酸含量分别提高224.39 mg/100 mL和114.15 mg/100 mL,呈鲜味及甜味的氨基酸所占比例提高3.26％;二段酶解液挥发性风味成分中醛类物质的相对含量提高了9.0％,愈创木酚、1-辛烯-3-醇等特征风味物质相对含量有所降低。研究表明,二段酶解工艺不仅可以提高罗非鱼排水解度,还可改善酶解液的风味成分。     

Effect of Bacterial Community and Free Amino Acids on the Content of Biogenic Amines During Fermentation of Yu-lu,a Chinese Fermented Fish Sauce

The main objective of this work was to investigate the effects of bacterial community and free amino acids on the content of biogenic amines in Yu-lu during fermentation. Four major biogenic amines (histamine, tyramine, cadaverine, and putrescine) were identified, and the content of tyramine was positively correlated with histamine (R value = 0.9113). Aspartic acid, glutamic acid, histidine, leucine, and lysine were the dominant free amino acids. 16S rRNA sequencing showed that the composition of the bacterial community changed significantly during fermentation of Yu-lu. Principal component analysis revealed the crucial links between microbial community and biogenic amines. For example, Halanaerobium was probably associated with the formation of putrescine, while Halomonas might be associated with the degradation of biogenic amines at the end of fermentation of Yu-lu. This study provided a detailed evaluation of the Yu-lu fermentation process, enabling development of better strategies for biogenic amine control in fish sauce.     

两种常见淡水鱼在高温储存过程中挥发性盐基总氮和生物胺的含量变化

实验检测了条和红鳍红鲌在30℃下贮存48 h内每隔6 h的挥发性盐基总氮(TVBN)和9种生物胺(尸胺、腐胺、组胺、酪胺、5-羟色胺、亚精胺、精胺、多巴胺和章鱼胺)含量的变化,并对TVBN和生物胺含量与时间的相关性进行分析,以期为淡水水产品类饵料安全投喂和人类食品安全提供基础资料。结果显示,两种鱼在相同贮存条件下TVBN和生物胺含量均存在一定差异。其中,TVBN含量均随着贮存时间的延长而逐渐增加且与时间存在明显的相关性。红鳍红鲌除在42 h时TVBN含量低于■条外,其他时间均高于■条。在30℃贮存下,■条和红鳍红鲌的TVBN含量均在12 h时超过30 mg/100 g,因此,这两种鱼在12 h后不推荐食用。尸胺、腐胺、酪胺和组胺是这两种鱼主要的生物胺类型,且有随贮存时间延长含量显著增高的趋势,并与时间呈显著性相关,可推荐用于评价此两种水产品食用安全的生物胺类型。除此之外,在可测到的生物胺中,红鳍红鲌的尸胺和组胺含量明显高于■条,且红鳍红鲌体内的5-羟色胺与时间也呈显著性相关。