五氟磺草胺在稻田环境中吸附和消解研究进展

五氟磺草胺作为苗后除草剂被广泛应用于水稻田中杂草的防除,其对水生植物、陆生植物和土壤微生物群落可能存在潜在风险,因此,对五氟磺草胺在水土环境中的转化规律与归趋开展定量研究,已受到学者们的关注。本文对五氟磺草胺在稻田水土环境中的吸附、降解以及对周围环境影响方面的研究进展进行了综述、归纳和分析。指出目前对五氟磺草胺在土壤中吸附的研究报道较少,尚未见有关其在水土环境中运移方面的研究,同时应加强其对水土环境风险评估的研究。     

氯氟氰虫酰胺在稻田环境中的残留及消解特性

建立了一种快速、灵敏、可靠的用于分析稻田环境中氯氟氰虫酰胺残留的方法,同时研究了氯氟氰虫酰胺在稻田环境中的消解特性。田间样品经液-液分配及优化的Qu ECh ERS方法提取及净化,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)进行定性、定量分析。结果表明:添加水平分别在0.002~0.5 mg/kg下,氯氟氰虫酰胺在稻田水、土壤以及水稻植株空白样品中的平均添加回收率为70%~101%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为0.7%~9.1%,其在田水、土壤和水稻植株中的最低检测浓度分别为0.002、0.005和0.01 mg/kg。该方法可满足水稻及其环境中氯氟氰虫酰胺残留量的检测要求。消解动态试验结果表明,氯氟氰虫酰胺在稻田水、土壤及水稻植株中的消解过程符合一级动力学方程,消解半衰期分别为4.8~7.7 d、5.2~8.3 d和1.5~15.4 d,属于易消解农药。     

稻田杂草生物防治研究现状、问题及展望

本文对稻田主要杂草的生物防治,特别是稗草微生物防治的研究现状进行了综述、指出了存在的问题,以及今后应着重研究解决的技术难点提出了作者的观点。     

盘锦稻区蜘蛛群落的建立与多样性分析

采用吸虫器抽吸法,系统调查了盘锦稻区蜘蛛物种组成及群落的建立过程,并分析了单季稻区蜘蛛群落多样性特点。结果表明,盘锦稻区共采集到10科37种蜘蛛,种类较丰富,其中横纹金蛛Argiope bruennichii、粽管巢蛛Clubiona japonicola和草间钻头蛛Hylyphantes graminicola 3种为优势种蜘蛛。随着水稻插秧,蜘蛛逐渐从非稻田生境向稻田生境迁移,至8月上旬(8月10日前后),种类数达到最大值26种,完成群落建立过程。Shannon-Wiener指数表明,6月初蜘蛛多样性水平最低,8月下旬蜘蛛多样性水平最高,指数最高值为3.0697,而均匀度指数、丰富度指数与其呈正相关,优势度指数与其呈负相关。     

Water and sediment dynamics of penoxsulam and molinate in paddy fields: field and lysimeter studies

BACKGROUND: In Chile, rice is cultivated under water‐seeded and continuously flooded conditions. Because herbicide dynamics in paddy fields and non‐flooded fields is different, 3 year experiments were performed to study the dissipation of molinate and penoxsulam in water and sediment. RESULTS: In field experiments, both herbicides dissipated by 45–55% from the initial applied amounts during the first 6 h after application in all crop seasons; in lysimeter experiments, dissipation amounts were approximately 10% for penoxsulam and 16% for molinate. Penoxsulam field water DT₅₀ values varied from 1.28 to 1.96 days during the three study seasons, and DT₉₀ values from 4.07 to 6.22 days. Molinate field water DT₅₀ values varied from 0.89 to 1.73 days, and DT₉₀ values from 2.82 to 5.48 days. Sediment residues were determined 2 days after herbicide application into the paddy water, and maximum concentrations were found 4–8 days after application. In sediment, DT₅₀ values varied from 20.20 to 27.66 days for penoxsulam and from 15.02 to 29.83 days for molinate. CONCLUSIONS: Results showed that penoxsulam and molinate losses under paddy conditions are dissipated rapidly from the water and then dissipate slowly from the sediment. Penoxsulam and molinate field water dissipation was facilitated by paddy water motion created by the wind. Sediment adsorption and degradation are considered to have a secondary effect on the dissipation of both herbicides in paddy fields. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Pesticide paddy field model (PADDY) for predicting pesticide concentrations in water and soil in paddy fields

To evaluate the fate of pesticides in paddy fields, the pesticide paddy field model (PADDY) has been developed for predicting pesticide concentrations in paddy fields and the run-off amount of pesticides to the aquatic environment. This model focused particularly on granule formulation because these formulations have been used widely as herbicides on paddy fields in Japan. The behavior of pesticides in paddy fields was assessed by considering the main processes on the basis of a compartment system and the mass-balance equations of pesticides in the compartments were derived from kinetic data. The mathematical model, PADDY, was constructed by numerical solution techniques. A method for measuring the pesticide parameters for this model was also developed. To validate the model, a field experiment was carried out on a paddy field and the concentration changes of pesticides in water and soil were measured. These were in reasonably good agreement with those predicted by PADDY. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

稻瘟酰胺在水稻植株及稻田水、土壤中的 消解动态研究

为评价稻瘟酰胺在水稻上使用的安全性,建立其使用规范,于2006-2007年研究了35%酰胺·稻瘟灵乳油(稻瘟酰胺∶ 稻瘟灵=30∶ 5,质量比)中稻瘟酰胺在浙江和福建两地水稻植株及稻田水、土壤中的消解动态。结果表明:稻瘟酰胺标准溶液的线性方程为y=246 192x+925.88(r=0.999 7),线性范围为 0.005~1 mg/L。残留分析中样品采用乙腈和乙酸乙酯提取,经中性氧化铝和弗罗里硅土柱层析净化,气相色谱检测。当样品中添加水平为0.001~1 mg/kg时,采用该方法测得的平均回收率为78.6% ~108.4%,相对标准偏差(RSD)在3.5% ~23.4%之间;其在水稻植株、土壤和田水中的最低检测浓度(LOQ)均为0.001 mg/kg(L)。田间试验结果表明,稻瘟酰胺在稻田样品中的消解动态曲线符合一级动力学方程,其在水稻植株、土壤以及田水中消解迅速,半衰期分别为5.2~9.5、3.8~7.3、0.8~3.2 d。     

高效液相色谱法测定稻田样品中喹啉铜残留

采用高效液相色谱仪,建立了喹啉铜在稻田水、稻田土壤、水稻植株、稻秆、谷壳和糙米中残留量的检测方法。稻田水、水稻植株、稻秆、谷壳和糙米用乙腈和1 mol/L的盐酸提取,土壤用乙腈和2 mol/L的氢氧化钠提取。稻田水无需净化,其余样品用正己烷和乙腈净化后,采用带有紫外检测器的高效液相色谱仪测定,流动相为V(磷酸盐缓冲液)∶V(乙腈)=60∶40,流速0.8 m L/min,紫外检测波长为250 nm。结果表明:在0.05~5 mg/L范围内,喹啉铜质量浓度与其相对应的色谱峰面积之间呈良好的线性关系,线性方程为y=231.55x-15.064,决定系数(R2)为0.998 5,达极显著水平。在0.05~1 mg/kg添加水平下,稻田水、稻田土壤、水稻植株、稻秆、谷壳和糙米中喹啉铜的平均回收率在83%~103%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)在1.5%~6.6%之间。该方法的前处理过程较简单,且准确度、精密度和灵敏度均符合农药残留分析的技术要求。     

稻田杂草眼子菜对磺酰脲类除草剂的抗性研究

磺酰脲类除草剂在世界各地受到广泛应用,但其作用位点单一,杂草对其易产生抗药性.在贵州,磺酰脲类除草剂苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆应用至少有20年以上历史,为明确贵州稻田杂草眼子菜对磺酰脲类除草剂苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆的抗药性,指导农户合理用药,课题组采集贵州不同地区稻田杂草眼子菜鳞茎,采用《农药室内生物测定试验准则》的方法进行测定.试验结果表明:苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆对贵州稻田杂草眼子菜的防效较好,其鲜重防效在81％以上;所采样田块中眼子菜对苄嘧磺隆的IR值在1.00～7.53之间,对吡嘧磺隆的IR值在1.00～10.67之间.表明贵州稻田杂草眼子菜对磺酰脲类除草剂抗性水平不高,但部分田块已开始出现抗药性生态型眼子菜,且眼子菜对苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆两种药剂间存在着交互抗药性.     

秸秆残茬对低温潜沼性稻田土壤还原性物质含量及稻谷产量的影响

采用盆栽实验的方法,研究了秸秆残茬对低温潜沼性稻田土壤氧化还原电位、土壤还原性物质总量、土壤Fe²⁺含量及其稻谷产量的影响。研究结果表明：(1) 在低温潜沼性稻田中,与无秸秆残茬田(T0)相比,随着秸秆残茬量的增加（2.5～10.0 t·hm^-2）,T1,T2和T3处理的土壤还原性物质总量增加2.2～4.8 cmol·kg^-1;土壤Fe²⁺含量增加10.8～40.8 mg·kg^-1,土壤氧化还原电位降低23.2～96.5 mV。其中,当秸秆残茬量超过5.0 t·hm^-2时,秧苗移栽-返青期土壤Fe²⁺含量增加88.2 mg·kg^-1,土壤氧化还原电位降低196 mv,不利于水稻生长。(2) 在低温潜沼性稻田中,与无秸秆残茬田(T0)相比,随着秸秆残茬量的增加（2.5～10.0 t·hm^-2）,T1,T2和T3处理的稻谷产量降低1 140～1 560 kg·hm^-2;当秸秆残茬量高于5.0 t·hm^-2时,稻谷千粒重降低0.2 g,结实率等显著降低4.2%。     

环戊噁草酮在稻田中的残留及消解动态

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定糙米、谷壳、稻秆、土壤和稻田水中环戊草酮残留的分析方法,结合田间试验研究了环戊草酮在稻田中的残留及消解动态。结果表明:在0.01～1 mg/L范围内,环戊草酮的质量浓度与相应的峰面积间呈良好的线性关系。在0.02、0.05和0.5 mg/kg添加水平下,环戊草酮在糙米、谷壳、稻秆、土壤和稻田水样品中的平均回收率在75%～95%之间,相对标准偏差在1.5%～9.5%之间,检出限 (LOD) 为0.01 ng,在糙米、谷壳、稻秆、土壤和稻田水中的最低检出浓度 (LOQ) 为0.02 mg/kg。浙江、山东和湖南3地2年的田间试验表明:环戊草酮在稻秆和土壤中的半衰期分别为4.2～9.0 d和7.0～11.6 d,其消解规律符合一级反应动力学方程。分别以有效成分含量375(低剂量) 和562.5 g/hm2(高剂量)2个剂量施用90 g/L环戊草酮悬浮剂1次,于收获成熟期采样检测发现,环戊草酮在糙米中的最终残留量均小于0.02 mg/kg,该研究结果可为制定环戊草酮在糙米中的最大残留限量值 (MRL) 提供数据支撑。     

噻菌茂在稻田土壤中的微生物降解及对土壤细菌种群数量的影响

采用模拟土壤生态系统,研究了噻菌茂(2-苯甲酰肼-1,3-二噻茂烷)在不同稻田土壤中的消解规律及其对土著细菌种群数量的影响。结果表明,0.2和100 mg/kg的噻菌茂在未灭菌处理的淹水及不淹水土壤中的消解半衰期分别为2.6、4.0 d和5.5、7.3 d,而在经灭菌处理未淹水土壤中的消解半衰期分别为7.5和11.0 d,表明微生物是土壤中噻菌茂消解的主要影响因子。同时,噻菌茂对土壤中的微生物尤其是稻田土壤细菌也具有一定的影响,低浓度(0.2 mg/kg)下,噻菌茂对土壤中细菌生长的影响是暂时性的,7 d后菌群生长即可基本恢复至对照水平;而高浓度(100 mg/kg)噻菌茂则对土壤中细菌的生长具有明显的持续抑制作用,28 d后菌群生长仍未能恢复。     

高效液相色谱法测定稻田样品中3种新烟碱类杀虫剂残留

采用带紫外检测器的高效液相色谱仪(HPLC-UV),建立了同时检测呋虫胺、吡虫啉和啶虫脒在稻田水、稻田土壤、水稻植株、稻秆、稻壳和糙米中残留量的检测方法。稻田水、稻田土壤、水稻植株、稻秆、稻壳样品用乙腈提取,糙米样品用V(乙腈)∶V(水)=1∶1混合溶液提取。稻田水无需净化,其余样品用弗罗里硅土柱净化。HPLC-UV测定,流动相为V(甲醇)∶V(水)=30∶70,流速采用梯度流速,紫外检测波长为254 nm。结果表明:在0.05~10 mg/L范围内,3种农药的质量浓度与其相对应的色谱峰面积之间呈良好的线性关系,线性方程分别为呋虫胺:y=62.55x+4.039 2(R2=0.999 2);吡虫啉:y=99.968x+7.525 1(R2=0.998 6);啶虫脒:y=97.084x+6.072(R2=0.999 4)。在0.05~2 mg/kg添加水平下,样品中呋虫胺、吡虫啉和啶虫脒的平均回收率在81%~99%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)在1.2%~7.9%之间。该方法的前处理过程较简单,且准确度、精密度和灵敏度均符合农药残留分析的技术要求。     

乙虫腈在水稻土壤和田水中的残留及消解动态研究

为研究乙虫腈对淹水稻田土壤生态环境的安全性,在田间和室内模拟试验条件下,定期取样检测了乙虫腈在土壤和田水中的消解动态。样品采用醋酸-乙腈(1∶99,体积比)提取,经 N -丙基乙二胺(PSA)净化,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)检测,外标法(ESTD)定量。结果表明,在0.001~0.1 mg/L质量浓度范围内,乙虫腈的仪器响应值与质量浓度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均在0.98以上。方法的最小检出量(LOD)为2.2×10-13 g,乙虫腈在稻田土壤和田水中的最低检测浓度(LOQ)为0.001 mg/kg(L)。当土壤中的添加水平为0.002~1.0 mg/kg时,回收率在80.2%~119.5%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)最大为9.0%;田水中的添加水平为0.001~1.0 mg/L时,回收率在94.2%~108.2%之间, RSD最大为13.2%。消解动态试验结果表明,乙虫腈在水稻土壤和田水样品中的消解均符合一级动力学方程,其在室内外水稻土壤及田水中消解迅速,半衰期分别为3.2~2.8 d和3.5~1.8 d,属于易降解性农药。     

氮肥运筹对苏打盐碱地水稻养分积累、转运及产量的影响

于2017—2018年,以粳稻品种垦粳7号和垦粳8号为试验材料,设置5种氮肥运筹方式:不施氮肥(N0)、农民习惯施氮(N1)、平衡施氮(N2)、减氮施肥(N3)和氮肥后移(N4),研究氮肥运筹对苏打盐碱地水稻氮磷钾养分积累转运以及生产效率的影响.结果表明:与农民习惯施氮相比,平衡施氮和减氮施肥显著提高了齐穗期和成熟期植...     

Effects of loosing Aigamo ducks on the growth of rice plants, weeds, and the number of arthropods in paddy fields

Aigamo duck farming has been noticed as one of the techniques of environmental conservation agriculture. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of loosing Aigamo ducks on the growth and production of rice plants, the quantity of weeds and arthropods, and the balance of nitrogen (N) in paddy fields by changing the density of the Aigamo ducks. A paddy field was divided into three test plots: a 10-Aigamo-duck plot, a five-Aigamo-duck plot, and a weeding plot. The results show that the height, number of culms, and yield crops of the rice plants increased more in the 10-Aigamo-duck plot and the five-Aigamo-duck plot than that of the weeding plot. Millet ( Echinochloa oryzicola ) remained in both the Aigamo duck plots. The weeding plot was covered with monochoria ( Monochoria vaginalis ). In both the Aigamo duck plots, the outbreak of total arthropods was lower than that of the weeding plot, but the number of rice plants damaged by grass leaf rollers ( Cnaphalocrocis medinalis ) was increased. The number of spiders, regarded as useful insects, did not differ that much between the experimental plots. The N content of the soil did not differ as an effect of loosing the Aigamo ducks. The rice plants in the 10-Aigamo-duck plot absorbed more N than the rice plants in the other plots.     

Use of mathematical modeling and its inverse analysis for precise assessment of pesticide dissipation in a paddy environment

The extrapolability of the lysimeter test as a dissipation simulator in an actual paddy field was evaluated using mathematical models and their inverse analyses for predicting pesticide fate and transport processes in paddy test systems. As a source of experimental data, a four-year comparative experiment in lysimeters and paddy fields was conducted using various paddy pesticides. First, the dissipations for various active ingredients in granule pesticides under submerged applications were statistically compared using simple kinetic modeling. Second, the dissipation pathways, unobserved experimental components, and effect of the experimental setting were evaluated using a higher tier mathematical model with a novel inverse analysis protocol. Finally, owing to experimental constraints, the unobtainable parameters were extracted from the laboratory container test before being transferred to compare the outdoor experimental data under different formulation types.     

Spatial heterogeneity and diurnal course of photon flux density on paddy field water surface under rice plant canopy

Detailed measurements of photon flux density (PFD) on the paddy field water surface were conducted under sunny sky conditions using a photosensor array of 100 small photodiodes under rice canopies at the heading and ripening stages. PFD on paddy water surface was not uniform and spatially variable even within a short distance of a few centimeters, showing that the irregular penetration of direct sunlight significantly affects the light environment under the canopies. Although occasional high peaks of PFD were observed, most of the water surface was exposed to a PFD of less than 200 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹, even around midday. Mean PFD were high at midday and low in early morning or late evening. Mean ratios of the PFD under the canopy to that outside the canopy (RPFD) were also high at midday and low in early morning or late evening, which can be explained by Poisson's model of light penetration. Maximum mean PFD and mean RPFD were often observed not around noon, but when the azimuth angle of the sun coincided with the row direction. Moreover, under rice canopies at the heading stage, rapid increases and decreases of mean RPFD were observed immediately before and after the peak time. These results indicate that significant high photosynthetic carbon fixation by the paddy field weeds can take place only during the few hours when the azimuth angle of the sun coincides with the row direction.     

喷雾参数对自走式喷杆喷雾机稻田喷雾农药利用率及雾滴沉积分布的影响

比较在不同喷雾压力和施药液量条件下,采用自走式喷杆喷雾机在水稻分蘖期、孕穗期、扬花期进行喷雾处理的农药利用率、沉积分布均匀性及水稻茎基部雾滴密度的差异,为建立自走式喷杆喷雾机在稻田的高效施药技术提供理论依据。以生物染料丽春红-G作为农药示踪剂,估测不同喷雾参数的农药利用率,并用变异系数、绝对份额比例值比较农药分布的均匀性。同时通过水敏纸收集水稻基部雾滴密度,分析不同喷雾参数下农药雾滴穿透水稻冠层的能力。结果表明:在水稻分蘖期,采用自走式喷杆喷雾机在喷雾压力为1.2 MPa、施药液量为375 L/hm^2条件下喷雾,每个采样点的丽春红-G的平均沉积量仅为0.11 mg,与喷雾压力为0.4 MPa、施药液量为300 L/hm^2条件下喷雾的沉积量相比减少了56.00%。在水稻孕穗期,当喷雾压力为1.2 MPa、施药液量为375 L/hm^2时进行喷雾处理,每个采样点的丽春红-G的平均沉积量达0.26 mg,显著高于其他4个处理。在水稻扬花期,不同喷雾参数间的沉积量差距减小。在合适的喷雾压力和施药液量时,自走式喷杆喷雾机在水稻分蘖期、孕穗期和扬花期进行喷雾处理,农药利用率分别达到40.57%、54.97%和55.50%。综合变异系数和绝对份额比例两个指标,采用自走式喷杆喷雾机在喷雾压力为0.8 MPa、施药液量为300 L/hm^2条件下喷雾,农药分布更均匀。喷雾压力对水稻基部雾滴密度有显著影响,在水稻生长中后期,当喷雾压力低于0.8 MPa、施药液量为225~375 L/hm^2时,水稻茎秆基部雾滴密度均小于30个/cm^2。研究结果表明,喷雾压力和施药液量对自走式喷杆喷雾机稻田喷雾的农药利用率、分布均匀性及水稻茎秆基部雾滴密度有显著影响。在水稻生长前期,不宜采用高压力大水量喷雾作业;在水稻生长中后期,为增加对水稻基部病虫害的防治效果,需提高喷雾压力。