添加不同含量月见草籽饼试喂断乳仔猪试验

<正>月见草属柳叶菜科多年生草本植物,其性温,味甘苦,集药用、油用、饲用、观赏、生态功能于一身,经济价值很高。月见草资源丰富,在我国东北、华北地区均有逸生和大面积栽培。月见草籽饼是月见草种子提取月见草油之后的副产品,籽饼中的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维含量分别为13.6%、27.5%、20.2%,必需氨基酸7.4%,矿物质微量元素14.0克/千克(陈炳华,刘剑秋,2003),其中钙、锌、     

超临界CO_2萃取法与水蒸气蒸馏法提取月见草油成分的GC-MS分析

采用超临界CO2萃取法和水蒸气蒸馏法提取月见草油,并应用GC-MS对该两种方法提取的月见草油成分进行对比分析。结果表明:两种方法提取的月见草油化学成分仅有1种相同,为2,4-癸二烯醛;水蒸气蒸馏法提取鉴定的20种成分占挥发油总量的98.56%,其中有19种属脂肪酸类,占98.33%,以棕榈酸乙酯含量最高,占41.56%;超临界CO2萃取法提取鉴定的18种化合物,占挥发油总成分的91.08%,其包含醇、醛、烯、萜、烷烃及不饱和脂肪酸等多个种类,以β-谷甾醇的含量最高,达52.58%。     

残次打瓜籽中油脂提取及脂肪酸组成分析

以正己烷为提取溶剂,研究残次打瓜籽中油脂的提取工艺,结果表明液料比1∶1,提取温度50℃,提取时间60 min,油脂提取率为97.5%。利用气相色谱对打瓜籽油的脂肪酸组成与含量分析表明,其脂肪酸主要有7种,包括油酸(40.89%)、亚油酸(49.87%)、棕榈酸(5.6%)、硬脂酸(1.34%)、花生酸(1.49%)等。     

3种不同提取方式对红树莓籽油成分的影响

通过超声辅助乙醇提取法、超声辅助石油醚提取法和索氏石油醚提取法3种方法提取红树莓籽油,比较提取率、鉴定脂肪酸成分、测定抗氧化活性和总皂甙含量。结果表明:UAE-Et红树莓籽油的提取率最高,为18.55%,UAE-PE和SE-PE的提取率分别为10.18%和13.58%。GC-MS结果表明,3种提取方法共在红树莓籽油中鉴定出32种物质,其中不饱和脂肪酸(亚油酸和亚麻酸等)含量分别为82.71%(UAE-Et)、85.76%(UAE-PE)和88.83%(SE-PE),均超过80%;ω-6/ω-3脂肪酸比例为2.22∶1~2.32∶1。抗氧化活性研究表明,UAE-Et红树莓籽油抗氧化活性最强,其IC 50(半抑制浓度)为4.36 mg·mL^-1。总皂甙含量测定结果表明,UAE-Et红树莓籽油中总皂甙含量最高,为351.88 mg·g^-1,这与GC-MS吻合。     

娑罗子中脂肪酸成分分析

采用乙醚索氏抽提法提取婆罗子中的脂肪油.经BF3-CH3-OH甲酯化处理,用气相色谱-质谱连用法(GC-MS)测定脂肪酸的组成.婆罗子出油率为30.2%,试验共分出57个峰,首次确定52种脂肪酸成分.其中主要的脂肪酸是亚油酸(41.29%)、棕榈酸(17.81%)、油酸(14.08%)、硬脂酸(3.19%)和15-二十四碳烯酸(2.16%),不饱和脂肪酸总含量高达73.256%.     

亚麻籽油的开发利用

亚麻是山西省高寒山区的主要油用作物之一。亚麻籽含油率达到42%,油中不饱和脂肪酸占到主要脂肪酸组成的91%,其中,ω-3脂肪酸含量高达49%,比其他油用作物含量高7倍～50倍。ω-3脂肪酸营养油具有预防冠心病、心脑血管病,降低胆固醇,抗血栓,降血压,提高动脉系统柔性的功能,极具开发价值。ω-3脂肪酸营养油是在常规油脂加工工艺基础上,通过对部分工艺的改进,使产品中α-亚麻酸的含量较传统工艺提高了38.9%。     

凤丹牡丹籽油提取及其脂肪酸组分分析

本研究以凤丹牡丹籽为试验材料,采用索氏提取法提取牡丹籽中脂肪油,测定其含油量为23.92%;所得牡丹籽油经甲酯化处理,以气相色谱-质谱联用仪分离和鉴定脂肪酸的组成,得出脂肪酸相对含量。结果表明,凤丹牡丹籽油中富含不饱和脂肪酸,牡丹籽油分离鉴定得到21种脂肪酸,饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸含量分别为20.41%和77.93%,其中,亚油酸占24.62%、亚麻酸占49.61%。因此,通过分析牡丹籽油脂肪酸组成,为凤丹牡丹籽油的营养价值判定及进一步开发利用提供了必要的科学依据。     

文冠果不同群体果实和种子性状综合评价研究

通过文冠果不同群体的果实数量和质量性状以及相应的种仁含油和脂肪酸成分含量调查,研究文冠果的群体差异。结果表明,不同文冠果群体在成熟果数量、干果重与相应的种子数和千粒重等性状上变异较大,其中7#群体表现较好,其相应值分别(8.9±0.4)个、(39.40±0.8) g、(23.5±0.5)粒和(809.1±9.5) g。不同群体的脂肪酸含量和种仁油脂肪酸化学成分含量分析亦存在差异,其中7#群体的含油量和脂肪酸成分结构中碳数≤18的脂肪酸的相对含量最高,分别为(59.27±0.42)%和87.75%。     

微波对毛酸浆籽油提取效率的影响及其脂肪酸分析

以毛酸浆种子为原料,研究索氏微波提取法对毛酸浆籽油提取效率的影响,并以甲酯化脂肪酸为标准品,采用气相色谱法对毛酸浆籽油脂肪酸成分进行分析,通过与标准品比对出峰时间确定试样脂肪酸成分,使用面积归一法确定试样中各脂肪酸含量。结果表明,与普通热风干燥相比,微波干燥法能够提高毛酸浆籽油的提取效率;利用气相色谱法对毛酸浆籽油进行脂肪酸分析,共检测出8种脂肪酸,分别为:肉豆蔻酸1.3%,棕榈酸10.3%,硬脂酸5.3%,油酸14.3%,亚油酸62.7%,亚麻酸4.0%,花生酸1.1%,二十二烷酸1.0%。其中不饱和脂肪酸相对含量占81.0%,说明毛酸浆籽油具有较高的营养价值,开发前景广阔。     

云南蒜头果油的特征指标及脂肪酸组成研究分析

对云南蒜头果油的特征指标及脂肪酸组成进行了分析.分析结果表明:蒜头果油折光指数(n40)为1.4594、相对密度(d2020)为0.8756、碘值(Ⅰ)为71.5 g/100 g、皂化值(KOH)为151 mg/g.蒜头果油主要脂肪酸组成为棕榈酸(0.55％)、硬脂酸(0.20％)、油酸(30.81％)、亚油酸(1.52％)、亚麻酸(0.82％)、花生—烯酸(2.21％)、芥酸(15.20％)、神经酸(44.21％).蒜头果油的不饱和脂肪酸含量高达94.77％,含量最高的脂肪酸为神经酸,高达44.21％,这在我国发现的油料作物中是罕见的.本研究为更好地保护云南蒜头果资源提供了基础数据.     

Investigation of the efficiency of direct and indirect regeneration in evening primrose (Oenothera biennis)

As a medicinal plant, the importance of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) is due to its unsaturated fatty acids in the seeds and roots, and also oenotherine and comfarol in the leaves. Low germination and difficulties in seed production are the main problems encountered with growing this plant in the field. As an alternative approach, an in vitro experiment was set up for the evaluation of evening primrose production via direct and indirect regeneration of the cultivars NC-1 and VNK. For callogenesis and direct regeneration, the explants from the apical bud and petiole were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.25, 0.75, and 1.25 mg L^?1 of both BAP and Kinetin (KIN). Indirect regeneration was performed by placing apical buds, petioles, and leaf explants on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 and 1 mg L^?1 2,4-D and 0.5, 1, and 1.25 mg L^?1 of both BAP and KIN. The highest shoot induction from direct regeneration was obtained with apical bud explants of VNK treated with 0.75 mg L^?1 BAP. The highest callus weight (3.17 g) obtained from indirect regeneration was with petiole explants treated with 1 mg L^?1 2, 4-D and 1 mg L^?1 BAP in VNK cultivars. The highest number of torpedo embryogenic clusters (23.8) was obtained from the VNK petiole explants treated with 0.5 mg L^?1 2, 4-D and 1.25 mg L^?1 BAP. BAP had higher positive effects on in vitro production of evening primrose than KIN in both direct and indirect regeneration. In general, results indicated that VNK was more potent for regeneration than NC-1 and concentrations of 0.75 mg L^?1 BAP for direct and 0.5 mg L^?1 2, 4-D and 1.25 mg L^?1of BAP for indirect regeneration had a higher efficiency for increasing in vitro production of evening primrose.     

野生和栽培大豆种质油脂组成特点及其与演化的关系

以58份不同类型(野生、半野生和栽培)大豆种质为材料,利用32对SSR标记分析大豆种质间的遗传多样性和进化关系,采用NIRS和GC方法分别分析大豆脂肪含量和脂肪酸组分含量,研究不同类型大豆种质油脂组成特点及其与演化的关系。结果显示,野生大豆和栽培大豆的油脂组成存在显著差异,栽培大豆脂肪含量(平均20.8%)显著高于野生大豆(平均10.49%),油酸含量(平均28.5%)显著高于野生大豆(平均14.37%),而亚麻酸含量却显著低于野生大豆;由相关性分析可知,大豆种子中的脂肪与油酸含量显著正相关(r=0.85^**),而与其他脂肪酸组分极显著负相关;油酸与所有其他脂肪酸组分均负相关,特别是与亚麻酸和亚油酸呈极显著负相关(r=.0.90^**和.0.89^**);油脂组成和SSR标记对不同类型大豆种质的聚类和主成分分析表明,2种分类结果基本一致,可分为栽培和野生2个亚群,半野生大豆则分布于2个亚群中。由此可见,大豆油脂组成与大豆种质的驯化程度有关,脂肪含量和亚麻酸含量可以作为大豆演化分类的参考指标。     

超声波辅助溶剂法提取芦柑籽精油工艺优化

研究了超声波辅助溶剂法萃取芦柑籽精油的最佳工艺条件,并分析其理化性质及脂肪酸组成。结果表明,采用超声波功率130W、料液比（mg︰mL）1︰7、处理时间120s,所得精油提取率为40.49%,且各理化指标均符合要求;气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）分析表明芦柑籽精油含有亚油酸（36.0721%）、油酸（28.1571%）、棕榈酸（29.5704%）、硬脂酸（3.4877%）、亚麻酸（2.7126%）,不饱和脂肪酸含量高达66.9418%。     

紫苏二酰基甘油酰基转移酶2基因克隆与功能研究

二酰基甘油酰基转移酶(diacylglycerol acyltransferase, DGAT)是植物合成三酰甘油(TAG)最后一步的关键酶,其中DGAT2在某些植物的种子油中能选择性积累更多不饱和脂肪酸。本文成功克隆了紫苏二酰基甘油酰基转移酶2基因(PfDGAT2),并进行生物信息学分析。PfDGAT2实时荧光定量结果表明,不同器官中PfDGAT2基因均有表达, 10 d种子的表达量最高,在根中的表达量次之,在种子发育中后期,PfDGAT2表达量逐渐降低。与野生型拟南芥相比,过表达PfDGAT2拟南芥种子含油率提高了21.68%～77.89%,其中种子含油率增加最多的4个株系,其亚麻酸(C18:3)增加4.57%,花生一烯酸(C20:1)增加7.44%,花生二烯酸(C20:2)增加5.4%,二十二一烯酸(C22:1)增加10.37%,而棕榈酸(C16:0)、硬脂酸(C18:0)和亚油酸(C18:2)含量分别降低了3.47%、6.64%和4.83%,油酸(C18:1)和花生酸(C20:0)分别只降低了0.18%和1.91%。本研究结果表明,紫苏PfDGAT2基因不仅能提高种子含油率,还能促进亚麻酸、花生一烯酸等不饱和脂肪酸的积累,这为研究植物不饱和脂肪酸的合成积累提供了参考及理论依据。     

Oil content, tocopherol composition and fatty acid patterns of the seeds of 51 Cannabis sativa L. genotypes

The oil content, the tocopherol composition, the plastochromanol-8 (P-8) content and the fatty acid composition (19 fatty acids) of the seed of 51 hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) genotypes were studied in the 2000 and 2001 seasons. The oil content of the hemp seed ranged from 26.25% (w/w) to 37.50%. Analysis of variance revealed significant effects of genotype, year and of the interaction (genotype × year) on the oil content. The oil contents of the 51 genotypes in 2000 and 2001 were correlated (r = 0.37**) and averaged 33.19 ± 1.45% in 2000 and 31.21 ± 0.96% in 2001. The -tocopherol, -tocopherol, -tocopherol, P-8- and -tocopherol contents of the 51 genotypes averaged 21.68 ± 3.19, 1.82 ± 0.49, 1.20 ± 0.40, 0.18 ± 0.07 and 0.16 ± 0.04 mg 100g^–1 of seeds, respectively (2000 and 2001 data pooled). Hierarchical clustering of the fatty acid data did not group the hemp genotypes according to their geographic origin. The -linolenic acid yield of hemp (3–30 kg ha^–1) was similar to the -linolenic acid yield of plant species that are currently used as sources of -linolenic acid (borage (19–30 kg ha^–1), evening primrose (7–30 kg ha^–1)). The linoleic acid yield of hemp (129–326 kg ha^–1) was similar to flax (102–250 kg ha^–1), but less than in sunflower (868–1320 kg ha^–1). Significant positive correlations were detected between some fatty acids and some tocopherols. Even though the average content of P-8 in hemp seeds was only 1/120^th of the average -tocopherol content, P-8 content was more closely correlated with the unsaturated fatty acid content than -tocopherol or any other tocopherol fraction. The average broad-sense heritabilities of the oil content, the antioxidants (tocopherols and P-8) and the fatty acids were 0.53, 0.14 and 0.23, respectively. The genotypes Fibrimon 56, P57, Juso 31, GB29, Beniko, P60, FxT, Félina 34, Ramo and GB18 were capable of producing the largest amounts of high quality hemp oil.     

Light absorption and water loss in overwintered and spring–sown evening primrose (Oenothera spp.) crops

Evening primrose (Oenothera spp.) is a high-value oilseed crop for temperate areas which may be either overwintered or spring–sown. Light absorption, light use efficiency, water loss and biomass water ratio were compared between overwintered and spring–sown crops of cv. Merlin in two years of field trials. An overwintered crop of cv. Peter was also studied in year two. The energy content of evening primrose plant material was shown to be similar to other crops. Both overwintered and spring–sown crops can achieve full canopy closure and maintain high fractional photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception for long periods but canopy closure occurred much later than in other temperate seed crops. In spring–sown evening primrose, maximum PAR interception did not occur until August, by which time incident light levels were declining and consequently the proportion of incident light energy captured during the main growing season was low. Most light was intercepted by green leaves and very little shading by senescent tissue and flowers occurred. Light conversion efficiencies for the main growing period were comparable with other temperate C₃ crops, but in year two a steep decline in light conversion efficiency was observed as the crops matured and the soil water deficit exceeded 60 mm. In year one, water loss from both the overwintered and spring–sown crops were low and the soil water deficit increased relatively slowly. By contrast, in the year two crop water loss was high and the soil water deficit built up very rapidly between the end of June and crop maturity. No significant differences in biomass water ratio (water use efficiency) were recorded between overwintered and spring–sown crops but ratios were 50% higher in year one than in year two. Although no relationship was detected between biomass water ratio corrected for vapour pressure deficit (“normalised”) and soil water deficit, after canopy closure normalised daily water loss declined with increasing soil water deficit. Earlier canopy closure, particularly in the spring crop, and the avoidance of soil water deficits through irrigation, would lead to substantial improvements in the size and consistency of seed yields of evening primrose crops.     

尿素包合法分离文冠果种仁油中亚油酸的工艺研究

文冠果油富含不饱和脂肪酸,其中亚油酸的含量最高。为制取功能油脂亚油酸,采用尿素包合法分离文冠果油中亚油酸。试验考察了尿素用量(尿素/混合脂肪酸MFA)、溶剂用量(尿素/乙醇)、包合温度及时间对分离纯化效果的影响,并采用气相色谱分析检测了样品的纯度。结果表明,尿素包埋法分离亚油酸的最佳工艺条件为:尿素/MFA为1.5∶1,尿素/乙醇为6∶1,包合时间为18 h,包合温度为3℃,得到的粗品经气相色谱检测亚油酸质量分数为92.17%,比原样品提高了53.42%,亚油酸得率为78.39%。     

我国主栽棉花品种的棉籽油资源评价与分析

【目的】探讨不同地区、不同棉花品种棉籽油脂肪酸含量与组成的差异。【方法】以收集于我国棉花主产区的82份棉花品种的棉籽为试验材料,采用索氏法提取种子中粗脂肪,并利用气相色谱法分析脂肪酸组成和含量,最后通过聚类分析等分析脂肪酸组成与棉花品种和产地之间的内在联系。【结果】棉籽仁脂肪总含量在188.4~302.8 mg·g~(-1),平均为249.52 mg·g~(-1)。棉籽仁中主要脂肪酸为亚油酸(104.88~180.68 mg·g~(-1))、棕榈酸(41.53~69.77 mg·g~(-1))、油酸(28.29~48.86 mg·g~(-1))和硬脂酸(3.56~6.8 mg·g~(-1));各品种脂肪酸含量具有差异。聚类分析表明,棉籽脂肪酸总含量和脂肪酸组成与产地具有相关性。【结论】本研究筛选得到棉籽脂肪酸总含量以及油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸高的材料,明确了82份种质资源的棉籽油分特征、特性和利用价值。