矮化香椿园密度、整形和采芽技术研究

在保定郊区建立４种密度的香椿矮化密植园，根据４年的研究，１～４年内以最高密度（３．８株／ｍ２）和高密度（２．５株／ｍ２）的产芽量最高，第４年采完芽后，对最高密度应进行疏伐，保留２．５株／ｍ２；中密度（１．７４株／ｍ２）和低密度（０．８３株／ｍ２）５～１０年内可以不疏伐。结合采芽进行两种方式的整形，即矮干多侧枝型和灌丛型。前者的总产量较高，且可提早１年采芽。采芽３年后，两种整形方式的年产量已无显著差异。采芽与整形相结合，可以促进侧枝和树冠的形成。但是，高密度严重抑制侧枝形成和存活，以至不能形成树冠。矮化密植香椿园第３年的产芽量最高可达５２００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，年均纯收益为３８９４０元／ｈｍ２。     

不同初植密度尾叶桉生长量及经济效益分析

在雷州半岛的唐家林场设立了尾叶桉５种初植密度：①１ｍ×３ｍ（３３３３株／ｈｍ２）;②１ｍ×４．５ｍ（２２２２株／ｈｍ２）;③２ｍ×３ｍ（１６６７株／ｈｍ２）;④１．５ｍ×４．５ｍ（１４８１株／ｈｍ２）;⑤３ｍ×３ｍ（１１１１株／ｈｍ２）的试验,分别于２年生、３年生和４年生时进行了调查和经济分析。结果表明：⑴尾叶桉初植密度在１１１１～３３３３株／ｈｍ２范围内,林龄４年内,单位面积产量基本上是随着密度的增大而增大,但平均胸径与树高均随着密度的增加而减小。⑵密度３３３３株／ｈｍ２由于株数多,产量最高,利润也最高。⑶从第３年开始,密度１６６７株／ｈｍ２的材积年生长量增幅最大。⑷５种密度的胸径生长的高峰值都出现在前２年;第３年的生长量几乎减少２／３,造林密度越大,减少量越多;至第４年各种密度的年生长量几乎相近。树高生长的高峰值也都出现在前２年,第３年的生长量减少２／３,第４年又减半,至各种密度的树高年生长量几乎相近。除３３３３株／ｈｍ２的材积生长高峰值出现在第２年之外,其它密度的材积峰值都出现在第３年,第４年开始明显减慢。     

肉桂经济产量分析

从７５个样地产量分析，肉桂有３种经营类型：一种以收获枝叶、提炼桂油要经营目的，第一次收获期为５年生，其后的萌芽林２－３年收获一次，达到同产的收获密度为１．０５－１．２０万株／ｋｍ＾２，一类立地类型组枝叶产量９４７４ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２以上；一种以收获桂皮药材主要经营目的，种植１０年后方可达到高产，收获密度０．６０－０．７５万株／ｈｍ＾２，一类立地类型组桂皮产量１９６１ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２以上；另一种是枝叶、桂     

叶用银杏园丰产栽培技术研究

叶用银杏园丰产栽培技术研究王华田，孙明高，皇甫桂月，戴玉龙，陈大勇山东农业大学２１１０１８山东郯城县苗圃摘要＊本文对３年生密度为３．０～７．５万株／ｈｍ２叶用银杏园密度、定干高度、叶面喷肥等栽培技术措施及其作用效果进行了研究。结果表明，叶面积系数和叶...     

尾叶桉不同密度与株行距配置造林及其效益研究

对５年９个月生三种密度（１６６６株／ｈｍ＾２、２２２２株／ｈｍ＾２和３３３３株／ｈｍ＾２）两种配置（１６６６株／ｈｍ＾２,株行距分别为２ｍ＊３ｍ、１ｍ＊６ｍ）尾叶桉试验林的研究表明：密度越大的林分,其冠幅、胸径、树高、单株材积、蓄积量就越小;     

菇耳专用林定向培育──人工促进阔叶林伐后更新试验

对参试的３５．６ｈｍ２天然阔叶林伐后迹地进行菇耳专用林定向培育，通过树种选择、清杂、去高桩、补植、抚育、施肥等措施，４年后，幼树密度由２２５０株／ｈｍ２增加到７５００株／ｈｍ２以上；活立木蓄积由１．５ｍ３／ｈｍ２增加到４２ｍ３／ｈｍ２，平均生长量达１０．１ｍ３／ｈｍ２·ａ。     

滩地柳树无性系人工林密度试验研究

长江滩地４年生苏柳１７２等无性系密度试验结果表明，造林密度对蓄积量生长和林木干形影响显著，１ｍ×１．５ｍ密度林分，蓄积年生长量达２７．５ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２，滩地柳林造林密度应不低于１６６７株／ｈｍ＾２。     

菇耳专用林定向培育：人工促进阔叶林伐后更新试验

对参试的３５．６ｈｍ＾２天然阔叶林伐后迹地进行菇耳专用林定向培育，通过树种选择，清杂，去高桩，补植，抚育，施肥等措施，４年后，幼树密度由２２５０株／ｈｍ＾２增加到７５００株／ｈｍ＾２以上；活立木蓄积由１．５ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２增加到４２ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２，平均生长量达１０．１ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２．ａ。     

雷竹造林经济效益分析

在常规培育管理条件下，造林密度为４２０～６３０株／ｈｍ２的雷竹，造林后第４年郁闭并形成经济产量，第６年进入盛产（笋）期，第７年平均产笋１９．７ｔ／ｈｍ２，产值可达５．１１万元／ｈｍ２，当年投产比１：４．７。造林７年中，投资年平均效益系数Ｋ＝０．３０（元），年平均投产比Ｒ为１：１．７３，投资回收期Ｔ＝４．９３（ａ）。     

冷箭竹更新幼龄种群密度的研究

应用构件生物种群理论，从构件生物的两个水平研究了卧龙自然保护区大熊猫栖息地内冷箭竹幼龄种群自然更新密度特征，结果表明：①冷箭竹幼龄种群的基株（竹丛）种群密度为２５．１基株／ｍ＾２，１９８３年开花枯死竹林次年萌发幼苗的种群密度低于第３年的幼苗种群密度，随开花枯死年限的延长，种群密度逐渐降低；②冷箭竹克隆种群密度平均为９４．４株／ｍ＾２，各龄级的排序为３年生〉４年生〉５年生〉２年生〉１年生〉６年生〉７     

不同栽植密度对叶用银杏生长量及叶产量的影响

通过研究川东北丘陵地叶用银杏不同栽植密度对其生长量和叶产量的影响,获得高经济效益的合理密度调控方向,为生产实践提供理论支持.本文以2年生"开江皇1号"银杏为供试材料,采用单因素试验设计,分别作5种不同栽植密度处理,连续三年观测研究不同栽植密度对叶用银杏生长量及叶产量的影响.结果表明,在川东北的地理环境条件下和一定的密度...     

银杏枝叶生长规律与两次采叶试验研究

本文对栽植后两年的银杏嫁接幼树的枝叶生长规律进行了观察，发现银杏新梢具有春梢和夏梢两种；新梢生长有４种方式；短枝亦分春季展叶生长和夏季展叶生长两种，其中春季展叶生长发生于所有短枝顶芽，而夏季展叶生长一般只发生在顶生短枝顶芽。试验证明，采用全采的方式能有效地刺激所有短枝顶芽全部进行夏季展叶生长；采用两次采收方式能使银杏采叶园的产叶量较传统采收方式（一次采收方式）的产叶量提高１倍。     

Leaf macro- and micro-morphological altitudinal variability of Carpinus betulus in the Hyrcanian forest (Iran)

We investigated the altitudinal variation of Carpinus betulus L. in the Hyrcanian forest using leaf macro-morphological and micro-morphological traits. We collected a total of 1600 leaves from two locations. In each location, we sampled six populations along an altitudinal gradient ranging from 100 m to 1,150 m. We found that trees in the higher elevations have smaller leaf lamina than those in the lower elevations. In contrast, leaf mass per area was high at low altitudes and increased newly at the higher ones. Stomatal dimension was negatively correlated with elevation, while stomatal density was positively correlated with elevation. We also found that two transects showed the same plasticity trend. Leaf area showed the highest plasticity, while the number of veins showed the lowest plasticity. This study shows that altitude, and related temperature and rainfall, represents an important driving force in Carpinus betulus leaf morphological variation. Moreover, our results suggest that leaf area, leaf mass per area and stomatal density could influence the species responses to different ecological conditions.     

广东郁南尾巨桉人工林密度效应

采用随机区组试验设计在广东省郁南县西江林场设置了4种株行距(1.7 m×4 m,2.0 m×4 m,2.5 m×4 m,3.0 m×4 m)试验,分析不同造林密度(1470、1250、1000、833株 ·hm-2)对0.8~7.8 a生尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis)人工林保存率、树高、胸径、单株材积和林分蓄积量的影响.结果表明:不同造林密度对林分的保存率、树高、胸径、单株材积和蓄积量均有显著的影响;除0.8 a生的林分保存率外,其它年龄的林分保存率均随着造林密度的增加而降低,1470株 ·hm-2与其它3种密度间的林分保存率存在显著差异;造林密度对林分平均高有一定的影响,但差异较小;随着造林密度的增加,林分平均胸径和单株材积逐步递减,1470、1250株 ·hm-2与其它两种密度间的平均胸径和单株材积在2.8~7.8 a生时均存在显著差异;在7.8 a生时,以1250株 ·hm-2为造林密度的林分蓄积量最大,达195.0 m3·hm-2,分别比造林密度为1470、1000、833株 ·hm-2的林分高16.28%、5.86%和14.37%.以获得较高的林分蓄积量为目标,初步推荐1000~1250株 ·hm-2的造林密度.     

榆属树种的叶子结构与抗虫性的关系

榆树是我国重要的造林树种，在全国各地尤其是“三北”地区有大面积栽植。但最近几年来，榆树一直遭受着严重的虫害，特别是食叶害虫榆蓝叶甲，使榆树的生长发育和木材产量受到严重的影响。因此，选育抗虫品种和进行科学管理已成为当务之急。据观察，榆树在遭受虫害后，不同的树种或同一树种的不同无性系间的受害程度差别很大，是什么原因引起受害程度的不同呢？现有的研究己清楚指出，物理因素和化学因素共同构成了植物抵御害虫的防御体系。植物可以利用存在于它们组织的，经长期进化而形成的物理因素（形态结构）来阻止或破坏害虫的为害。本研究采用了电镜扫描和石蜡切片法，结合生物测定和田间调查，分析了榆属树种的叶子结构与其抗虫性之间的关系。结果表明，①榆属树种的气孔以大密度分布在叶子的下表面，气孔的保卫细胞具有角质层和木质化的壁。这种特点使幼虫不易从叶子下表面取食到叶肉，所以它们往往转移到叶子上表面取食，从而造成叶子上表面的结构特点与抗虫性的强弱直接相关；②抗虫性强的树种或无性系的叶子表面有很厚的蜡质层，而易感虫的树种或无性系的叶子上表面蜡质较薄。下表面无此规律；③叶子上表面的表皮毛密度（Ｘ１）和角质层厚度（Ｘ２）与叶面积受害指数（Ｙ）呈高度负相关（     

Ontogenetic changes in stomatal and biochemical limitations to photosynthesis of two co-occurring Mediterranean oaks differing in leaf life span

A quantitative analysis was applied to the stomatal and biochemical limitations to light-saturated net photosynthesis under optimal field conditions in mature trees and seedlings of the co-occurring evergreen oak, Quercus ilex L., and the deciduous oak, Q. faginea Lam. Stomatal limitation to photosynthesis, maximal Rubisco activity and electron transport rate were determined from assimilation versus intercellular leaf carbon dioxide concentration response curves of leaves that were subsequently analyzed for nitrogen (N) concentration, mass per unit area, thickness and percent internal air space. In both species, seedlings had a lower leaf mass per unit area, thickness and leaf N concentration than mature trees. The root system of seedlings during their third year after planting was dominated by a taproot. A lower leaf N concentration of seedlings was associated with lower maximal Rubisco activity and electron transport rate and with assimilation rates similar to or lower than those of mature trees, despite the higher stomatal conductances and potential photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiencies of seedlings. Consequently, stomatal limitation to photosynthesis increased with tree age in both species. In both seedlings and mature trees, a lower assimilation rate in Q. ilex than in Q. faginea was associated with lower stomatal conductance, N allocation to photosynthetic functions, maximal Rubisco activity and electron transport rate, and potential photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency but greater leaf thickness and leaf mass per unit area. Tree-age-related changes differed quantitatively between species, and the characteristics of the two species were more similar in seedlings than in mature trees. Despite higher stomatal conductances, seedlings are more N limited than adult trees, which contributes to lower biochemical efficiency.     

Optimizing Tapping-Tree Density of Rubber (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hevea brasiliensis</Emphasis>) Plantations in South China

Tapping-tree density in rubber plantations affects the production of dry rubber. Farmers can estimate rubber productivity when they know with certainty the number of tapping trees within a plantation and can therefore increase productivity through optimized planting schematics. Historical data on planting distance between trees and between rows, planting density (trees/ha) and tapping-tree density (number of trees under tapping for latex harvest per hectare) from 1952 to 2014 have been collected for plantations in the Hainan, Yunnan and Guangdong provinces of South China. A plantation survey was conducted to collect more detailed data on current tapping tree and planting densities in various plantations in the three provinces. Planting density and row spacing are found to have increased with rubber tree planting time and plant spacing to have declined from 1952 to 2014. Tapping-tree density of rubber plantations from 1955 to 1995 in South China ranges from 270 to 345 tree/ha, averaging 300 trees/ha. Strong typhoons and cold snaps are important drivers of fluctuations in tapping-tree density. The factors driving tapping-tree density are similar across the three provinces but the degree of change differs between provinces. Tapping panel dryness (due to tapping beyond the natural limit of the rubber tree productivity), severe wind damage and cold damage are the major factors resulting in loss of tapping trees in plantations in South China. These results suggest that a combination of environmental management for extreme weather and targeted breeding could improve tapping-tree density in rubber plantation and therefore dry rubber yield per unit area.     

刺五加"全光喷雾"硬枝扦插育苗试验

刺五加为扦插难生根树种，以1．5a生刺五加苗为母株采穗扦插，其平均生根率达60％以上，最高达90％。     

Leaf dry matter productivity of three selected perennial leguminous species in humid tropical Ivory Coast

Leaf dry matter productivity has been measured at the end of regrowth cycles of 3 months for stands ofleucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium andFlemingia macrophylla, all three species belonging to the Leguminosae. The effective period of observation was minimally 24 months, or 8 regrowth cycles, after a period of establishment of slightly more than a year. Using systematic trial designs, originally developed by NELDER, yield figures have been acquired for a broad range of plant densities. At a plant density of 10,000 trees per hectare the average yearly leaf DM productivity amounted to 15.4 ton forLeucaena leucocephala, 12.4 ton forFlemingia macrophylla and 10.5 ton forGliricidia sepium.Productivity figures and leaf area indices are compared with those of relevant cropping systems.     

金叶女贞叶斑病的研究

通过制作切片、病组织分离培养及单孢分离、接种试验等，确定引起金叶女贞叶斑病的病原菌为Corynespora sp.。此病在上海始发期为4月下旬，高峰期为7－8月和10月。发病率和株密度在一定程度上呈正比关系。80％大生可湿性粉剂是防治此病较好的药剂。