基于通径分析的土壤性质与硒形态的关系——以黑龙江省主要类型土壤为例

黑龙江省是缺硒(Se)比较严重的省份之一,位于全国低Se带的始端。本文选择黑龙江省不同类型土壤,采用连续浸提法测定了土壤中Se的形态,并运用通径分析法研究了土壤理化性质对土壤Se形态、全Se的影响。结果表明:总Se含量在不同类型土壤中差异较大,整体上处于中等偏低水平;各结合态Se中以有机态和残渣态为主,分别占8.16%~50.5%和26.32%~70.90%,酸溶态占0.80%~33.97%,而水溶态与交换态仅占0.70%~7.18%和0.75%~9.37%。通径分析显示,土壤理化性质通过直接和间接作用共同影响着土壤各赋存形态Se的含量和分解转化方向,但其各自的作用机理和影响强度不同。在土壤各性质中,土壤有效铁、锰和黏粒以及它们间的共同作用决定了土壤Se形态分布,其中,土壤有效铁对于除残渣态Se之外的4种形态Se的生成转化起到了主导作用,而土壤有机碳、pH等其他性质主要通过正或负的间接作用影响Se形态。土壤总Se方面,土壤有效铁、锰及黏粒含量对总Se有较强的富集作用,但土壤有机碳和pH等因素间的相互作用也不可忽略。     

土壤硒的形态及有效硒的提取

本文研究了陕西省几种主要土壤中硒的形态,并提出了一种土壤有效硒的浸提方法。土壤无机态硒的易溶部分依照杰克逊对无机磷分级方法被分为NH₄Cl-Se、Al-Se和Fe-Se三类。三部分硒总量占全硒含量的37—65%,平均为48%。三者的比例大致为Fe-Se>Al-Se>NH₄Cl-Se,它们与全硒和NaHCO₃-Se均呈显著相关,与水溶态硒相关不显著;由盆栽试验证明,土壤有效硒的NaHCO₃浸提法可以用作判断土壤对作物供硒能力的指标,而水溶态硒在本试验范围内与作物吸收性不一致。     

广西桂中南部地区富硒土壤硒含量及其与土壤理化性状的关系

为了解广西桂中南部地区富硒土壤的硒含量及其分布特征,明确土壤硒与主要土壤性状指标的关系,选择水田和旱田,分别于0～20 cm和150～200 cm深度取样,测定土壤全硒含量及主要理化性状。结果表明,桂中南部地区农田表层土壤(0～20 cm)全硒平均含量(算术平均值)为0.77μg g-1,93.76%的农田表层土壤属于富硒土壤(0.4～3μg g-1),深层土壤(150～200 cm)全硒平均含量为0.62μg g-1,79.04%的深层土壤属于富硒土壤,研究区内的表层和深层土壤全硒都达到足硒标准(0.175～3.000μg g-1)。广西桂中南部研究区内农田土壤硒含量与土壤的Al2O3、Fe2O3、有机碳呈正相关,与pH值呈负相关,旱地土壤相对于水田土壤富Al2O3、Fe2O3、有机质,低pH值,导致旱地土壤的硒含量高于水田土壤。据此表明,广西桂中南部地区农田土壤有利于种植富硒作物。     

土壤中硒的形态及其区分

用６个土样进行土壤中硒形态分组的研究，并应用ＸＡＤ－７树脂消除富里酸中有机物质的干扰后，测定其中的无机态硒，采用凝胶色谱技术研究富里酸组分中的有机态硒，本方法成功地定量区分了土壤中各种形态的硒。     

我国主要类型土壤的有效态硒及其与某些土壤性质的关系

Forty-eight soil profiles were sampled from different ecological and pedogeochemical areas of China and their available selenium (Av-Se) contents were determined. Results showed that the content of Av-Se in the profiles of soils in China ranged within 2.49~18.10 μg kg^-1, with a mean value of 10.01 μg kg^-1, and was in the sequence of Ferralisols > Luvisols > Isohumisols > Aridisols. The correlation analysis between Av-Se and the soil physical-chemical properties revealed that the correlations between Av-Se and O.M., CEC, Fe₂O₃, Al₂O₃, ignition loss, Co and Zn were positive at a highly significant level, but those between Av-Se and pH, base saturation, CaO, Ba and Sr were all negative at a highly significant level. The reason of some diseases related to the Se deficiency might be the leaching loss of selenium in some soils.     

大庆龙凤湿地土壤理化性质与硒元素分布关系研究

为了解大庆龙凤湿地土壤理化性质对硒的含量、形态与分布的影响,对大庆龙凤湿地保护区4个样区20个样点4个不同层次土样中硒的含量、形态、分布以及部分理化性质进行了研究。结果表明:大庆龙凤湿地土壤全硒含量为121～150μg/kg,由于硒淋溶流失的影响,随土壤深度的增加,全硒含量无明显变化;有效硒总量为22～28μg/kg,包括水溶态硒、交换态硒与富啡酸态硒三种形态。影响土壤硒的主要因素包括土壤有机质、土壤黏粒含量及pH值,其中土壤有机质、黏粒含量与硒含量之间存在正相关关系,土壤pH值与硒含量存在极显著的负相关关系。     

干湿交替灌溉对富硒土壤硒形态及水稻硒积累的影响

以自然富硒土壤为试材,采用盆栽试验,探讨了轻干湿交替、重干湿交替、正常管理和淹水状态下的土壤硒形态及水稻硒积累。结果表明:籽粒产量以轻干湿交替处理最高,比淹水处理高22.17%,二者差异显著。所有处理水稻不同部位的含硒量均表现为根(0.411~0.695mg/kg)茎(0.214~0.378mg/kg)叶(0.187~0.327mg/kg)谷壳(0.156~0.235mg/kg)籽粒(0.132~0.185mg/kg)。籽粒含硒量和土壤可溶态硒含量以重干湿交替处理最高,淹水处理最低,其中二者含硒量差异也达显著水平。土壤有效硒含量与水稻根、茎叶、谷壳和籽粒中硒含量均呈现显著或极显著正相关(0.939**,0.896**,0.793**,0.723*)。水稻根的硒吸收系数也以重干湿交替处理最高(0.438),淹水处理最低(0.259),表明干湿交替提高了水稻硒吸收能力。综合分析得出,干湿交替灌溉不但能提高水稻产量,还能提高稻米硒含量,且比正常管理节约用水,整体表现以轻干湿交替处理为最佳。     

若尔盖高原湿地土壤硒的数量、形态与分布

用连续浸提的方法研究了若尔盖高原4种湿地土壤(风沙土、草甸土、沼泽土和泥炭土)中硒的含量、形态、剖面分布及其影响因素,以期为该区人、畜缺硒症的防治积累科学资料。结果表明,该区土壤属于低硒环境,表层土壤全硒含量范围为65～260μg/kg。在各种形态硒中,水溶性硒仅占土壤全硒含量的1.12%～3.08%,交换态硒占2.91%～6.03%,有机态硒占10.28%～45.63%,酸溶态硒、硫化态硒和残余态硒3种无效态硒共占60%以上。在土壤有机态硒组成中,胡敏酸结合态硒(HA-Se)占有机态硒的57.84%,富里酸结合态硒(FA-Se)占42.16%。土壤总硒和有机态硒的含量与分布主要受土壤有机碳的影响,且其影响程度随着深度的不同而改变,湿地土壤丰富的有机碳有利于土壤有机态硒和总硒的积累。土壤总硒含量低、有机态硒的比例较高以及胡敏酸结合态硒占优势导致硒的生物利用率低,可能是该区域人、畜硒缺乏症发生的重要原因。     

上海不同地区土壤中硒的形态分布及其有效性研究

本文研究了上海不同地区土壤中硒的形态分布及其有效性,结果表明,土壤中硒的存在形态与土壤ｐＨ和有机质含量密切相关,土壤中硒主要以有机物－硫化物结合态及元素态存在,占总硒含量在４３～６０％,其次是残渣态,占２３～４３％,而其余三种形态仅占１２～２１％,统计分析表明,可溶态,可交换态及碳酸盐结合态硒对作物最有效,土壤有效硒的ＮａＨＣＯ３和ＫＨ２ＰＯ４浸提法都可以用作判断土壤对作物供硒能力的指标。     

祁连山不同混交度青海云杉林细根形态特征及与土壤理化性质的关系

[目的]揭示祁连山青海云杉中龄林细根分布与土壤环境的互作关系,明晰不同混交度下土壤养分对细根发育的贡献因子,为祁连山天然林抚育经营提供理论依据。[方法]采用根钻法对混交度为0,0.2,0.4,0.6的青海云杉中龄林进行细根取样,揭示不同土层细根形态特征,剖析了与土壤理化性质的关系。[结果]细根生物量集中分布在0—20 cm土层,0—20 cm的土层细根生物量密度、根长密度、根表面积密度、比根长、比表面积显著高于20—40 cm土层(p<0.05),混交度0.4的林分各土层细根形态指标最大。4种混交度林分各土层中全氮含量、全磷含量、速效钾含量、有机质含量随土层深度的增加呈降低趋势,且各土层均以混交度0.4为最高。细根的总生物量密度、根长密度、根表面积密度、比根长、比表面积与0—40 cm土层中土壤全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷、有机质、速效钾含量呈正相关,与全钾呈负相关关系。[结论]细根生物量密度变化主要受土壤全氮含量的影响,混交度0.4的青海云杉中龄林有较强的细根贡献和较好土壤肥力,更有利于群落稳定效益的发挥。     

丘陵红壤不同人工林型土壤微生物类群、酶活性与土壤理化性状关系的研究

在中国科学院红壤生态试验站优化农业生态模式的长期定位试验地选取恢复14年的常绿针叶林地(马尾松)、落叶阔叶林地(小叶栎)、针阔混交林地(湿地松-小叶栎)和自然恢复地(受到人为干扰)为样地,并以附近疏草荒地作为对照,研究了不同人工林型对土壤微生物类群、酶活性以及土壤理化性质的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,不同林型下土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌总数均有很大程度的增加,依次为针阔混交林>阔叶林>针叶林>自然恢复地>疏草荒地.土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性表现为阔叶林>针阔混交林>针叶林>自然恢复地>疏草荒地.在剖面分布上,土壤微生物类群和酶活性也有明显的层次差异,即随土层的增加而减少.在0～10 cm土层中,土壤细菌、真菌与脲酶、酸性磷酸酶之间具有显著或极显著相关性.土壤微生物类群和酶活性与土壤有机质、全氮和有效氮之间具有极显著相关性.     

基于PCA和SRRI的潮土土壤属性与田间光谱关系研究

应用光谱分析技术可以快速无损地对土壤属性进行定量分析,是提高农田管理效率的有效途径。使用ASD Field Hand Held光谱仪测定了46个潮土土样在田间环境中350～1075nm的光谱。采用主成分分析方法和逐步线性回归方法得到了土壤反射辐射指数(SRRI)。该指数描述了土壤属性对光谱的综合作用和反射辐射能的强弱程度。结果表明潮土pH和CEC与SOC、Fe2O3、Mn和TN等对光谱的影响是不同的。采用PCA和SRRI方法进行土壤属性的光谱估计,其结果精度优于偏最小二乘回归方法(PLS),而且利用土壤属性对SRRI的贡献可准确衡量光谱估计土壤属性的可行性。     

宁南山区土壤酶活性特征及其与肥力因子的关系

分析了黄土丘陵区土壤酶活性与土壤肥力因子之间的关系。相关分析结果表明,土壤有机质与全N、速效磷、速效钾等密切相关,同时与土壤几种酶活性有较好的相关性。土壤酶活性依赖于有机质,当有机质含量增加时,酶积极参与其转化分解过程,活性提高。脲酶、蔗糖酶活性与土壤N、P、K含量关系最大,土壤速效钾与蔗糖酶活性关系最大。通径分析结果表明:土壤肥力因子对脲酶活性的直接作用顺序为有机质>速效钾>速效氮>阳离子交换量>全N>速效磷>物理性黏粒>土壤pH。有机质是影响土壤脲酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性的主要因素,速效钾是影响蔗糖酶活性的最主要因素。     

硒砂瓜连作对土壤真菌群落结构的影响

硒砂瓜是宁夏地区重要的经济作物,其连作严重影响硒砂瓜产量和品质。目前硒砂瓜连作对土壤真菌群落结构的影响尚不清楚。本研究采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,探讨硒砂瓜连作对土壤真菌群落结构的影响。研究发现,硒砂瓜连作土壤中真菌群落多样性指数和丰富度指数随连作年限的增加先上升后下降。供试土壤样本中共检测到真菌8门、25纲、244属,其中子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、接合菌门（Zygomycota）是优势菌门,占90%以上。与对照相比,连作30年土壤中子囊菌门丰度下降32.51%,接合菌门丰度上升29.89%。供试土壤中真菌主要的优势属为被孢霉属（Mortierella）、绿僵菌属（Metarhiziun）、假霉样真菌属（Pseudallescheria）、镰刀菌属（Fusarium）和青霉属（Penicillium）。与对照相比,连作5年土壤中假霉样真菌属丰度增加45.81%,连作10年土壤中镰刀菌属丰度增加26.74%,连作15年土壤中绿僵菌属下降26.83%,连作20年土壤中青霉属增加29.68%,连作25年土壤中绿僵菌属减少18.30%,连作30年土壤中被孢霉属丰度上升29.89%。土壤理化性质与硒砂瓜连作年限间无显著相关性,而与土壤真菌群落结构存在显著的相关性。土壤全磷、碱解氮、有效磷含量是影响土壤真菌群落最主要的因素。研究结果表明,导致硒砂瓜连作障碍的主要原因不是土壤理化性质变化,而是土壤真菌群落结构的改变。研究结果可为硒砂瓜土传病害的生物防治提供参考依据。     

采煤沉陷后风沙土理化性质变化及其评价研究

对毛乌素沙地南缘补连塔矿采煤沉陷后风沙土理化性质的变化进行了研究。与对照区相比,沉陷2a间沉陷区土壤含水量普遍显著减小(p<0·05),而在沉陷2a后,沉陷区的地表沉陷边界处风沙土孔隙度显著增大(p<0·05),而容重、硬度显著减小(p<0·05),沉陷区局部地表开裂地段全氮、全磷含量显著减小(p<0·05),全钾与有机质含量无显著变化(p>0·05)。通过主成分分析得到研究区样地前2个主成分值的散点图,用以反映沉陷后风沙土理化性质的综合变异性,对采煤沉陷后土壤质量评价进行了探索。     

Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Pinus caribaea growth in relation to soil physico-chemical properties in plantation forests in Northern Nigeria

Abstract

The present study described the relationship between growth and soil physico-chemical properties in Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae) and Pinus caribaea (Pinaceae), two important species in Nigerian forest recovery programs. The study sites were located in a 17-year-old plantation in a Northern Nigeria forest reserve. The soils at the study sites were nutrient poor compared with other plantations. Growth of E. camaldulensis was positively correlated with exchangeable K content in soils 0–20 cm deep, and negatively correlated with total N and exchangeable Na in soils 20–150 cm deep. Growth of P. caribaea was positively correlated with available P in soils 0–20 cm deep, and volumetric water content in soils 20–150 cm deep. Soils in the top layers were very hard and plinthite layers were well developed at shallow soil depths at most sites. E. camaldulensis exhibited a comparatively high survival rate, and its growth was comparable to that in other plantations. However, the survival rates of P. caribaea were low and its growth was lower than that in other plantations. The survival rate of E. camaldulensis was lower at sites where plinthite layers were found within 50.8 cm of the surface. These results indicated that E. camaldulensis is suitable for afforestation in Northern Nigeria. However, it is not recommended for sites where the plinthite layer occurs at shallow soil depths.     

黄土丘陵区植被恢复中土壤团聚体演变及其与土壤性质的关系

在野外调查与室内分析的基础上,对黄土丘陵区典型草原带植被自然恢复过程中土壤水稳性团聚体及其主要影响因子的演变规律进行了研究,并用通径分析法对二者的相互关系进行了定量分析。结果表明:随着植被演替,土壤中大粒级水稳性团聚体含量逐步增加,>5mm粒级团聚体在土壤团粒结构中占主导地位,含量占50%~80%。其次是5~2mm含量,占到10%~15%左右。不同群落之间>5mm团聚体含量在2m深土层加权平均值比较结果为:大羽茅群落>长芒草群落>铁杆蒿群落>百里香群落>香茅草群落,其中大羽茅群落是香茅草群落>5mm团聚体含量的近5倍,长芒草群落也是香茅草群落的近4倍左右。主要影响因子对团聚体直接作用系数的大小为:物理性粘粒>有机质>全氮>全铁>阳离子交换量>全量铝>游离铁>全磷>pH值>粘粒>碳酸钙。物理性粘粒、有机质和全氮是影响水稳性团聚体含量的主要因子。     

Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Pinus caribaea growth in relation to soil physico-chemical properties in plantation forests in Northern Nigeria

The present study described the relationship between growth and soil physico-chemical properties in Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae) and Pinus caribaea (Pinaceae), two important species in Nigerian forest recovery programs. The study sites were located in a 17-year-old plantation in a Northern Nigeria forest reserve. The soils at the study sites were nutrient poor compared with other plantations. Growth of E. camaldulensis was positively correlated with exchangeable K content in soils 0–20 cm deep, and negatively correlated with total N and exchangeable Na in soils 20–150 cm deep. Growth of P. caribaea was positively correlated with available P in soils 0–20 cm deep, and volumetric water content in soils 20–150 cm deep. Soils in the top layers were very hard and plinthite layers were well developed at shallow soil depths at most sites. E. camaldulensis exhibited a comparatively high survival rate, and its growth was comparable to that in other plantations. However, the survival rates of P. caribaea were low and its growth was lower than that in other plantations. The survival rate of E. camaldulensis was lower at sites where plinthite layers were found within 50.8 cm of the surface. These results indicated that E. camaldulensis is suitable for afforestation in Northern Nigeria. However, it is not recommended for sites where the plinthite layer occurs at shallow soil depths.     

土壤性质与不同土壤Hg形态的关系

Correlation and path analysis methods were used to study the relationship between soil properties and the distribution of different soil Hg fractions with nine representative soils from Chongqing, China. Results showed that clay (< 2 m) could increase water-soluble Hg (r = 0.700*). Soil organic matter (OM) could enhance the increase of elemental Hg (r = 0.674*). The higher the base saturation percentage (BSP), the more the residual Hg (r = 0.684*). Organic Hg, the sum of acid-soluble organic Hg and alkali-soluble Hg, was positively affected by silt (2～20 μm) but negatively affected by pH, with the direct path coefficients amounting to 1.0487 and 0.5121, respectively. The positive effect of OM and negative effect of BSP on organic Hg were the most significant, with the direct path coefficients being 0.7614 and -0.8527, respectively. The indirect effect of clay (< 2 μm) via BSP (path coefficient = 0.4186) was the highest, showing that the real influencing factor in the effect of clay (< 2 μm) on acid-soluble organic Hg was BSP. Since the available Hg fraction, water-soluble Hg, was positively affected by soil clay content, and the quite immobile and not bioavailable residual Hg by soil BSP, suitable reduction of clay content and increase of BSP would be of much help to reduce the Hg availability and Hg activity in Hg-contaminated soils.