抗庆大霉素噬菌体抗体库的构建和筛选

本研究使用噬菌体抗体库技术筛选针对庆大霉素（gentamicin）的单链抗体。以抗庆大霉素杂交瘤细胞株（2A3）为基因来源构建scFv基因,连接至pCANTAB5E噬菌粒载体,通过电击转化TG1（Escherichia coli TG1）构建了库容量为6.5×106噬菌体单链抗体库。抗庆大霉素噬菌体单链抗体库进行三轮富集筛选,通过Phage-ELISA技术成功筛选出了9个抗庆大霉素噬菌体阳性克隆,为开发新型残留检测用抗体奠定了基础。     

抗猪脂肪细胞膜单链抗体基因的构建及鉴定

应用噬菌体展示技术，从猪脂肪细胞免疫的小鼠脾细胞mRNA中构建出单链抗体(scFv)cDNA文库。cDNA文库克隆到噬菌粒载体pCANTAB5E，转化E.coli TG1,通过噬菌体表面展示，用猪脂肪细胞对表达的重组噬菌体单链抗体文库进行3轮亲和富集，筛选出了猪脂肪细胞膜scFv，为今后的应用奠定了基础。     

Isolation by phage display of recombinant antibodies able to block adherence of Escherichia coli mediated by the K99 colonisation factor

K99 fimbriae are important for intestinal colonisation by bovine strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. The mode of action of this colonisation factor is well understood and specific immune responses are protective. K99 was therefore chosen for this study as a model to test if antibodies with anti-adhesion activity could be isolated from recombinant libraries using phage display techniques. Potentially, this strategy could be used to understand better the action of bacterial colonisation factors and aid the design of therapies (e.g. vaccines, purified protein products or bacteria bearing colonisation-blocking antibodies) to inhibit bacterial adherence. The major fimbrial subunit from K99, FanC, was purified from a clinical E. coli isolate. The protein was coated to plastic immunotubes and used as a target for selection of antibodies from the Tomlinson I and J libraries of single chain (scFv) antibodies. Clones able to recognise K99 were isolated by iterative rounds of binding, elution and amplification. scFv antibodies chosen from the resulting panel were purified and their specificity confirmed by ELISA. Pre-incubation of several scFvs with bacteria expressing K99 fimbriae inhibited the agglutination of erythrocytes. Further investigation by microscopy confirmed that when E. coli expressing K99 were exposed to scFv antibodies, the binding of bacteria to erythrocytes was blocked with high efficiency. The study showed that recombinant antibodies were able to block the action of a bacterial colonisation factor and hence that phage display techniques might be applied to the identification of less well-characterised virulence factors and the analysis of their structure and function.     

抗重组猪蛔虫抗原AD41蛋白鼠源性单链抗体库的构建及筛选

为了构建重组猪蛔虫抗原AD41蛋白鼠源性单链抗体库,试验用重组蛋白AD41抗原免疫接种Balb/c小鼠,提取小鼠脾脏总RNA,以总RNA为模板经RT-PCR合成cDNA,再以cDNA为模板,用小鼠免疫球蛋白重链和轻链设计引物,分别扩增重链和轻链可变区基因,利用SOE-PCR法将VH和VL片段随机拼接成单链抗体(ScFv)片段,将其克隆入质粒表达载体pCANTAB5E中,转化于大肠杆菌TG1,通过辅助噬菌体M13K07援救构建噬菌体单链抗体库。结果表明:从30个噬菌体克隆中筛选到25个阳性克隆。说明成功地构建了抗重组猪蛔虫抗原AD41蛋白鼠源性单链抗体库。     

抗猪流感噬菌体单链抗体库的构建与筛选

利用噬菌体展示技术构建猪流感病毒噬菌体抗体库,并筛选出猪流感高特异性、高亲和力的单链抗体(scFv)。以猪流感病毒免疫BALB/c小鼠,提取脾细胞总RNA,反转录后以cDNA为模板扩增获得VH基因和VL基因,并采用重叠延伸PCR(SOE-PCR),用柔性多肽Linker接头(Gly4Ser)按VH-Linker-VL方式将VH基因和VL基因拼接成scFv基因片段。将scFv基因和pCANTAB5E载体分别双酶切(SfiⅠ/NotⅠ)后连接,转化宿主菌TG1,经过辅助噬菌体M13K07拯救,构建噬菌体单链抗体库。以猪流感病毒为抗原包被96孔酶标板,经过3轮的亲和富集筛选,用Phage-ELISA鉴定阳性重组抗体。本研究成功构建出库容约为4×106cfu/mL抗猪流感病毒的单链抗体库,并筛选出4株特异性抗猪流感病毒的scFv抗体,能够与鼠源阳性多抗进行竞争结合猪流感病毒,为抗猪流感病毒转基因猪的研究奠定基础。     

噬菌体展示系统的构建及其在疾病防控领域应用研究进展

噬菌体展示技术作为目前应用广泛的展示抗体技术,逐渐成为生产基因工程抗体的重要工具。噬菌体展示技术是以噬菌体或噬菌粒为载体,通过将外源多肽基因整合到噬菌体基因中,以融合表达的形式将外源蛋白展示在噬菌体表面的分子生物学技术。近年来,噬菌体展示技术在抗体筛选领域的应用越来越广泛,与传统制备抗体的方法相比,噬菌体展示技术具有通量高、成本低、操作简单等特点,且通过该技术筛选得到的抗体不仅可在标签蛋白的辅助下进行选择和纯化,还可通过基因测序的方法得到单链抗体的完整基因序列。笔者首先对噬菌体抗体库进行分类,根据抗体的来源将噬菌体抗体库分为天然抗体库和免疫抗体库,通过免疫动物制备的抗体文库的特异性、抗体阳性率明显高于天然抗体文库;其次简述了噬菌体抗体库的构建流程,其中噬菌体表达载体的选择是展示技术的关键,整合了噬菌粒基因的辅助噬菌体侵染其特异性菌株,从而通过抗生素平板对该系统进行选择性筛选;最后讨论了噬菌体展示技术在疾病防控领域应用的研究进展,抗体的首次人源化使同源性抗体在临床上应用成为可能,后续用于预防和治疗病毒性疾病的动物同源性抗体的研发进一步证明了噬菌体展示技术用于生产诊断或潜在治疗试剂的能力。该综述主要聚焦于噬菌体展示系统的构建及其在疾病防控领域的应用,以期对后续通过噬菌体展示技术筛选单链抗体的应用提供指导。     

Experimental Haemonchus contortus infection in three breeds of sheep

Nine- to 10-month-old Florida Native, St. Croix and Dorset/Rambouillet sheep were infected with Haemonchus contortus. The primary infection was terminated by anthelmintic treatment 9 weeks later and animals were then reinfected with H. contortus. Dorset/Rambouillet sheep showed higher fecal egg counts and decreased packed cell volumes and plasma protein levels compared with the other two breeds during the primary infection. However, no breed differences were found in total worm burdens in either primary or secondary infection. Differences between breeds were also not detected in lymphocyte responsiveness to parasite antigen, H. contortus specific mucosal antibody levels, numbers of abomasal mast cells and globule leukocytes or abomasal histamine levels.     

Serodiagnosis of haemonchosis with a somatic antigen (Hc26) in several breeds of sheep.

Sera from 53 sheep belonging to Castellano, Churro, Manchego, and Merino breeds were analyzed to test the diagnostic value of a 26-kD antigen from adult Haemonchus contortus at prepatency and early and late patency of experimental haemonchosis. Animals that received zero, 1, or 2 infections with the parasite were tested. In addition, sera from 20 experimentally infected and 10 noninfected Texel sheep were used to test the antigen. Sera from 37 infected animals at prepatency as well as at patency in primary and secondary infection were found positive with the 26-kD antigen. However, sera from 10 animals with the lowest worm burdens (second infection) did not recognize the antigen during early patency (day 28 postinfection). IgG1 was the only isotype implicated in antigen recognition because IgG2, IgA, and IgM, in the same sera, showed no reactivity with the peptide. Antigen specificity was confirmed because hyperimmune sera against infective larvae and adult stages of the most common gastrointestinal nematodes found in natural infections in sheep (Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Teladorsagia circumcincta) did not recognize this peptide. The antigen was recognized only by anti-adult H. contortus hyperimmune sera and appeared to be absent in the L3 parasite stage. In addition, the partial N-terminal amino acid sequence of the diagnostic peptide is reported.     

Serum antibody response of Castellana sheep to Haemonchus contortus infection and challenge: relationship to abomasal worm burdens

Primary and secondary serum antibody responses to Haemonchus contortus were studied in Castellana sheep. Ten-month-old sheep were infected (200 L3/kg live weight (lw)) and challenged (400 L3/kg lw) or uninfected and equally challenged with H. contortus. Primary infections induced a partially protective response upon challenge, characterized by higher serum protein levels, longer prepatent periods, lower fecal egg counts, and significant reduction in the establishment rate of the parasite and abomasal adult and L4 worm burdens. The resistant status of the infected and challenged sheep was not clearly related either to the serum specific antibody levels (IgG: IgG1, IgG2; IgM; IgA) estimated by ELISA or to immunodetection patterns in the Western blots.     

天然鼠源噬菌体单链抗体库的构建

噬菌体展示技术是一项利用丝状噬菌体体外表达外源基因的新技术。它模拟动物体内抗体的形成过程，将抗体片段呈现在噬菌体表面，建成噬菌体抗体库，用与亲和层析相类似的原理，从抗体库中筛选出特异性噬菌体抗体，为制备人和动物用抗体提供了极为有效的手段。单链抗体是利用基因工程技术，由一个DNA片段(Linker)将抗体重链、     

Isolation of Lawsonia intracellularis specific single-chain Fv antibody fragments from phage display library

Single-chain antibodies (scFv) exhibiting specific binding to Lawsonia intracellularis were isolated from a phagemid library expressing scFvs molecules on the surface of filamentous bacteriophages. For scFv selection whole bacterial cells were used and individual clones were tested in ELISA test. The total of seven unique clones with different fingerprint profiles was isolated. All clones were able to bind specifically in immunofluorescence assay. This is the first report of species specific recombinant antibodies against L. intracellularis.     

Comparative experimental Haemonchus contortus infection of two sheep breeds native to the Canary Islands

This study compares the susceptibility to Haemonchus contortus infection in two breeds of sheep endemic to the Canary Islands, the Canaria Hair Breed sheep and the Canaria sheep. Sheep were experimentally infected with 20,000 larvae of H. contortus and animals killed on days 7 and 28 post-infection. No difference between sheep breeds were detected in immature worm counts at days 7 or 28 post-infection. However, in comparison to the Canaria sheep breed, the Canaria Hair Breed sheep showed lower mean faecal egg counts, lower adult worm counts, lower number of eggs in utero and female worm stunting. Overall, these data suggest that the Canaria Hair Breed sheep has a greater resistance to H. contortus infection than Canaria sheep, and that this resistance may act at the level of the adult parasite.     

Phage display selection and characterization of single-chain recombinant antibodies against Eimeria tenella sporozoites

A single-chain antibody library against Eimeria tenella sporozoites was constructed by phage display. Antibody-displaying phage was selected in five panning rounds against cryopreserved E. tenella sporozoites. A 1000-fold increase in phage output and a 3000-fold enrichment were obtained after three rounds of panning, as the binding clones became the dominant population in the library. Ten clones were randomly selected from the last selection round, and their nucleotide sequences were aligned and compared to chicken germ-line sequences. Analysis of the light chain variable regions revealed possible donor pseudogenes which act as donors in gene conversion events, and contribute to the diversification of the V(L) immune repertoire. Possible somatic hypermutation events, a consequence of affinity maturation, were also identified. Soluble antibody was produced in a non-suppressor E. coli strain, purified by nickel affinity chromatography, and characterized by immunoblotting. In an immunofluorescence assay, this recombinant antibody showed specific binding to E. tenella sporozoites.     

抗H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感猴源噬菌体scFv的构建和表达

为探索治疗禽流感的方法,本实验从免疫H5N1亚型禽流感疫苗的猕猴淋巴细胞中提取总mRNA并扩增重链和轻链可变区(VH、Vλ和Vκ),用重叠延伸PCR方法构建VH-Linker-Vλ和VH-Linker-Vκ形式的单链抗体(scFv),采用噬菌体展示技术构建了噬菌体抗体库,从2.2×106的噬菌体库中淘选得到具有较高亲和力的H6株scFv,并通过ELISA、SDS-PAGE、western blot、间接免疫荧光(IFA)和竞争抑制ELISA对其进行鉴定,证实所获得的scFv为32ku,并且能与病毒发生特异性结合。IgBlast序列分析发现,所得到的scFv基因Vλ与人免疫球蛋白胚系基因同源性达91.5%,而VH同源性为75%。本研究所得到的猴源抗体可变区为人源化抗体的构建以及禽流感的治疗奠定了基础。     

A dominant antigenic epitope on SARS-CoV spike protein identified by an avian single-chain variable fragment (scFv)-expressing phage

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly emergent human disease, which requires rapid diagnosis and effective therapy. Among antibody sources, immunoglobulin Y (IgY) is the major antibody found in chicken eggs and can be used as an alternative to mammalian antibodies normally used in research and immunotherapy. In this study, phage-expressing chicken monoclonal scFv antibody was chosen and characterized with phage display antibody technology. Truncated fragments of SARS-CoV spike protein were cloned in pET-21 vector and expressed in BL-21 Escherichia coli (E. coli) cells. After purification, the purity of these recombinant spike proteins was examined on SDS-PAGE and their identity verified with Western blot analysis using anti-his antibodies and sera from convalescent stage SARS-CoV-infected patients. Using these bacteria-derived proteins to immunize chickens, it was found that polyclonal IgY antibodies in the egg yolk and sera were highly reactive to the immunogens, as shown by Western blot and immunocytochemical staining analysis. A phage displaying scFv library was also established from spleen B cells of immunized chicken with 5 x 10(7) clones. After four panning cycles, the eluted phage titer showed a 10-fold increase. In sequence analysis with chicken germline gene, five phage clones reacted, with large dissimilarities of between 31 and 62%, in the complementarity-determining regions, one dominant phage 4S1 had strong binding to fragment Se-e, located between amino acid residues 456-650 of the spike protein and this particular phage had significantly strong binding to SARS-CoV-infected Vero E6 cells. Based on the results, we conclude that generating specific scFv-expressing phage binders with the phage display system can be successfully achieved and that this knowledge can be applied in clinical or academic research.     

Immunoprotective effect of cysteine proteinase fractions from two Haemonchus contortus strains adapted to sheep and goats

A preliminary analysis of the significance of genetic diversity in cysteine proteinase genes has been performed simultaneously in sheep and goats, with regard to the immunological control using these enzymes against haemonchosis. For this purpose, we have studied the cross-immunoprotective effect of cysteine protease-enriched protein fractions (CPFs) in adult worms of two Haemonchus contortus strains from North America and Spain that are adapted to sheep and goats, respectively. Previous genetic analysis of cysteine proteinase genes in both strains has shown that some of loci are polymorphic and these differences are translated into changes in the amino acid sequences. However, our results show that CPFs from H. contortus adult worms have a protective effect against the parasite in both sheep and goats. These results are similar regardless of whether they were obtained from sheep or goat-adapted H. contortus strains, which could be very important in case H. contortus CPFs were commercially used in different countries, as vaccines to prevent the negative effects of this parasite. Interestingly, this experimental inoculation of both species with a heterologous strain of H. contortus contributes to the idea shown in previous studies about how difficult is the interpretation and the comparison of vaccination where strains not adapted to a specific host are used. Therefore, the challenger of using heterologous strains could provide similar results to those observed in immunised animals. This study suggests the possibility of exploring the mechanisms involved in natural protection against non-adapted strains, in order to develop strategies to control haemonchosis.     

Immunoglobulin genes and diversity: what we have learned from domestic animals

ABSTRACT: This review focuses on the diversity of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes and Ig isotypes that are expressed in domestic animals. Four livestock species--cattle, sheep, pigs, and horses--express a full range of Ig heavy chains (IgHs), including mu, delta, gamma, epsilon, and alpha. Two poultry species (chickens and ducks) express three IgH isotypes, mu, upsilon, and alpha, but not delta. The kappa and lambda light chains are both utilized in the four livestock species, but only the lambda chain is expressed in poultry. V(D)J recombination, somatic hypermutation (SHM) and gene conversion (GC) are three distinct mechanisms by which immunoglobulin variable region diversity is generated. Different domestic animals may use distinct means to diversify rearranged variable regions of Ig genes.     

Effectiveness of clean grazing strategies in controlling Haemonchus contortus infections in sheep in the United Kingdom

The effectiveness of clean grazing systems for controlling the sheep abomasal parasite Haemonchus contortus under experimental conditions was monitored for a grazing season in ewes and lambs carrying either benzimidazole-susceptible or resistant populations of the parasite. Both preventive and evasive strategies failed to give effective control of H contortus. Lambs grazing with ewes that had received no anthelmintic showed clinical signs of haemonchosis by early July. Lambs from ewes dosed with a benzimidazole (mebendazole) before turn out, developed clinical signs of haemonchosis later in the season. The presence of anthelmintic resistant genotypes had a significant effect on the appearance of clinical signs, and on the epidemiology and control of disease. It was concluded that alternative worm control strategies will be required for the effective control of H contortus in the United Kingdom.     

Fibrinogen-degrading proteins from Haemonchus contortus used to vaccinate sheep.

Sixteen nonsibling sheep, approximately 12 months old, that were raised in a helminth-free environment, were used for 2 protection studies 6 months apart. Sheep were vaccinated weekly for 5 weeks by IM injection of fibrinogen-degrading proteins derived from the intestinal tract of adult Haemonchus contortus. Ten days after the last vaccination, sheep were given 2,500 infective H contortus larvae by intraruminal injection. Vaccinated sheep produced specific antibodies, and were protected from the worm challenge. Significant differences in mean fecal worm egg counts for 56 days after worm challenge, in mean numbers of H contortus worms, and female fecundity ratios at necropsy were detected in vaccinated sheep, compared with those in control sheep. These data suggest that the fibrinogen-degrading proteins have a protective role in vaccination of sheep against H contortus.