Formulation and sensory evaluation of Prosopis alba (Algarrobo) pulp cookies with increased iron and calcium dialyzabilities

Prosopis alba (algarrobo) is an important indigenous specie, which fruits are used as food and feed since ancient times. Cookies containing algarrobo pulp (AP) with increased iron and calcium availabilities were formulated and sensory evaluated. AP is preferred as food ingredient because of its high sugar content and pleasant flavour. Formulated cookies mean proximal composition was 8.9 g/100 g protein, 7.2 g/100 g dietary fiber, 25 g/100 g total sugar, and 18.5 g/100 g crude fat with iron and calcium contents 30 ppm and 340 ppm, respectively. Ascorbic (AA) and citric (CA) acids at different mM acid: mM Fe were added in order to increase mineral availabilities being evaluated by an in vitro method. Those ratios were 5:1 and 10:1 for AA:Fe whereas for CA:Fe were 50:1 and 100:1 and combinations of them. After chosen the best AA:Fe and CA:Fe ratios (5:1 and 50:1, respectively), sensory evaluation with trained sensory panel and a consumer acceptability test with one hundred and seventy untrained judges were carried out. Acceptability test showed that 77.65% of the people (< 25 years old 41.76%, 25-50 years old 20.00% and > 50 years old 15.89%) tasting final formulated cookies indicated that they "like very much" or "moderately like" and there were not consumers rejecting them.     

Use of Ascorbic and Citric Acids to Increase Dialyzable Iron From Vinal (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Prosopis ruscifolia</Emphasis>) Pulp

Vinal (Prosopis ruscifolia) is an ecologically important wild leguminous tree that grows spontaneously in Argentine deforested lands, the fruit of which is consumed by humans and animals. Because considerable iron content with low to intermediate availability has been previously reported in vinal pulps, its enhancement would be of interest. Iron availability was determined as iron dialyzability using an in vitro technique. Response surface methodology was used to evaluate iron availability increase after adding ascorbic and/or citric acids to vinal pulp at different mM acid/mM Fe ratios. Those ratios ranged from 0.05:1 to 9.95:1 and from 0.5:1 to 99.5:1 for ascorbic acid/Fe (AA:Fe) and citric acid/Fe (CA:Fe), respectively. The obtained second- and first-order polynomial equations showed that AA:Fe and CA:Fe molar ratios linear terms had a significant effect on iron dialyzability increase (P 0.05). It was possible to enhance iron availability to a maximum of 4.6 times. Additional confirmatory experiments were made adding the same organic acids to different vinal pulps and to a traditional cake prepared with vinal pulp called patay. There were no significant differences (p <0.05) between predicted values obtained by the model and experimental results.     

Variability of Nutritional and Cooking Quality in Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) as a Function of Genotype

Screening of natural biodiversity for the better quality traits are of prime importance for quality breeding programs. The objective of this investigation was to select candidate accession of bean having high concentrations of protein as well as macro and micro minerals with good cooking quality for use as parents in breeding programme for these compounds. Thirty-five accessions of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) were field grown and their seeds were analyzed for their cooking quality and nutritional composition. Wide variations were observed in most of the measurements e.g. protein (18.7–26.2%), iron (79.4–137.6 ppm) and hardness after cooking (4.65–9.88 Kg) suggesting that there are considerable levels of genetic diversity. Across all accessions the concentration of potassium was negatively correlated with protein (r = −0.43, P < 0.05). Concentrations of protein was significantly greater in accessions VIII, XIII and XIX compared to other accessions analyzed. Iron concentrations were greatest (137 ppm) in XIX and lowest (79 ppm) in XXVII. Lines with less cooking time were line III, X, XXVI, XXX and XXXI. Bean line XIX contains high protein (24.9%) with high zinc (33.3 ppm) and highest iron (137.6 ppm), but it has high hardness after cooking (7.32 kg). Four clusters were computed by cluster analysis that explained quite a good variation in the traits. The great variability for these attributes suggests that these selected accessions may be useful as parents in hybridization programs to produce bean with value-added traits. This information was also potentially useful for pulse breeders working on the development of new varieties.     

Gluten-Free Breads and Cookies of Raw and Popped Amaranth Flours with Attractive Technological and Nutritional Qualities

Gluten-free bakery foodstuffs are a challenge for technologists and nutritionists since alternative ingredients used in their formulations have poor functional and nutritional properties. Therefore, gluten-free bread and cookies using raw and popped amaranth, a grain with high quality nutrients and promising functional properties, were formulated looking for the best combinations. The best formulation for bread included 60–70% popped amaranth flour and 30–40% raw amaranth flour which produced loaves with homogeneous crumb and higher specific volume (3.5 ml/g) than with other gluten-free breads. The best cookies recipe had 20% of popped amaranth flour and 13% of whole-grain popped amaranth. The expansion factor was similar to starch-based controls and the hardness was similar (10.88 N) to other gluten-free cookies. Gluten content of the final products was around 12 ppm. The functionality of amaranth-based doughs was acceptable although hydrocolloids were not added and the final gluten-free products had a high nutritional value.     

Identification of potato interspecific hybrids resistant toVerticillium wilt and determination of criteria for resistance assessment

Summary Verticillium dahliae causes potato (Solanum tuberosum) early dying disease. Interspecific hybrids containingS. tuberosum, S. berthaultii, S. bukasovii, S. chacoense, S. gourlayi, S. sparsipilum andS. tarijense were identified with resistance toV. dahliae. Clones were grown in replicated trials for three years in a plot containing approximately 50 colony forming units (cfu)V. dahliae per g soil. Clones were evaluated for vine maturity, early dying symptoms and stem colonization. Five resistant 2x clones were identified with early maturity and low levels of stem colonization. A single maturity score and one disease score, each obtained in mid-August, were sufficient to distinguish among clones. An effective threshold level for considering a stem to be infected was determined to be 25 cfu/100 μl sap. Early dying symptoms did not correlate strongly with stem colonization. Numerous stems must be sampled when making resistance assessments. The average cfu/100 μl sap correlated strongly with the number of infected stems.     

The effect of seed-and soilborne inoculum ofColletotrichum coccodes on the incidence of black dot on potatoes

Summary Soil in a potato field naturally infested with black dot (Colletotrichum coccodes) was fumigated with methyl bromide at 126 g m⁻² or left unfumigated. Potato seed tubers (cv. BP1) uninfected, lightly infected (1–25% surface affected), severely infected (26–100% surface affected) and severely infected withC. coccodes but dusted with prochloraz manganese chloride as Octave 2.5% DP at 750 g per 100 kg seed were planted in fumigated and unfumigated soil. When harvested, the incidence of black dot on the progeny of infected seed planted in unfumigated soil was twice that of progeny in fumigated soil, with progeny of uninfected seed having a 68.5 times higher disease incidence in unfumigated soil. Black dot on progeny tubers was reduced by pre-treatment of seed with prochloraz in fumigated soil only. With black dot infested fields, planting disease-free seed or treating seed with fungicides would not decrease disease on progeny tubers.     

Antioxidant and Antimutagenic Activities of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Randia echinocarpa</Emphasis> Fruit

We report for the first time the antioxidant and antimutagenic activities of fractions from Randia echinocarpa fruit, which is a Rubiaceae plant native to Sinaloa, Mexico. This fruit has been traditionally used in the prevention or treatment of cancer, among other diseases. The pulp of the fruit was sequentially extracted with solvents of different polarity (i.e. hexane, chloroform, methanol and water). A high extraction yield was obtained with methanol (72.17% d.w.). The aqueous extract showed the highest content of phenolics (2.27 mg/g as ferulic acid equivalents) and the highest antioxidant activity based on the β-carotene bleaching method (486.15). The commercial antioxidant BHT was used as control (835.05). Antimutagenic activity of the aqueous extract (0–500 μg/tube) was evaluated using the Salmonella microsuspension assay (YG1024 strain) and 1-NP as the mutagen (50 and 100 ng/tube). The aqueous extract was neither toxic nor mutagenic and the percentage of inhibition on 1-NP mutagenicity was 32 and 53% at doses of 50 and 100 ng/tube, respectively. The results of the double incubation assay suggest that the extract inhibited the mutagenicity of 1-NP by a combination of desmutagenic and bioantimutagenic effects.     

Carotenoid Composition of Jackfruit (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Artocarpus heterophyllus</Emphasis>), Determined by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS

Carotenoids are pigments responsible for the yellow-reddish color of many foods and are related to important functions and physiological actions, preventing several chronic-degenerative diseases. The objective of this study was to confirm the carotenoid composition of jackfruit by high-performance liquid chromatography connected to photodiode array and mass spectrometry detectors (HPLC-PDA-MS/MS). The main carotenoids were all-trans-lutein (24–44%), all-trans-β-carotene (24–30%), all-trans-neoxanthin (4–19%), 9-cis-neoxanthin (4–9%) and 9-cis-violaxanthin (4–10%). Either qualitative or quantitative differences, mainly related to the lutein proportion, were found among three batches of jackfruit. Since the fruits from batch A showed significantly lower contents for almost all carotenoids, it also had the lowest total carotenoid content (34.1 μg/100 g) and provitamin A value, whereas the total carotenoid ranged from 129.0 to 150.3 μg/100 g in the other batches. The provitamin A values from batches B and C were 3.3 and 4.3 μg RAE/100 g, respectively. The carotenoid composition of jackfruit was successfully determined, where 14 of the 18 identified carotenoids were reported for first time. Differences among batches may be due to genetic and/or agricultural factors.     

Physicochemical,Nutritional and Antibacterial Characteristics of the Fruit of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bromelia pinguin</Emphasis> L.

Bromelia pinguin L. is a plant native to Sinaloa, Mexico, where its fruit is used as food or as a phytotherapeutic agent. The fruits of B. pinguin were characterized and they could be considered as a functional food. These fruits show an average weight of 13.7 g and a yellow color of high luminosity (b* = 43.2, L* = 74.5). The values for acidity (4.6%, as citric acid) and pH (3.7) of B. pinguin fruit are similar to those of citrics. The edible portion is characterized by a high content of vitamin C (126 mg/100 g), ash (10.6 g/100 g d.w.), crude fiber (3.4 g/100 g d.w.), calcium (1290 mg/100 g d.w.), magnesium (500 mg/100 g d.w.), manganese (2.95 mg/100 g d.w.) and it is a good source of zinc (2.8 mg/100 g d.w.). Polar fractions extracted from the pulp fruit showed activity against several genera of human pathogenic-bacteria (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia and Pseudomonas).     

Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of chestnut (Castanea sativa) shell and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) bark extracts

Chestnut (Castanea sativa) shell and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) bark, waste products of the food and wood industries, respectively, were analysed as potential sources of antioxidant compounds. The extraction yield, the antioxidant activity and total phenols content of the extracts were greater in chestnut shell than in eucalyptus bark for most of the extraction conditions essayed. Extraction of chestnut shell with a 2.5% Na₂SO₃ aqueous solution led to the highest extraction yield, 25.6%, total phenols, 13.4 g gallic acid equivalent/100 g oven-dried shell, and FRAP antioxidant activity, 80.7 mmol ascorbic acid equivalent/100 g oven-dried shell. Extraction with methanol:water (50:50, v/v) provided the best results for eucalyptus bark. The antioxidant activity and the total phenols content of the extracts had a positive linear correlation. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the higher content of phenolic compounds in chestnut shell extracts compared to eucalyptus bark extracts. Chestnut shell extracts were characterized by the presence of high molecular weight species whereas lower molecular weight species were predominant in eucalyptus bark extracts.     

Chemical composition and functional properties of blends of maize and bambara groundnut flours for cookie production

Chemical composition and functional properties of flour blends containing various levels of maize (100–0%) and bambara groundnut (0–100%) were studied. The resultant blends were high in protein, carbohydrate and caloric value. The blends contained fair amounts of Ca, P and K but were low in Na and Fe. The oil and water absorption capacities of the blends were fairly high ranging from 3.65 to 3.81 g oil/g sample and 3.40 to 3.80 g water/g sample, respectively. The gelation concentration of the blends tended to increase with increase in amount of maize flour in the blend. On the other hand, increasing the level of maize flour in the blends considerably reduced the foaming capacities of the blends. The flour blends had good emulsifying properties. Cookies prepared from the blends contained proteins ranging from 10.9 to 21.65% The cookies had good spread and were significantly lighter than the wheat control cookies. Sensory evaluation scores for cookies showed that the best level of combination was 75% maize flour and 25% bambara groundnut flour.     

A method of testing the effect of antibacterial compounds on bacterial soft rot of potatoes,and results for preparations of dichlorophen and sodium hypochlorite

Summary A product containing dichlorophen as the main active ingredient was bacteriostatic against, strains ofErwinia carotovora and pectolytic clostridia in culture at concentrations equivalent to 25 mg/litre and 30 mg/litre respectively of dichlorophen. An aqueous solution of the product containing 200 mg/litre dichlorophen was rapidly bactericidal toE. carotovora var.atroseptica but a solution containing 2.3 g/litre a.i. failed to kill spores of a pectolytic clostridium. Immersion of tubers in a solution containing 200 mg/litre dichlorophen gave a concentration of about 53 mg/kg in the peel. Formulations applied as dips or sprays at concentrations of up to 2.3 g/litre dichlorophen failed to reduce the incidence of soft rot in tubers stored under <1% O₂ in N₂ at 100% relative humidity and 20 C for up to 11 days. BothE. carotovora and pectolytic clostridia were isolated from rots occurring after treatment of tubers with 2 g litre dichlorophen. Solutions of sodium hypochlorite (0.6–2 g litre free chlorine, pH 9.4–9.7) reduced the incidence of soft rot in unwounded tubers stored in the above conditions.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausl?sen der bakteriellen Nassf?ule in Kartoffeln wird weitgehend durch die Umweltbedingungen, besonders durch das Vorhandensein eines Wasserfilms und die nachfolgende Ersch?pfung des Sauerstoffes in den Knollen, bestimmt. Um den Einfluss antibakterieller Pr?parate auf die Nassf?ule an Kartoffeln in einem Labortest zu bewerten, k?nnen Knollen in einer Atmosph?re von <1% O₂ in N₂, bei 100% rel. Feuchtigkeit und 20 C zum Faulen gebracht werden. Dichlorophen wurde unter dem Pesticides Safety Precautions Scheme in Grossbritannien als Spray oder Bad mit einer Konzentration von nicht mehr als 2 g/l für die Anwendung an Kartoffeln nach der Ernte freigegeben. Der Einfluss einer Handelsformel. die 100 g/l Dichlorophen enth?lt (Formulierung 1), auf St?mme vonErwinia carotovora und auf pektinolytische Clostridien wurde, untersucht. Der Einfluss von 4 Formulierungen (1–4) von Dichlorophen auf die bakterielle Nassf?ule von Kartoffeln wurde mit jenem von Natriumhypochlorit-L?sungen verglichen. Die kleinsten hemmenden Konzentrationen der Formulierung 1 gegen 10 St?mme vonE. carotovora und 6 St?mme von pektinolytischemClostridium spp. waren ?quivalent mit 25 bzw. 3 mg/l Dichlorophen. Eine L?sung dieses Produktes mit 0.2 g/l Dichlorophen war bei 10⁸ ml¹ E. carotovora var.atroseptica (E. atroseptica) in 30 Sekunden t?dlich. aber eine L?sung mit 2.3 g/l Dichlorophen konnte die Sporen eines pektinolytischen Clostridiums in 30 Minuten nicht t?ten. Eintauchen von Knollen der Sorte Désirée in eine 0.2 g/l Dichlorophen enthaltende L?sung ergab eine Konzentration in der Schale von ungel?hr 53 mg/kg. Formulierung 1 mit 0.2–2.3 g/l Dichlorophen, als Bad (Dauer 2–30 Minuten) angewendet, brachte keine nachfolgende Abnahme der Nassf?ule bei unverletzten oder verletzten Knollen mit oder ohne vorherige Inokulation mitE. atroseptica (Tabellen 1 und 2). Drei weitere Formulierungen, bei denen unverletzte Knollen w?hrend 2 Minuten in ein Bad mit bis zu 2 g/l Dichlorophen (Formulierungen 2 und 3) oder bis zu 4 g/l Duchlorophen (Formulierung 4) eingetaucht wurden, ergaben keine Verringerung des Umfangs an Nassf?ule. SowohlE. carotovora als auch pektinolytisches Clostridium wurden aus F?ulnisstellen in Knollen isoliert, die mit einer 2.3 g/l Dichlorophen enthaltenden L?sung behandelt waren. Eintauchen von Knollen in L?sungen von Natriumhypochlorit (0.6 g/l aktives Chlor, pH 9.4-2 g/l aktives Chlor, pH 9.7) senkte das Ausmass an Nassf?ule, die in den Lentizellen ihren Anfang nahm. Eine vollst?ndige Bek?mpfung wurde aber nicht erreicht (Tabelle 3). Anwendung der Formulierungen 1 und 4 als Spray mit 2 g/l Dichlorophen zu Kartoffeln, die über einen Walztisch rollten, zeigten keinerlei Abnahme der Nassf?ule, wenn die Kartoffeln nachher unter den Testbedingungen im Labor bebrütet wurden (Tabelle 4).

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Résumé Le développement des pourritures molles sur pomme de terre est largement influencé par des conditions d'environnement, plus particuliérement par la présence d'un film d'eau, et par voie de conséquence, par l'absence d'oxygéne autour des tubercules. En fonction de cela, et afin d'évaluer l'effet de composés bactéricides sur la pourriture molle de la pomme de terre par un test au laboratoire, les tubercules peuvent être mis à incuber dans une atmosphère contenant moins de 1% d'O₂ dans l'azote, à 100% d'humidité relative à 20°C de manière à induire les pourritures. Le dichlorophen a été utilisé selon les consignes de sécurité relatives à l'emploi des pesticides après récolte sur pomme de terre, par pulvérisation ou trempage à une concentration ne dépassant pas 2 g/l; l'effet d'une formulation commerciale contenant 100 g/l de dichlorophen (Formulation 1) a été étudié sur des souchesd Erwinia carotovora et sur desClostridium pectinolytiques. l'effet de 4 formulations (1–4) de dichlorophen sur pourriture molle des pommes de terre a été comparé à celui obtenu avec 4 solutions d'hypochlorite de sodium. Pour la formation 1, les concentrations minimales qui se sont révélées inhibitrices à l'égard de 10 souches d'E. carotovora et 6 souches deClostridium spp. pectinolytiques étaient équivalentes respectivement à 25 et 3 mg/l de dichlorophen. Une solution de ce produit, comprenant 0,2 g/l de dichlorophen, s'est révélée létale à 10⁸ ml¹, vis-à-vis d'E. carotovora var.atroseptica (E. atroseptica) en 30 secondes, tandis qu'une solution contenant 2.3 g/l de dichlorophen n'a pu détruire les spores de clostridium pectinolytiques en 30 minutes. Le trempage des tubercules de la variété Désirée dans une solution contenant 0,2 g/l de dichlorophen a donné une concentration dans les pelures de pomme de terre de l'ordre de 53 mg/kg: la formulation 1 appliquée en trempage et contenant 0,2–2,3 g/l de dichlorophen pendant 2–3 minutes ne permet pas d'obtenir une diminution des pourritures molles pour les tubercules non blessés ou blessés, avec ou sans inoculation préalable parE. atroseptica (tableaux 1 et 2). Trois autres formulations contenant jusqu' à 2 g/l de dichlorophen (formulations 2 et 3) ou jusqu' à 4 g/l de dichlorophen (formulation 4) et utilisées en trempage pendant 2 minutes pour des tubercules non blessés ne peuvent diminuer la quantité de pourritures bactériennes. E. carotovora et les clostridium pectinolytiques ont été isolées à partir des pourritures provenant des tubercules ayant été traités avec une solution à 2,3 g/l de dichlorophen. L'immersion de tubercules dans des solutions d'hypochlorite de sodium (0.6 g/l de chlore, pH 9,4–2 g/l de chlore, pH 9.7) a permis de diminuer la quantité de pourriture molle lenticellaire, mais n'a pas permis d'obtenir un contr?le total (tableua 3). L'application par pulvérisation des formulations 1 et 4 contenant 2 g/l de dichlorophen sur les pommes de terre passant sur une table de visite à rouleaux n'a permis aucune diminution de pourriture aprés incubation des pommes de terre dans les conditions de test au laboratoire (tableau 4).

     

Antioxidant Capacity and Antimutagenic Activity of Natural Oleoresin from Greenhouse Grown Tomatoes (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lycopersicon esculentum</Emphasis>)

Natural oleoresins rich in lycopene were obtained from two varieties of tomato (Zedona and Gironda) and their nutraceutical potential (antioxidant and antimutagenic capacity) was evaluated. Both oleoresins had a high content of lycopene, 58.33 ± 1.67 mg/g (Zedona) and 63.97 ± 0.80 mg/g (Gironda). The antioxidant activity (AA) of the oleoresins by β-carotene method were 56.4–74.5% (Zedona) and 51–72.8% (Gironda), while when using the free radical stable 2,2-diphenyl-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) method, the antiradical activity (ARA) was determined to be 18.2–32.7% (Zedona) and 16.6–26.7% (Gironda) for the concentrations tested that of 200–400 μM equivalents of lycopene. The antimutagenic activity of the oleoresins was tested against aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) using the microsuspension assay, both varieties had a very high antimutagenic potential against AFB₁ (60–66%).These results suggest the NCRT can be taken advantage to obtaining rich oleoresin in lycopene with a nutraceutical value.     

Antioxidative and Anticancer Activity of Extracts of Cherry (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus serrulata</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">spontanea</Emphasis>) Blossoms

Organic solvent (methanol, ethanol, and acetone) extracts and water extracts of cherry (Prunus serrulata var. spontanea) blossoms were prepared, and antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated. Methanolic CBE (100 μg/ml) showed the highest total phenol content (104.30 μM), radical scavenging activity (34.2%), and reducing power (0.391). The effect of CBE on DNA damage induced by H₂O₂ in human leukocytes was evaluated by Comet assay. All CBE was a potent dose dependent inhibitor of DNA damage induced by 200 μM of H₂O₂, methanolic CBE showed the most strong inhibition activity. The methanolic CBE of 500 μg/ml showed 38.8% inhibition against growth of human colon cancer cell line HT-29. These results indicated that cherry blossoms could provide valuable bioactive materials.     

Simple linear relationship between dry matter,specific gravity,and tissue specific gravity in a diploid potato breeding population

Summary Two hundred clones were randomly selected in 1988 and in 1989 from a hybrid population ofSolanum phureja andSolanum stenotomum to determine the relationship between specific gravity (SG) and percent dry matter (%DM), and between tissue specific gravity (TSG) and %DM. The objectives were: (1) to determine the dry matter prediction equation for a diploid potato population, (2) to determine whether estimates of %DM and efficiency of selection for %DM could be improved by measuring TSG, and (3) to determine the influence of year on the estimates. In 1988 the prediction equation for the relationship between %DM and SG was %DM=198.71 (SG-191.30,r=0.85. Ranges and means for the variables were: (1) %DM: 16.99–32.67, mean 25.16; (2) SG: 1.054–1.122, mean 1.089. In 1989 the relationship of %DM and SG was predicted as %DM=194.46(SG)-187.53,r=0.87; whereas the relationship of %DM and TSG was predicted as %DM=196.77(TSG)-192.91,r=0.87. Ranges and means for the variables were: (1) %DM: 10.68–34.57, mean 21.32; (2) SG: 1.030–1.122, mean 1.074; (3) TSG: 1.046–1.141, mean 1.089. Slopes were not significantly different between any of the prediction equations, but intercepts were significantly different. Estimates of %DM were not improved by measuring TSG. Year did influence the relationship between %DM and SG.     

Evaluation of treatments with hot water,chemicals and ventilated containers to reduce microbial spoilage in irradiated potatoes

Summary Potatoes irradiated to control sprouting were dipped in: hot water (56°C, 5 min; 52°C, 10, 15 and 20 min); cold (25°C, 5 min) or hot (56°C, 5 min) salicylic acid (1000 and 2000 ppm); or sodium hypochlorite (0.1 and 0.2%, 5 min); or dusted with salicylic acid (1 and 2%), to try to reduce the incidence of bacterial soft rot (Erwinia sp.) during controlled temperature (10°C, 15°C) and ambient temperature (20–34°C) storage. All treatments, particularly hot water and hot salicylic acid dip, increased microbial spoilage, possibly as a result of handling damage during the treatments combined with the inhibition of wound periderm formation as a result of irradiation. Storing irradiated tubers in well ventilated containers reduced soft rot compared to storing them in sacks and after 6 months storage at 10, 15 and 20–34°C, 95, 90 and 77% respectively were healthy and marketable.     

Effect of structured lipid on alveograph characteristics, baking and textural qualities of soft wheat flour

The effect of substituting canola oil/caprylic acid structured lipid (SL) for partially hydrogenated shortening (at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% levels) on the rheology of soft wheat flour dough (28.4% total lipid on flour weight basis, 43% moisture) was determined using the Alveograph. The effect of SL substitution on baking and textural qualities of sugar-snap cookies was also investigated. Addition of shortening to soft wheat flour dough resulted in a significant (P<0.05) decrease in dough resistance to deformation (P), dough extensibility (L), and dough baking strength (W), suggesting a less developed gluten network. SL substitution for shortening did not affect P and W. The cookies incorporating SL (50 and 75% SL substitution) were similar (P<0.05) to the shortening control cookies in both baking and textural qualities, but exhibited some baking and textural quality differences at the 25 and 100% SL substitution levels. Correlations (P<0.05) were found between some Alveograph characteristics, and baking and textural qualities.     

Einfluss von Lagerung und Sorte auf die Verteilung der Glykoalkaloide in der Kartoffelknolle

Zusammenfassung Fünf Speisekartoffelsorten wurden w?hrend einer sechsmonatigen Lagerung fünfmal auf α-Solanin und α-Chaconin untersucht. Es wurden vier Gewebebereiche der Knolle getrennt überprüft. Der Gesamtglykoalkaloidgehalt betrug im Augenbereich 164, in der restlichen Schale 101 und in der Gef?ssbündelzone mit ?usserem Speichergewebe 8mg/100g. Trockensubstanz. Im restlichen Innenk?rper waren nur noch Spuren (0.164mg/100g TS) nachzuweisen. Zwischen den Sorten und diesen Gewebepartien traten statistisch gesicherte Wechselwirkungen auf, die im wesentlichen von einer Sorte verursacht wurden. W?hrend der Lagerung sind die Alkaloidgehalte leicht, aber statistisch nicht gesichert gesunken. α-Solanin und α-Chaconin kamen generell im Verh?ltnis von etwa 1∶1.5vor; die Korrelation zwischen beiden Formen ist sehr eng (r=0.865). Bezogen auf die gesamte Knolle lagen die Gesamtglykoalkaloide je nach Sorte zwischen 2.4 und 8mg/100g Frischsubstanz und damit im gesundheitlich unbedenklichen Bereich.

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Summary Five table potato cultivars (Erna, Granola, Gusto, Ulse, Margit) from the same source were examined for their content of α-solanine and α-chaconine during a sixmonths storage period. For the testing and subsequent analysis the tubers were dissected into four kinds of tissues: eye-zone, peel, vascular bundle region, medulla. The total glycoalkaloid content (TGA) in the total tuber mass varied between 2.4 and 8mg per 100g fresh matter depending on cultivar (Fig. 1). Despite significant differences between cultivars (Table 1), all potato cultivars remained within the safe range during the entire storage period. Remarkable differences in TGA per 100g dry matter could be noted in the tuber parts. For the eye-zones a TGA of 164mg was found; the peel region showed 101mg and the vascular bundle zone 8mg. The medulla of the tubers contained only traces of TGA (0.164mg/100g dry matter, Fig. 2). The statistical analysis only revealed significant interactions between cultivars and tuber parts (Table 1), mainly caused by the cultivar Gusto which showed higher contents of α-solanine and α-chaconine in its vascular bundle regions (Figs 3–5). The ratio between amounts of α-solanine and α-chaconine was approximately 1∶1.5, and after eliminating effects of cultivar, storage and tuber parts, the correlation coefficient between amounts was 0.865. This close correlation can be used for breeding. The non-significant, slightly negative effect of the six-months storage period on alkaloid content was noteworthy. It is assumed that only after long storage periods or through inappropriate storage (sprouting of tubers) a significantly higher glycoalkaloid content may be expected.

     

Composition and physical properties of cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) oils

The fatty acid profiles and tocopherol and phytosterol contents of crude oils of cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) are reported, along with yields from the corresponding seeds. The physical properties of these oils were also determined, which included oxidative stability, kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, low temperature fluidity, specific gravity, acid value, lubricity, and iodine value. The oil content of dried cress and field pennycress seeds was 22.7 and 29.0 wt%, respectively. The primary fatty acids found in cress oil were oleic (30.6 wt%) and linolenic acids (29.3 wt%), whereas field pennycress oil was principally composed of erucic (32.8 wt%) and linoleic (22.4 wt%) acids. Cress oil contained high concentrations of γ- (1422 ppm) and δ- (356 ppm) tocopherols, whereas α-tocopherol (714 ppm) was the primary tocopherol discovered in field pennycress oil. The overall tocopherol concentrations of cress and field pennycress oils were 1799 and 851 ppm, respectively. The primary phytosterols elucidated in cress and field pennycress oils were sitosterol and campesterol, with avenasterol also present in significant quantity in cress oil. The total phytosterol concentration in cress oil (14.41 mg/g) was greater than that in field pennycress (8.55 mg/g) oil. Field pennycress oil exhibited excellent low temperature fluidity, whereas cress oil was more stable to oxidation and over a range of temperatures displayed lower kinematic viscosities as well as a higher viscosity index. The acid and iodine values of field pennycress oil were lower than those for cress oil, but both oils had excellent lubrication properties.     

Wild tuber-bearing species ofSolanum and incidence ofPhytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary on the Western slopes of the volcano Nevado de Toluca. 2. Distribution ofPhytophthora infestans

Summary An area of 15 000 ha on the Western slopes of the volcano Nevado de Toluca was surveyed during 1982–1986. The occurrence of late blight (Phytophthora infestans) was studied in 1986 along five long (7–10 km) transects from an altitude of 2900 m to 3900 m, the upper limit ofSolanum demissum (dms) and in all years in some other sites. Late blight was confined to scattered pockets, 100–500 m in diameter, separated by several kilometers. In 789 colonies of wildSolanum spp., each consisting of 4 to >100 plants per colony ofdms, verrucosum (ver), iopetalum, brachycarpum, × edinense, stoloniferum or one unidentified species, symptoms were found in 10% of the colonies or less than 1% of the plants in each colony. Plants had few (1–2) lesions which did not affect vigour. No infected tubers were found. Most (64%) of the infected colonies were ofdms, the predominant species (69%). Colonies ofver were less frequent (11%) and 17% were infected. No infected plants were found in the unidentified species, thought to bedms×ver.