香蕉品种对根结线虫病的抗性鉴定

在5个香蕉栽培品种对香蕉根结线虫抗病性测试中明确,威廉斯-F和北蕉表现中感,威廉斯-Y、粉蕉和 红蕉表现高度感病。     

A history of passion fruit woodiness disease with emphasis on the current situation in Brazil and prospects for Brazilian passion fruit cultivation

Plants of the Passiflora genus are widely cultivated for the production of fruit, cosmetics and pharmacological products and for floriculture. Here, we review the history of the identification of viral pathogens involved in passion fruit woodiness disease, which can affect different species of Passiflora. Additionally, we discuss prospects for research and development related to this pathosystem and applications to plant breeding. We discuss the different potyviruses identified as potential causal agents of passion fruit woodiness in Africa, Asia, Australia and Brazil. We focus on the status of the cultivation of different Passiflora species in Brazil and place this problem in a global context. Both classical and molecular strategies for obtaining virus-resistant Passiflora plants are discussed in this work, thus providing insight into this pathosystem and useful information for breeders of Passiflora species.     

根结线虫的研究现状

概述了根结线虫的发生分布和传统分类鉴定,以及分子生物学技术(同工酶电泳技术、DNA重组技术、PCR技术)在根结线虫种和生理小种鉴定中的运用及其防治,并对生物防治及抗根结线虫育种、转基因工程在植物线虫学研究领域上的应用前景作了展望。     

根结线虫多样性研究进展

根结线虫属(Meloidogyne spp.)是专性内寄生物,寄主范围广,全球分布,给世界农业生产造成严重为害。生殖方式主要有孤雌生殖和两性融合。系统发育学研究指出,种间杂交可能在根结线虫多样化的进程中起着重要作用。越来越多的证据表明,基因组范围内的序列重复和水平基因转移为根结线虫的多样性提供了遗传基础。南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)和北方根结线虫(Meloidogyne hapla)基因组测序的完成和注释也为研究根结线虫的多样性提供了重要线索。根结线虫的多样性给鉴定和防治工作带来了巨大挑战,需要寻找更加有效的方法。     

根结线虫趋化性研究进展

植物寄主根部及其根际微生物等释放的化学信号物质在根结线虫寻找寄主、配偶及逃避危险等行为中起着重要的作用。目前,明确根结线虫预侵染阶段的化学信号物质以及相关的分子靶标,以期开发得到植物源和微生物源引诱剂及驱避剂,是国际线虫学研究领域的前沿和热点。本文重点综述了根结线虫的趋化性及化学信号物质,概括了线虫诱饵效应与诱捕现象的研究进展,概述了平面琼脂及其改进模型、Pluronic凝胶模型以及沙土/土壤模型在根结线虫趋化性测试中的应用,讨论了根结线虫趋化性研究的意义和难度,并对未来根结线虫趋化性研究的主要方向及前景进行了总结和展望。     

海南岛胡椒病原根结线虫种类鉴定

对海南岛12个县市胡椒产区的27个胡椒病原根结线虫种群进行了纯化培养,运用形态学、同工酶技术及mtDNA扩增技术进行了种类鉴定,结果发现27个纯培养种群中有26个是南方根结线虫,1个是花生根结线虫,南方根结线虫占了96.3％。     

Penetration and reproduction of root-knot nematodes on cucurbit species

Cucurbits are often cultivated in rotation with Solanaceae in double-cropping systems. Most cucurbits have been described as susceptible to root-knot nematodes (RKN) but little is known on their relative levels of susceptibility. Because RKN species differ in rates of root invasion and reproductive traits, isolates of M. arenaria, M. incognita and M. javanica were compared on five cucurbit hosts in experiments run in a climate growth chamber. They included zucchini squash cv Amalthee, cucumber cv Dasher II, melon cv Pistolero, pumpkin cv Totanera and watermelon cv Sugar Baby. All cucurbits were susceptible to the three RKN isolates although M. javanica showed higher invasion rates, faster development and higher egg production than M. arenaria on the selected cucurbits. Apparent differences among cucurbits were primarily due to root invasion rates and formation of egg masses. Both Cucumis species (cucumber and melon) were better hosts for nematode invasion and reproduction than zucchini squash, followed by watermelon. Large invasion rates followed by small reproduction traits were linked to M. incognita on zucchini squash. Reduced invasion rates and egg mass formation along with delayed early development were shown on watermelon.     

Effect of abamectin on root-knot nematodes and tomato yield

BACKGROUND: Tomato growers in Shandong Province, China, commonly face heavy root‐knot nematode infestations. Current methods of control include cadusafos and methyl bromide (MeBr), but alternative methods are required because of the high toxicity of these pesticides and the ecological risk of their use. Therefore, abamectin soil applications were evaluated for their potential to control soil nematodes in a series of laboratory tests, greenhouse pot experiments and field trials. RESULTS: Laboratory tests showed that abamectin exhibited rapid knockdown of Meloidogyne incognita, with LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values that were superior to those of cadusafos and averaged 7.06 and 21.81 mg L^?1. In the greenhouse pot experiment, soil applications of abamectin provided significant M. incognita control similar to that provided by cadusafos while maintaining excellent plant height and vigour. In the field trials, abamectin exhibited excellent control effects to nematodes while giving a higher tomato yield. There was a 19.3–39.0% yield increase from the various treatments compared with the control, and the best results were obtained from the highest dose of abamectin. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrated that abamectin has the potential to be used as an effective alternative to MeBr and cadusafos for nematode control in tomato production in Shandong Province. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Reaction of six Musa genotypes to root-parasitic nematodes

The reaction of six Musa genotypes to root-parasitic nematodes was evaluated under field conditions, together with the horizontal, and vertical distributions of the neomatodes within the soil profile. The numbers of Radopholus similis, Helicotylenchus spp., Meloidogyne spp. and of all nematodes in the excavated soil quadrant varied with Musa genotype. All genotypes were very susceptible to at least one nematode. Yangambi km5, Pisang Jari Buaya and FHIA-23 supported the lowest number of R. similis and Pisang Jari Buaya, the lowest number of Helicotylenchus spp. These three cultivars supported high numbers of Meloidogyne spp. Furthermore, FHIA-23 supported high numbers of Helicotylenchus spp. The horizontal and vertical distributions of R. similis in the root system of Valery, Gros Michel and FHIA-18 were very similar. By constrast, the distributions of Helicotylenchus spp., Meloidogyne spp. and the number of all nematodes varied slightly among the genotypes. Because Musa genotypes susceptible to a particular nematode showed a similar horizontal and vertical nematode distribution with populations concentrated in the vicinity of the plant base (0–30 cm horizontal distance and 30 cm depth), sampling at this site would be sufficient for the identification of the Musa plant reaction.     

Chemical alternatives to methyl bromide for the control of root-knot nematodes in greenhouses

The complete phase-out of methyl bromide from use in developed countries by 1 January 2005 will cause many problems in agricultural industries that are now heavily reliant on its use. Three field experiments were established to compare management tactics on tomato and cucumber in commercial greenhouses naturally infested with root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp). Reduction of nematode juveniles in soil and roots to nil detection levels was observed in all plots following soil fumigation with methyl bromide. A significant reduction of nematode juveniles and root-galling index was observed in plots treated with metham-sodium, dazomet and 1,3-dichloropropene compared with the control and plots treated with non-fumigant nematicides. Reduction of the nematode population led to an increase in fruit yield. However, data collected from the second cultivation season indicated that single control methods such as fumigant or contact nematicides alone cannot drastically decrease initial nematode population and those nematodes which escape control lead to population increase by the end of the cropping season.     

The role of salicylic acid in defense response of tomato to root-knot nematodes

Salicylic acid (SA) is involved in hypersensitive reactions of plants to incompatible pathogens and in systemic acquired resistance (SAR) after the attack of necrosis-inducing pests. The possible involvement of SA in defense responses of tomato to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp., RKNs) was investigated. SA was found not to be responsible for the inhibition of catalase (CAT) detected in the early stages of Meloidogyne-tomato incompatible interactions. CAT extracted from leaves was inhibited only after treatment of the seedlings with SA concentrations as high as 4 mM. Most of the amount of free SA found in plants after SA treatment was detected in the leaves. SA (0.2 mM) was found to cause a competitive inhibition of CAT only at high substrate (H₂O₂) concentrations. Under different conditions it did not affect, or even enhanced, the enzyme activity. Therefore, it is suggested that SA-mediated CAT inhibition does not operate early in resistance against RKN in tomato, although it might have a role in the consequent lesion formation. Plant uptake of SA was detected by immersion of roots of 1-month-old seedlings in aqueous solutions of SA and SA plus a soil humic acid. Considering the low level of free SA retained by roots, the capacity of exogenously provided SA to act as an elicitor of resistance to root pests is considered unlikely.     

分蘖洋葱与番茄伴生根系分泌物对根结线虫的影响

为明确根系分泌物在番茄伴生分蘖洋葱Allium cepa var.agrogarum Don.体系中减轻番茄根结线虫病的作用,本研究以番茄L ycopersicon esculentum和分蘖洋葱为试材,通过双室试验及外源添加根系分泌物等方法,研究了根系分泌物对根结线虫死亡率、卵孵化率的影响以及根系分泌物对线虫的吸引率...     

不同氮素对根结线虫及土壤微生物的影响

为筛选根结线虫控制技术,采用传统平板法和Biolog ECO生态板评价了液氨、氨水和碳酸氢铵3种氮素对根结线虫及土壤微生物的影响。结果表明,等氮条件下液氨处理杀线虫效果最好且黄瓜产量最高,氨水次之。液氨用量在375.0 kg/hm~2的条件下,对黄瓜根结线虫的防效达到71%,和10%噻唑膦颗粒剂(GF)45.0 kg/hm~2处理相比效果没有显著差异(79.9%)。种植前,细菌数量、AWCD值、Shannon指数、McIntosh指数和Simpson指数均随着液氨用量的增加而减少,随着氨水和碳酸氢铵用量的增加而增加;但所有处理均显著降低了土壤真菌的数量。黄瓜收获后,土壤细菌数量、真菌数量、AWCD值、Shannon指数、McIntosh指数和Simpson指数均随着氮素用量的增加而提高,且高于空白处理和10%噻唑膦GF 45.0 kg/hm~2处理。以上结果说明,液氨、氨水和碳酸氢铵不但可以作为土壤肥料,也可以作为一种高效、低价和生态化的根结线虫防治剂进行推广应用。     

臭氧水对茄子根结线虫的防治效果评价

根结线虫是具有毁灭性危害的植物内生寄生虫,臭氧水漫灌土壤是较为理想的替代化学药剂的防治方法,但还未见在茄子上使用的报道。为了探究高浓度臭氧水漫灌处理土壤对茄子根结线虫的田间防治效果及对茄子生长的影响,本研究在茄子定植前对土壤进行连续2次臭氧水(9 mg/L)漫灌处理,并对漫灌处理前后和茄子整个生长期的根结线虫病害发生情况及茄子生长情况进行跟踪调查。结果表明,与对照相比,结果期和生长后期根结线虫数量分别下降91.67%和95.97%;幼苗期、结果期和生长后期的防治效果分别为100%、55.36%和65.52%;处理样本的株高显著提高。因此,高浓度臭氧水漫灌处理土壤对茄子根结线虫的防治效果较好且可减少农药使用量,对茄子生长安全,值得推广应用。     

5种生物制剂对设施蔬菜根结线虫防治技术研究

蔬菜根结线虫已成为内蒙古赤峰市设施蔬菜园区的主要病害,对黄瓜和番茄造成严重的产量损失,为了筛选高效、安全的生物杀菌剂,2011-2012年在赤峰市松山区设施蔬菜园区进行了5种不同生物杀菌剂对设施黄瓜和番茄根结线虫防治的田间试验,在黄瓜和番茄定植时用100亿cfu/g厚孢轮枝菌粉剂0.2kg/667m2撒施,2%阿维菌素+多聚糖乳油3 000倍稀释液灌根处理,0.2亿cfu/g淡紫拟青霉颗粒剂5kg/667m2撒施,10亿cfu/mL蜡质芽胞杆菌水剂6L/667m2灌根,1.8%阿维菌素乳油500倍稀释液灌根,设4次重复,并设空白对照。定植20d后再用同样的浓度和方法处理一次,结果表明:5种生物杀菌剂对黄瓜和番茄根结线虫的防治效果为20%~60%,10亿cfu/mL蜡质芽胞杆菌水剂效果最好,达到56.3%,同时可以提高黄瓜和番茄的商品性,适于在设施蔬菜上推广使用。     

我国南方地区主要根结线虫DNA变异的RAPD分析

 本试验用5组随机引物对来自我国南方地区的30个根结线虫种群进行RAPD分析,并从中筛选出多态性较好的引物12个。共扩增出179条DNA多态带,各供试种群间存在着丰富的遗传多态性。扩增结果表现出种间差异大于种内差异的共同趋势,这表明上述12个引物能够较客观地反映种群间亲缘关系的远近。北方根结线虫与另外3种线虫(南方根结线虫、爪哇根结线虫、花生根结线虫)的亲缘关系最远;在3种主要根结线虫中,爪哇根结线虫与南方根结线虫的亲缘关系相对较近。基于种群间的相似系数分析和应用UPGMA法构建的聚类树状图,显示出不同的根结线虫在较低的相似性系数范围聚类,而绝大多数种内的不同种群均以较高的相似性系数聚在一起,这与形态分类基本一致,反映了形态学分类的分子遗传本质,同时也表明了应用RAPD技术进行根结线虫亲缘关系分析和种类鉴定具有合理性和可行性。本文还对RAPD方法对南方根结线虫小种鉴定的可能性进行了初步探讨。     

Control of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Hungary1

Under Hungarian climatic conditions, root-knot nematodes, and other phytoparasitic nematodes, generally cause damage in certain plant growing areas. These pests are present in glasshouses throughout the country. In the field the nematodes occur in sandy soil in the vegetable-growing areas of southern and central Hungary. The following species of root-knot nematodes have so far been reported to occur in Hungary: Meloidogyne incognita, M. arenaria, M. hapla, M. javanica, M. incognita acrita, M. thamesi and M. naasi. There are 10 specific nematicides registered for nematode control in the country. These chemicals are mainly applied in glasshouses where their use produces most economic return. Nematoderesistant cultivars are only available in the case of tomato. The nematodes cause the heaviest damage on glasshouse cucumber.