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1.
Natsumi Kanzaki Takuya Aikawa Noritoshi Maehara Yu Ichihara 《Journal of Forest Research》2011,16(4):325-330
The pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is an invasive pathogen that was introduced from North America to Asian countries and Portugal and is devastating native
pine forests. Some native European and Asian Bursaphelenchus nematodes also have weak to moderate pathogenicity to native pine species. To evaluate the potential risk of native Bursaphelenchus species, we inoculated ten Japanese Bursaphelenchus species into native pine species (the dominant forest species) in Japan, and evaluated their pathogenicity using mortality
and tracheal tissue damage as indices. Inoculation was conducted on August 3, 2007, and the symptoms were observed every 2 weeks
until February 1, 2008. None of the inoculated trees, excluding the pathogenic PWN inoculated control, showed external disease
symptoms; however, four species [a less pathogenic PWN isolate, B. luxuriosae, Bursaphelenchus sp. NK215 (undescribed), and NK224 (undescribed)] caused tracheal tissue damage in inoculated seedlings and showed weak pathogenicity.
Therefore, we conclude that there are some potentially pathogenic native species of nematodes distributed in Japan. Interestingly,
two of these weakly pathogenic species, B. luxuriosae and NK215, are not associated with Pinaceae trees, suggesting that nematode pathogenicity may be a pre-adaptive character.
More experimental studies under different conditions are necessary to accurately evaluate the potential risk of these pathogens. 相似文献
2.
Joung A. Son Masabumi Komatsu Norihisa Matsushita Taizo Hogetsu 《Journal of Forest Research》2010,15(3):186-193
The distribution of pine wood nematodes (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, PWNs) in Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) tissues was investigated by staining with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin. After PWNs were inoculated
to current-year stems of pine seedlings, their distribution at about 5 cm below the inoculation site was confined only to
cortical resin canals 1 day after inoculation, and then spread to other tissues, including resin canals of short branches.
When PWNs were inoculated onto cross or tangentially cut surfaces of stem segments, maximal PWN migration speed was estimated
to be faster through cortical resin canals and xylem axial resin canals vertically (>6.7 and <2.3 mm/h, respectively) than
through cortical tissues both vertically and horizontally (<1.2 and <0.2 mm/h). To examine whether PWNs in cortical resin
canals could invade surrounding tissues, segments in which PWNs resided only in cortical resin canals were prepared by removing
the top portion 6 h after inoculation. Additional incubation of such segments caused extended PWN distribution to xylem axial
resin canals and then to other tissues. A similar experiment with top portions of girdled segments removed 12 h after inoculation
also showed extended PWN distribution from xylem axial resin canals and pith to cortical resin canals and then to other tissues.
These results provided direct evidence that PWNs have the ability to migrate from cortical resin canals and xylem axial resin
canals to other tissues. 相似文献
3.
• Introduction
Laricio pine (Pinus nigra J.F. Arn. ssp. laricio (Poiret) Maire var Corsicana Hyl.) is a form of black pine endemic to Corsica, that may now be under threat due to current fire regimes and competition with maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton). 相似文献4.
Fertility variation and effective number of parents were estimated in the 100 individuals from each of three plantation populations (P1, P2 and P3) of the endangered Pinus nigra. subsp. pallasiana var. pyramidata established in the Isparta–Golcuk district in southern Turkey in 1990. Potential relations between cone yield and growth characters (height, diameter at breast height, diameter at base and crown diameter) were also investigated. Large differences were found among populations and within populations for cone production and growth characters. Mean cone production was eight (ranging from 6.5 in P2 to 9.1 in P1) for the three populations. The 10 most productive individuals for cones produced 32% of the total cones in P1, 39% in P2 and 34% in P3; 21, 16 and 6 individuals, respectively did not produce any cones in the populations. According to the correlation analyses, the relation between cone yield and growth characters changed for the populations, while height, diameter at breast height and crown diameter were positively significantly correlated (r = 0.182, 0.135 and 0.209; p ≤ 0.05) with cone production for the three populations. Fertility variation was 1.81 in total of three populations, ranging from 1.72 in P3 to 3.45 in P1). Effective number of parents was 142 (55.2 of number of parents censused; 29%, P1; 49.8%, P2; 58.3%, P3). 相似文献
5.
The problem of salinized soils has become one of the most serious constraints to agricultural and forest productivity. With the purpose of enhancing salt stress tolerance of Populus tomentosa, we transformed this tree species with spermidine synthase (SPDS) genes derived from an apple by an Agrobacterium-mediated method. Four transgenic clones were confu'med by PCR and Southern blot analysis. As well, the expression of introduced SPDS genes was analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR. 相似文献
6.
Pinus densiflora f.umbraculifera, commonly known as utsukushimatsu, is a distinctively shaped form of Japanese red pine whose growth is restricted to a forest
stand in Shiga Prefecture, Japan. The inheritance mode of morphological characteristics of utsukushimatsu was studied to preserve
the genetic resource of this pine. As previously reported, F1 trees grown from open-pollinated seeds harvested from trees inhabiting the native stand showed two phenotypes: one resembling
utsukushimatsu, which produces multiple trunks, and the other resembling normalP. densiflora, which produces one or a few trunks. In the present study, controlled pollination was carried out using F1 and normalP. densiflora trees. Segregation ratios of the two phenotypes observed in the F2 population showed that the morphological characteristics of utsukushimatsu are inherited recessively. This suggests that
the mutation of one gene or a few closely linked genes controls the morphological characteristics of utsukushimatsu. Since
multiple trunk formation of utsukushimatsu might be related to a loss of lateral bud inhibition, it follows that a simple
gene mutation breaks apical dominance inP. densiflora. 相似文献
7.
Daniel Moreno-Fernández Fernando Montes Mariola Sánchez-González Francisco J. Gordo Isabel Cañellas 《European Journal of Forest Research》2018,137(1):17-27
The dynamics of mixed stands are more complex and less studied than those of monospecific stands. The objective of this work was to analyze the variables involved in seedling occurrence and seedling survival in mixed stands of Pinus pinaster and P. pinea in Mediterranean areas. From 2011 to 2016, regeneration of both species was monitored at two sites located in Central Spain. We installed 72 regeneration plots where seedling dynamics were monitored. All the trees in the study areas were measured and mapped. Additionally, we took hemispherical photographs in each regeneration plot. The average density of P. pinea seedlings over the study period was almost 20 times larger than that of P. pinaster. Our results indicate that the seedlings of both species grow under moderate light conditions. In addition, we found that the occurrence of seedlings of both species was related to the structure of the stand. P. pinea seedlings grew where the density and size of P. pinaster trees were low and where P. pinea trees provided moderately sheltered conditions, whereas the number of P. pinaster seedlings was related to under intermediate densities of P. pinaster trees. Furthermore, seedling survival was positively associated with age of the seedlings and negatively with the August average maximum temperature. The temporal continuity of mixed stands of P. pinea and P. pinaster in the study area is compromised by the observed lack of regeneration of P. pinaster. 相似文献
8.
Shuangshuang Chu Douglass F. Jacobs Joshua L. Sloan Li Xue Daoming Wu Shucai Zeng 《林业研究》2018,29(5):1299-1306
The ecological effects of eucalypt plantations (EPs) have garnered increasing attention. To understand their effect on soil quality at a landscape scale, and to determine whether soil quality parameters differ due to different stand types, we evaluated soil characteristics in twenty-one groups of EPs, Pinus massoniana Lamb. plantations (PMPs) and natural broadleaved forests (NBFs) across Guangdong Province, China. Both the physical characteristics of soil hydrology and the properties of soil nutrients in A and B horizons were determined. Results showed that, compared to NBFs, EPs and PMPs produced a shallower litter layer, reduced canopy density, higher soil bulk density, significantly lower total porosity, non-capillary porosity, total water volume, and hygroscopic water in the A horizon (P < 0.05). Moreover, total N, available K, and soil organic carbon (SOC) in EPs and PMPs were significantly lower than in NBFs. EPs and PMPs did not differ significantly in N, P or K content, but PMPs had significantly lower SOC and boron in the A horizon than EPs. Low pH and poor capacity to buffer acidification generally occurred in all cover types. Both EPs and PMPs showed a decline in soil properties relative to NBFs, but EPs and PMPs exhibited no significant difference. These results indicate that actions are needed to ameliorate the potential negative effects on soil quality in forestry plantations. 相似文献
9.
Marcus Hardie Daniel Mendham Ross Corkrey Eko Hardiyanto Alen Maydra Sabar Siregar Rianto Marolop Alun Wibowo 《New Forests》2018,49(1):87-104
Indonesia’s pulp and paper industry needs a large area of sustainably grown plantations to support its continued development. Acacia mangium has been the key species underpinning the pulp and paper industries in Sumatra, however increased disease pressure on A. mangium is expected to require large-scale conversion of Acacia plantations to Eucalyptus in the near future. The effect of such a large scale change in plantation species on soil moisture, for both tree production, and catchment hydrology is unknown. In this study we sought to characterize the impacts of plantation species (Acacia or Eucalyptus) and nitrogen management, on soil moisture, soil water depletion and depth to groundwater under stands of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus pellita over the first 2–3 years after establishment. The study was conducted in experiments at four sites in Sumatra, Indonesia. Soil moisture and soil water depletion were not influenced by plantation species or fertilizer treatment. Soil moisture content and soil water depletion were strongly influenced by shallow groundwater at two of the four sites, however depth to groundwater did not influence stem growth. Results from the field trials cautiously suggest that large scale conversion of Acacia mangium to Eucalypt species in these regions is unlikely to result in increased moisture stress, nor is conversion of plantation species likely to lead to substantial differences in catchment hydrology. This study demonstrated the importance of conducting multi-site studies when investigating biophysical relationships in forest/plantation systems. 相似文献
10.
Akram Taghizadeh Saroukolai Saeid Moharramipour Mohammad Hadi Meshkatalsadat 《Journal of pest science》2010,83(1):3-8
Red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.) are considered to be the major insect pests in storage. Essential oils from aromatic plants are recognized as proper
alternatives to fumigants. Thymus persicus (Ronniger ex Rech. f.) is one of these plants that have medicinal properties and is indigenous to Iran. The essential oil
was obtained from aerial parts of the plant and analyzed by GC and GC–MS. Carvacrol (44.69%) and thymol (11.05%) were the
major constituents of the oil extracted. In this experiment, fumigant toxicity of the essential oil was studied against T. castaneum, S. oryzae at 27 ± 1°C and 60 ± 5% RH in dark condition. The adult insects were exposed to the concentrations of 51.9, 111.1, 207.4
and 370.4 μl/l air to estimate median lethal time (LT50) values. The fumigant toxicity was increased in response to increased essential oil concentrations. The LT50 values at the lowest and the highest concentrations tested were ranged from 28.09 to 13.47 h for T. castaneum, and 3.86 to 2.30 h for S. oryzae. It was found that S. oryzae adults were much more susceptible to the oil than T. castaneum. After 24 h of exposure, the LC50 values (95% fiducial limit) for T. castaneum and S. oryzae were estimated to be 236.9 (186.27–292.81) and 3.34 (2.62–4.28) μl/l air, respectively. These results suggest that T. persicus essential oil merits further study as potential fumigant for the management of these stored-product insects. 相似文献
11.
Luis G. Esteban Juan A. Martín Paloma de Palacios Francisco García Fernández 《European Journal of Forest Research》2012,131(3):633-645
Region of provenance is defined as an area with uniform ecological conditions where stands with similar phenotypic or genetic
features are found. This study assesses the effect of differing climate conditions of eight Spanish regions of provenance
of Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. salzmannii on earlywood anatomical traits measured in samples from basal discs from mature trees. Results showed that variation in wood
biometry between provenances was high and more pronounced than intrapopulation variation. When comparing P. nigra with other Mediterranean pines, high intertracheid wall strength values are associated with better adaptation of pines to
arid conditions. However, the intraspecific variations of this parameter in P. nigra did not follow the same pattern, due to the influence of mechanical support requirements. Trees subject to greater aridity
were characterised by short tracheids, apparently resulting from their poorer growth, and high frequency of rays and ray parenchyma
cells, which would allow trees to store greater amounts of starch, which is the source of metabolites invested in minimising
the limitations imposed by water stress. Severe winter cold spells were strongly associated with high axial resin canal frequency
and large radial resin canals, creating a powerful, preformed defence system. Increased tracheid lumen involved an increase
in the size of bordered pits, favouring sap flow between tracheids, in addition to an increase in the maximum diameter of
cross-field pits, favouring the flow of water and metabolites between the axial and radial systems. The high influence of
region of provenance on structural variation in P. nigra shows the importance of provenance in the selection of seed origin for reforestation. 相似文献
12.
Repeated fire is key to the viability of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) ecosystems, but its acceptance as a management tool may depend on satisfactory longleaf pine growth. This is because longleaf pine establishment often has the dual-purpose of ecosystem restoration and stemwood production. Timely recovery of scorched foliage among longleaf pine seedlings and saplings supports maximum juvenile growth. We identified two means of foliage re-establishment in the growing season after prescribed fire regardless of the season of fire application. New foliage growth after spring or fall fire was correlated with un-scorched foliage biomass and the presence of lateral branches. After prescribed fire in spring, foliage biomass recovery also appeared to benefit from the mobilization of starch. The high carbon demand of foliage recovery after fall prescribed fire was associated with interruption of seasonal starch accumulation in the stem and taproot. The implication of low starch accumulation in stem and taproot tissues during the growing season after fall prescribed fire is unknown and warrants further investigation. Our results demonstrate a positive influence of residual foliage, lateral branches, and stored starch on timely foliage recovery of young longleaf pines after fire. Together with knowledge of longleaf pine development and fuel and climate conditions at the time of prescribed fire, this information will aid prescribed fire practitioners charged with maintaining longleaf pine stands of high vigor. 相似文献
13.
There is a lack of knowledge to identify and classify forest structures according to the risk of crown fires, especially in
Mediterranean regions. In this study, for the first time, we use real information, obtained after a wildfire that burnt under
extreme meteorological conditions, to classify forest structures of Pinus halepensis into fuel types as a function of crown fire potential. We identified fourteen forest structures which characterize many forest
types in Western Mediterranean areas depending on canopy closure, number of tree layers, percent of each tree layer and overall
tree density. By using the pattern of fire types that burnt the most numerous forest structures, we have identified four fire
hazard groups of forest structures which are considered different fuel types. The first two had the lowest risk of active
crown fires and they differed in the proportion of surface fires and passive crown fires. The third fuel type was the threshold
between structures with low and high extreme fire behavior; while the fourth had a high risk of active crown fires. Firefighters
and forest managers who are demanding this kind of schema, will test and upgrade this classification of fuel types in function
of crown fire potential during future wildfires. 相似文献
14.
At present tapped wood of black pines (Pinus nigra var. austriaca) is mainly combusted. The priority of material use over thermal recycling has led to some considerations regarding the utilization of tapped wood. The high content of extractives suggests a higher natural durability, and therefore, the suitability for outdoor applications. Tapped and not tapped wood boards from black pine (sapwood and heartwood) were subjected to weathering tests to find out its resistance against abiotic stress. Additionally tapped wood particles with a high content of resin were exposed to weathering and to composting. Weathering caused roughness to increase. Infrared spectral characteristics revealed the differences before and after tapping and weathering. Principal component analyses supported the grouping according to the chemical changes. In heartwood the lignin band at 1510 cm??1 disappears and the typical resin band at 1688 cm??1 decreases considerably. The lignin band of resinous parts is affected neither by weathering nor by composting. However, the resin band shows an intensity decrease and broadening due to weathering and disappears during composting. 相似文献
15.
Yoshitaka Kubojima Seiichi Kanetani Takeshi Fujiwara Youki Suzuki Mario Tonosaki Hiroshi Yoshimaru Hiroharu Ikegame 《Journal of Wood Science》2008,54(6):443-450
A dead tree of Pinus armandii Franch. var. amamiana (Koidz.) Hatusima (abbreviated to PAAm) was obtained from a natural habitat on Tanega-shima Island and various properties
of its wood were investigated. Grain angle was measured and soft X-ray analysis was undertaken to obtain the density in each
annual ring. Unit shrinkage and dynamic properties were measured by shrinkage, bending, and compression tests. Variations
of wood properties in the radial direction, relationships of wood properties to density, and annual ring width were examined.
Roughly speaking, variations in the radial direction of the grain angle, twist angle by drying, Young’s modulus and strength
in static bending, absorbed energy in impact bending, compressive Young’s modulus, compressive strength, and compressive proportional
limit corresponded to the variation of annual ring width. As a result, it was determined that if PAAm is afforested artificially
for the purposes of lumber production and conservation, the annual rings of logs should not be too widely spaced. Wood properties
of PAAm were similar to those of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.), which is another representative pine on Tanegashima Island.
This study was presented in part at the 56th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Hiroshima, August 2007 相似文献
16.
Barbara Moser Christoph Bachofen Jonathan D. Müller Marek Metslaid Thomas Wohlgemuth 《Annals of Forest Science》2016,73(4):959-970
Key message
Pinus sylvestris seedlings quickly expand their roots to deeper soil layers while Pseudotsuga menziesii concentrates its root system in the topsoil, thereby running the risk of desiccation during long dry spells, as indicated by lower survival after simulated summer drought.Context
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) is regarded as a promising species to maintain the productivity of Central European lowland forests given the projected increase of long dry spells.Aims
Will the species be able to regenerate from seed and spread outside plantations in a drier temperate Europe?Methods
We measured the relative growth rate, biomass allocation, root architecture, and phenotypic plasticity of Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings sown in a common garden and grown under current precipitation and prolonged drought, respectively. The species’ competitive ability with respect to Pinus sylvestris L., the most drought-tolerant native conifer in Central Europe, was assessed during three growing seasons.Results
Pinus sylvestris seedlings had higher relative growth rates than did Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings, first in terms of aboveground biomass and later in terms of shoot height. This resulted in heavier and taller seedlings after three growing seasons under both moist and dry conditions. Shorter vertical roots corresponded with lower survival of Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings under dry conditions.Conclusion
Fast root proliferation allows Pinus sylvestris seedlings to reach deeper water pools that are less rapidly depleted during transient drought. By contrast, the shallow root system might put Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings at the risk of desiccation during prolonged dry spells.17.
Jizhong Wan Chunjing Wang Jinghua Yu Siming Nie Shijie Han Juzhao Liu Yuangang Zu Qinggui Wang 《林业研究》2016,27(2):389-400
We described potential changes in the geographic distribution and occurrence probability of Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. and Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Maxim. in the counties of northeast China. This information was used to identify priority areas for protection and provide protection and management recommendations within each studied county. The two species were mapped in 2884 study plots throughout this region over a 4-year period (38°40′N–53°30′N, 115°05′E–135°02′E). We used the species distribution models (Maxent), systematic conservation planning models (Marxan), and Geographic Information Systems (ArcGIS 10.0). The distributions of two species were correlated in the study area, enabling unique and economically viable joint conservation measures to be implemented. Three models were combined to identify feasible priority conservation sites. We used local spatial statistics to assess all identified conservation areas in relation to potential climate change based shifts in the geographic distribution of the two species. Model-based conservation strategies were used to identify effective measures to protect and utilize these two tree species in the study region. This study presents a novel technique for assessing wild plant distributions, in addition to serving as a model for the conservation of other species within the framework of general forest management, ecological construction, and geographical surveying. 相似文献
18.
The fine root (diameter ≤2.0 mm) biomass and morphology of Japanese red pines (Pinus densiflora) grown under different aboveground conditions (i.e., high and low competitive environments) were examined in a pine–cypress
mixed forest. All P. densiflora subject trees were about 40 years old, and the aboveground condition (i.e., size) of red pines appeared to be influenced
by the surrounding Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa). Smaller P. densiflora exhibited lower fine root biomasses, shorter root lengths, and lower root tip densities, but longer specific root lengths
and higher specific root tip densities relative to larger pines. These results suggest that P. densiflora may adjust the morphological traits of fine roots to the different conditions in biomass allocation to fine roots of individuals
with different aboveground growth. 相似文献
19.
Faruk Bogunić Sonja Siljak-Yakovlev Edina Muratović Fatima Pustahija Safer Medjedović 《Annals of Forest Science》2011,68(1):179-187
• Introduction
The most common representatives of the European mountain pine complex (Pinus mugo s.l.) are P. mugo s.s. and Pinus uncinata. 相似文献20.
This study evaluated oxalic acid accumulation and bioremediation of chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood by three brown-rot fungi Fomitopsis palustris, Coniophora puteana, and Laetiporus sulphureus. The fungi were first cultivated in a fermentation broth to accumulate oxalic acid. Bioremediation of CCA-treated wood was then carried out by leaching of heavy metals with oxalic acid over a 10-day fermentation period. Higher amounts of oxalic acid were produced by F. palustris and L. sulphureus compared with C. puteana. After 10-day fermentation, oxalic acid accumulation reached 4.2 g/l and 3.2 g/l for these fungi, respectively. Fomitopsis palustris and L. sulphureus exposed to CCA-treated sawdust for 10 days showed a decrease in arsenic of 100% and 85%, respectively; however, C. puteana remediation removed only 18% arsenic from CCA-treated sawdust. Likewise, chromium removal in F. palustris and L. sulphureus remediation processes was higher than those for C. puteana. This was attributed to low oxalic acid accumulation. These results suggest that F. palustris and L. sulphureus remediation processes can remove inorganic metal compounds via oxalic acid production by increasing the acidity of the substrate and increasing the solubility of the metals.An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献