太湖地区部分新石器时代遗址水稻硅酸体形状特征初探

 为了探讨太湖地区新石器时代稻的亚种属性，对浙江省的罗家角、马家浜、邱城、南河浜、喇叭浜、水田畈和江苏省的龙南、徐家湾等遗址出土的陶片、红烧土及土壤，进行了植物硅酸体分析。在26份材料中有11份检出稻的机动细胞硅酸体，它们分属于马家浜、崧泽和良渚等三个文化阶段。硅酸体的形状特征解析表明：崧泽文化和良渚文化期的硅酸体的纵长、横长比马家浜文化期分别增加了15.73%、15.15%和11.73%、15.19%；粒子组分中小颗粒明显减少，大颗粒增加。显示出向以大型硅酸体为特征的粳稻方向进化的趋势。判别结果表明：崧泽和良渚文化期为粳稻；马家浜文化早期的判别值有负值，但绝对值较小，和现代栽培的籼稻有差异。从演化过程看，硅酸体特征似籼的早期的栽培稻已具向粳稻分化的能力。     

舞阳贾湖新石器时代遗址炭化稻米的发现、形态学研究及意义

 应用扩散筛选法，从舞阳贾湖新石器时代遗址样品中发现了大量炭化稻米。形态学研究表明，贾湖古稻多数为栽培粳与偏粳稻（L/W为1. 88-2. 48），少部分为栽培籼与偏籼稻（L/W为2. 50～3. 00）。该遗址文化层¹⁴C测年树轮校正值为8942～7868 a BP，这是我国迄今所发现的最早的炭化稻米。这一发现对于我国乃至世界稻作起源的研究，无疑具有重大的意义。还从古环境及农业起源机制方面，分析了贾湖先民较早开始稻作文化的原因，并提出了具有古气候边缘过渡效应的淮河流域或许是我国栽培稻起源地之一的看法。     

中国考古改变稻作起源和中华文明认知

稻作是东亚地区文明发展的物质基础。20世纪70年代河姆渡遗址出土稻谷证明中国是稻作起源地,颠覆了稻作起源于印度学说,确立以稻作农业为特色的长江流域与黄河流域一样,同为中华文明的发祥地。近年来中国考古取得丰硕成果,良渚古城遗址、一万年以前水稻遗存、大规模的古稻田等发现填补了中国文明史的许多空白,不断更新了稻作起源的认识,稻作起源于一万年以前的长江中下游已经成为了目前国际共识。植物考古、农耕遗迹考古等多学科考古工作在阐释中华文明进程和文明社会形成中发挥着越来越重要的作用。     

单硅酸对滨海稻区水稻产量及稻米品质的影响

为探究单硅酸对滨海稻区水稻产量、稻米品质的影响,通过田间试验,在水稻生长分蘖末期和破口前分别喷施单硅酸(≥100 g/L)50 ml/667 m²,以喷等量清水为对照,调查水稻的产量性状和测定稻米的品质。研究结果表明：单硅酸能够显著提升稻谷产量,增加水稻的千粒重、实粒数以及实粒率;能够提升稻米加工和外观品质,增加水稻的精米率、整精米率,并降低垩白度;对稻米的蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量、脂肪酸含量及食味值等营养品质无显著影响;在水稻整个生长过程中没有出现倒伏、药害等症状。因此,在滨海稻区使用单硅酸用于水稻生产安全有效。     

浅论杂稻发生特点及综合防除技术

随着轻型栽培稻作方式的推广应用,田间杂稻的发生状况逐年加重,很大程度上影响了正常的水稻生产。本文介绍了杂稻的植株性状与稻米品质,对不同土质类型、不同稻作方式及实施同一稻作方式不同年度杂稻发生特点进行了分析,初步探究了杂稻发生的原因,并提出了综合防除技术。     

浅论杂稻发生特点及综合防除技术

随着轻型栽培稻作方式的推广应用，田间杂稻的发生状况逐年加重，很大程度上影响了正常的水稻生产。本文介绍了杂稻的植株性状与稻米品质，对不同土质类型、不同稻作方式及实施同一稻作方式不同年度杂稻发生特点进行了分析，初步探究了杂稻发生的原因，并提出了综合防除技术。     

问说水稻起源

本文阐述了稻的起源学说,基于江西省万年县野生稻到栽培稻植硅石和花粉完整驯化遗存的考古发现,提出了万年县是中国稻作的起源地之一,为研究中国栽培稻的起源提供了重要依据。     

改良稻米品质 提高稻米的经济价值

一、稻米的重要经济价值水稻是我国的主要粮食作物,稻米是全国2/3人口的主食粮。稻米品质好坏直接影响到人民的生活水平和健康状况。中国水稻栽培面积占世界稻作总面积的22.8％,稻米产量占世界总产量的44％。福建省稻谷产量     

湖南澧县八十Dang遗址古栽培稻的再研究

用多种方法对１９９７年湖南澧县八十Ｄａｎｇ遗址出土的７８２粒８０００年前的古栽培稻谷的粒形等性状分析研究，观察到该古栽培稻是一个具有广泛性状变异的不同于现代籼、粳、普通野生稻的近一稻偏籼型的独立复合群体，且在演化地位上具有原始性和过渡性的特征。初步认定其为一个完全无人工选择条件下长期演化而成的原始栽培稻类型。     

湖南澧县八十()遗址古栽培稻的再研究

用多种方法对 1 997年湖南澧县八十遗址出土的 782粒 80 0 0年前的古栽培稻谷的粒形等性状分析研究 ,观察到该古栽培稻是一个具有广泛性状变异性的不同于现代籼、粳、普通野生稻的近野生稻偏籼型的独立复合群体 ,且在演化地位上具有原始性和过渡性的特征。初步认定其为一个完全无人工选择条件下长期演化而成的原始栽培稻类型     

Studies on Ancient Rice—Where Botanists, Agronomists, Archeologists, Linguists, and Ethnologists Meet

Taiwan’s aboriginal peoples are thought to be related to ancestral Austronesian-speaking peoples. Currently, Taiwan has 14 officially acknowledged aboriginal tribes. The major crops currently farmed in aboriginal areas are rice (Oryza sativa) and foxtail millet (Setaria italica). Archeologists recently excavated the remains of several early cultures in Taiwan. The most plentiful plant remains were carbonated rice and foxtail millet grains. The earliest ¹⁴C date of these excavation sites is ～5,000 bp. These settlements may be those of the earliest ancestral Austronesian speakers in Taiwan. Rice domestication is a complex story. In this study, we identified the functional nucleotide polymorphisms of 16 domestication-related genes using 60 landraces collected from aboriginal Taiwanese villages about 100 years ago. We also screened the phenotypes of these landraces. By integrating pheno- and genotypic data, together with data from archeologists and linguists, we may be able to better understand the history of rice cultivation in Taiwan and nearby areas.     

不同分类大麦籽粒大小及粒重的差异分析

为改良大麦籽粒性状,依据棱型、皮裸及选育水平对125份大麦材料按3种不同分类方式进行分组,比较了组别间的粒重、粒长、粒宽及粒厚的差异及各性状间的相关性。结果表明,大麦粒重与棱型相关,与皮、裸无相关性,二棱大麦粒重(46.89mg)显著高于六棱大麦(35.71mg)。就籽粒长而言,皮大麦长于裸大麦,二棱大麦长于六棱大麦,以野生大麦最长,为13.19mm;人工驯化和品种选育使大麦粒长有所变短。二棱大麦的粒宽(3.55mm)显著大于六棱大麦(3.26mm);粒宽在皮、裸大麦间无显著差异。粒厚变异与粒宽类似,野生大麦的粒厚最小(1.69mm)。相关分析表明,大麦粒重主要由粒宽、粒厚决定,且后两者呈极显著正相关。     

水稻颖壳硅石的初步研究及其意义

水稻颖壳硅石的初步研究及其意义陈报章,王象坤（徐州师范学院区域发展研究所,徐州２２１００９;北京农业大学农学系．北京１０００９４）关键词：颖壳;形态鉴定：硅石：水稻起源ＡＰｒｅｌｉｍｉｎａｒｙＳｔｕｄｙｏｎＰｈｙｔｏｌｉｔｈｏｆＣａｒｙｏｐｓｅｓｏｆ...     

机插株距对优质食味水稻品种产量和群体质量的影响

目的 机插密度对水稻产量和品质有重要影响,但机插株距对优质食味水稻品种产量与群体质量的调控作用尚不清楚。明确优质食味水稻品种的适宜机插株距可为水稻机械化高产优质栽培提供理论与实践依据。方法 以南粳9108、南粳5055和南粳46三个江苏优质食味水稻品种为材料,在机插行距固定为30 cm的情况下,研究了10、12、14、16和18 cm五种株距对上述水稻品种产量和群体质量的影响。结果 南粳9108、南粳5055和南粳46三个水稻品种的茎蘖成穗率、高效叶面积指数、粒叶比(粒重/叶面积)、抽穗后群体冠层净光合速率和抽穗至成熟干物质积累量均在株距为12 cm时最大。上述水稻品种产量均随株距增加呈现先增加先减少的趋势,产量与株距呈二次曲线关系。依据曲线方程计算出两年中南粳9108、南粳5055和南粳46高产最适株距分别为11.6 cm,11.6~12.3 cm和10.8~11.4 cm。结论 机插秧行距固定为30 cm时,11~12 cm的株距有利于改善优质食味水稻的群体质量指标并提高其产量,可作为江苏省代表性优质食味水稻品种的适宜机插株距。     

水稻分蘖角基因TAC1的育种应用价值分析

【目的】分蘖角度是水稻重要株型性状,合理的分蘖角度是培育理想株型、达到高产育种的一个关键因素。【方法】以控制水稻分蘖角度增大的显性主效数量基因TAC1为研究对象,构建不同品种背景下的TAC1近等基因系,通过单本栽插、多本栽插/高产栽培以及纹枯病菌接种鉴定,分析TAC1对其他农艺性状、纹枯病抗性、产量及品质的影响。【结果】同一背景近等基因系之间比较,TAC1使水稻品系分蘖角度增加,有利于减轻纹枯病危害,对其他农艺性状无不利影响。在高产栽培条件下,不同背景TAC1系有效穗数均多于tac1系;籼稻特青背景下,TAC1系结实率、千粒重及单株产量均高于tac1系;美国稻Lemont背景下,TAC1系结实率、千粒重及单株产量均低于tac1系;粳稻武陵粳1号、镇稻88背景下,TAC1系结实率和千粒重均略低于tac1系,单株产量略高于tac1系,差异不显著。加工及外观品质方面,特青TAC1系优于tac1系,武陵粳1号、镇稻88以及Lemont背景TAC1系较tac1系有劣化趋势,差异均不显著。【结论】叶片较长的籼稻品种,适宜的分蘖角度范围较窄,叶片较小的粳稻品种,适宜的分蘖角度范围较宽。适当增加水稻品种的分蘖角度,有利于减轻纹枯病危害。TAC1可用于株型紧凑型籼稻品种及粳稻品种的株型改良。     

Effects of Plant Spacing on Grain Yield and Population Quality in Mechanically-transplanted Rice with Good Tasting Quality

【Objective】The mechanical transplanting density plays an important role in grain yield and quality in rice. However, the effects of plant spacing on grain yield and population quality of mechanically transplanted rice with good tasting have not been clearly understood. Clarifying the optimal plant spacing for good tasting rice could lay a theoretical and practical basis for high yielding and good quality in mechanical cultivation.【Method】In this experiment, three rice cultivars with good tasting quality (Nanjing 9108, Nanjing 5055 and Nanjing 46) in Jiangsu Province were used as materials, and the effects of plant spacing (10 cm, 12 cm, 14 cm, 16 cm and 18 cm) on their grain yield and population quality were investigated under mechanical transplanting when the row spacing was fixed at 30 cm.【Result】Productive tillers rate, high efficient leaf area index, grain leaf ratio (grain weight/leaf area), canopy net photosynthetic rate after heading and dry matter accumulation from heading to maturity were the highest under the plant spacing of 12 cm in above three rice cultivars. Grain yields tended to increase at first and then decrease with the increase of the plant spacing, and the relationship of quadric curve was found between grain yield and plant spacing. The optimal plant spacing for grain yield in Nanjing 9108, Nanjing 5055 and Nanjing 46 ranged from 11.6 cm, 11.6－12.3 cm and 10.8－11.4 cm in two years according to the curve equation, respectively. 【Conclusion】When the row spacing was fixed at 30 cm, the plant spacing of 11－12 cm was helpful to improve the population quality and increase grain yield, and it could be used as the optimal plant spacing for the typical rice cultivars with good tasting in Jiangsu Province under mechanical transplanting.     

Differences in Grain Yield and Quality in Main and Ratoon Rice in Southern Henan Province

【Objective】 The combination of mid-season rice+ratoon rice is a new pattern of rice planting in southern Henan Province. However, the changes in grain yield and quality between the main and ratoon seasons remain unclear. Clarifying the changing law of grain yield and rice quality can lay a theoretical and practical basis for the screening of ratoon rice varieties with higher grain yield and better rice quality in southern Henan Province. 【Method】 In this study, 12 hybrid indica rice combinations suitable for single-cropping rice were used as materials under local high-yield cultivation conditions. The tested combinations were divided into four types according to their yields in main and ratoon seasons: BH, both high grain yields in main and ratoon season; HL, high grain yield in main season and low grain yield in ratoon season; LH, low grain yield in main season and high yield in ratoon season; BL, both low grain yields in main and ratoon seasons. The difference in rice quality was also analyzed. 【Result】 1) The processing quality and appearance quality in ratoon season were significantly improved, however, the protein contents decreased, and the eating quality of rice was improved to different extents as compared with those in main season; 2) Except for BL type (only one combination, Shenliangyou 11), the processing quality of BH and HL was better, and HL has better appearance quality and cooking and eating quality. There was no significant difference in protein contents among different yield types in main season, while in ratoon season, the protein contents in BH were 10.7 % higher than those in HL, and 1.75% lower than those in LH. 3) The effect of daily average temperature after full heading on grain quality was far greater than the sunshine hours, and the relatively low average daily temperature after full heading in ratoon season was the main reason for its better grain quality. 【Conclusion】 Based on higher grain yield and better rice quality, Liangyou 6326, Tianliangyou 616, Guangliangyou 476 and Fengliangyouxiang 1 were suitable varieties for ratoon cultivation in southern Henan Province.     

Characterization of Nitrogen Uptake Pattern in Malaysian Rice MR219 at Different Growth Stages Using ~(15)N Isotope

Nitrogen(N) use efficiency is usually less than 50%, and it remains a major problem in rice cultivation. Controlled release fertilizer(CRF) technology is one of the well-known efforts to overcome this problem. The efficiency of CRF, however, is very much dependent on the timing of nutrient release. This study was conducted to determine the precise time of N uptake by rice as a guideline to develop efficient CRF. Fertilizer N uptake by rice at different growth stages was investigated by using 15 N isotopic technique. Rice was planted in pots, with 15 N urea as N source at the rate of 120 kg/hm2. Potassium and phosphorus were applied at the same rate of 50 kg/hm2. Standard agronomic practices were employed throughout the growing periods. Rice plants were harvested every two weeks until maturation at the 14 th week and analyzed for total N and 15 N content. Nitrogen derived from fertilizer was calculated. Total N uptake in plants consistently increased until the 11 th week. After that, it started to plateau and finally declined. Moreover, N utilization by rice plants peaked at 50%, which occurred during the 11 th week after transplanting. N derived from fertilizer in rice plants were in the range of 18.7% to 40.0% in all plant tissues. The remaining N was derived from soil. Based on this study, N release from CRF should complete by the 11 th week after planting to ensure the maximum fertilizer N uptake by rice plants. Efficient CRF should contribute to higher N derived from fertilizer which also resulted in a higher total N uptake by rice plants, increasing the potential of rice to produce higher yield while at the same time of reducing loss.     

豫南地区头季和再生季水稻产量与品质差异分析

【目的】 “中稻+再生稻”组合是豫南稻区新的水稻种植模式,但是头季与再生季水稻产量和稻米品质变化尚不清楚。明确其产量和米质变化规律可为豫南地区高产优质再生稻品种选择提供理论与实践依据。【方法】以两优6326等12个适于单季种植的杂交籼稻为材料,在当地高产栽培条件下,依据头季和再生季两季产量将其划分为两季产量均高(双高)、头季稻产量高再生季产量低(头高再低)、头季稻产量低再生季产量高(头低再高)和两季产量均低(双低)等四种类型,并分析了米质的差异。【结果】 1)与头季稻相比,12个组合的再生季稻米加工品质和外观品质显著改善,蛋白质含量降低,稻米食味品质不同程度变优。2)两季不同产量类型之间比较,除双低类型(仅深两优11号一个品种)外,双高类型和头高再低类型加工品质较优,而头高再低类型的外观品质和蒸煮食味品质较优。蛋白质含量在各产量类型头季稻之间无显著差异,而再生季双高类型较头高再低类型高10.7 %,比头低再高类型低1.75 %。3)齐穗后日平均温度对稻米品质的影响远大于日照时数,再生季齐穗后日平均温度较低是其稻米品质优于头季稻的重要原因。【结论】综合产量及品质,两优6326、天两优616、广两优476和丰两优香1号是适于豫南地区的高产优质再生水稻品种。     

免耕覆草旱作条件下水稻的生长特性

 通过田间定位试验,研究了免耕覆草旱作、免耕裸地旱作和免耕水作3种栽培方式对晚稻生长状况和产量的影响。结果表明,免耕覆草旱作水稻产量与免耕水作差异不大,但两者明显高于免耕裸地旱作。与免耕裸地旱作相比,免耕覆草旱作明显提高水稻的有效穗数和每穴总粒数。免耕覆草旱作水稻可获得与免耕水作相当的地上部干物质量。与免耕水作相比,免耕旱作显著降低抽穗期水稻功能叶叶面积。与免耕裸地旱作相比,免耕覆草旱作明显提高灌浆期水稻总根长和根数。