影响捕食螨防治柑橘害螨效果的主要因素与对策

由于过渡依赖化学农药防治柑橘病虫害,诱发柑橘害螨猖獗,为害程度加剧。为提高害螨综合防控效果,推广以螨治螨技术,本文对影响捕食螨防治柑橘害螨田间效果的果园生态系统、释放时机、田间管理与化学防控等主要因子进行了分析,同时提出了应对策略。     

绿色防控技术与统防统治融合助推苹果产业转型升级

甘肃省静宁县以其核心优势产业苹果为抓手,积极开展绿色防控技术与统防统治融合示范推广工作。采取的绿色防控技术措施包括健身栽培、清洁田园、刮除树皮、黑膜覆盖、束(覆)草诱集、树干涂白等农业措施,悬挂黄板、安装杀虫灯、涂抹剂阻隔技术、利用糖醋液、性诱剂、释放捕食螨、胡瓜钝绥螨等捕食螨防治害螨等生物防治、物理防治及生化诱控技术措施,以及病虫害发生高峰期及时施用高效、低毒、低残留化学农药防控。在此基础上,通过科学制定实施方案、集成绿色防控技术、扶持统防统治示范、推广合理安全用药等措施,推进绿色防控技术与统防统治融合。分析了使用绿色防控技术取得的经济、社会和生态效益及尚待解决的问题,并提出了对策建议。     

柑橘"以螨治螨"生物防治技术

“以螨治螨”就是释放人工饲养的捕食螨来控制果树害螨的危害,是目前应用较成功的生物防治技术之一,运用捕食螨防治害螨能大幅度减少农药使用量及农产品的农药残留量,保护农业生态环境,对无公害水果、绿色果品和有机果     

柑橘病虫害全程绿色防控技术集成试验示范效果

2016年,在四川南充开展"农业防控+释放捕食螨+‘四诱’技术(灯诱、黄板、食诱、性诱)+科学用药"和"农业防控+释放捕食螨+‘三诱’技术(黄板、食诱、性诱)+科学用药"2种柑橘病虫害全程绿色防控技术模式试验示范。结果表明,2种模式均可有效防控柑橘病虫害,对害螨控制时间可达180 d以上,对柑橘潜叶蛾、蚜虫、柑橘粉虱、锈壁虱和叶甲的防控持效性亦优于化学防治对照;食诱剂对斜纹夜蛾、柑橘凤蝶与金龟类害虫诱杀效果较好;使用氨基寡糖素诱导,柑橘抗炭疽病效果明显。绿色防控区的产量及经济效益均优于化学防治区。同时,社会、生态效益明显。     

利用捕食螨和药剂防治板栗针叶小爪螨的研究

通过向板栗园释放捕食螨,并结合药剂防治,研究了不同密度捕食螨对板栗上针叶小爪螨的防治效果,并针对针叶小爪螨开展了不同药剂及捕食螨的组合防治试验。结果表明:捕食螨释放密度越高,并非对针叶小爪螨防治效果越好;释放捕食螨7 d后开始显效,效果一直持续到释放捕食螨后35 d,释放捕食螨后21d时控制效果最好;对针叶小爪螨化学防治效果最好的是1.8%阿维菌素EC,其次是50%硫磺AS和80%硫磺WP;单一药剂不同浓度处理中,1.8%阿维菌素2 000倍液对针叶小爪螨的防治效果相对较好,防治效果达到99.1%。其次为50%硫磺AS 300倍液和80%硫磺WP 300倍液;组合试验结果表明,1.8%阿维菌素EC 1 500倍液+300头捕食螨,防治效果最好,达98.9%。其次是50%硫磺AS 200倍液+300头捕食螨组合和80%硫磺WP 200倍液+300头捕食螨组合,防治效果分别是95.7%和92.6%。     

替代三氯杀螨醇项目的农民田间学校培训农民效果评估

2009年以来,在山东省沾化县、陕西省洛川县、湖北省宜都县启动实施了三氯杀螨醇替代项目,开展了农民田间学校培训活动.通过对培训成效进行评估,结果表明,示范区经过培训的农民在IPM知识、态度、行为方面都取得了显著的变化:在害螨种类识别、害螨天敌识别以及持久性有机污染物(POPs)特性和危害性等方面的知识大幅提高,农民科学管理病虫害的技能和科学管理意识得到显著提升,示范区化学农药的使用次数和使用量明显降低,生物防治次数和用量上升,增加了天敌捕食螨的使用规模.     

农药对捕食螨的影响研究概况

捕食螨是多种有害螨类的天敌。利用捕食螨来防治农业害螨在农业生产中很有利用价值和现实意义。但在当前我国的农业生产中 ,各种病虫害的种类很多 ,目前主要还是依靠农药来进行防治。为了协调生物防治和化学防治的关系 ,建立合理害螨的综合防治体系 ,在农业生产中使用农药必须注意与保护利用捕食螨相协调。本文对捕食螨受农药的影响及捕食螨抗药性品系筛选及其遗传机制等在国内的研究概况作一综述。1　农药对捕食螨的影响　　在农业有害生物的综合治理中 ,生物防治与化学防治都是广泛采用的措施。因此 ,天敌与农药的协调问题必须重视。农药…     

释放拟长毛钝绥螨对草莓和板栗害螨的控制作用

在北京海淀区草莓园和密云县板栗园进行释放拟长毛钝绥螨控制草莓和板栗害螨的试验。试验共设置益害比为1∶10、1∶30、1∶90的3个处理和常规农药处理,以不释放捕食螨,也不使用农药作为对照。结果显示,在草莓园,益害比为1∶10和1∶30时释放14 d后对害螨的防效分别为90.46%和85.02%,释放28 d后防效分别为95.2%和98.3%,益害比为1∶90时前期控制效果较差,28 d后防效也达到了93.74%。在板栗园,益害比为1∶10和1∶30时释放28 d后对害螨的防效分别为77.28%和72.19%,释放42 d后防效分别为94.00%和86.86%,益害比为1∶90的防治效果较差,释放42 d后防效也只达到78.51%。释放捕食螨的防治效果显现时间滞后于化学防治,但持效性好,在板栗园差异尤为明显。     

捕食螨对设施黄瓜蓟马和叶螨的防效评价

通过在青海省海东市设施黄瓜上释放胡瓜钝绥螨、斯氏钝绥螨,以施用螺虫乙酯为对照,比较不同处理对蓟马和叶螨的防控效果。结果表明,在蓟马发生初期,释放胡瓜钝绥螨25万头/667m~2、斯氏钝绥螨4.4万头/667m~2、喷施22.4%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂30 mL/667m~2,处理后15 d防效分别为1.10%、2.97%和81.69%,30 d防效分别为54.14%、74.18%和91.20%,45 d的防效分别为94.28%、100%和97.12%。释放捕食螨和喷施螺虫乙酯30 d后调查发现叶螨;释放捕食螨30 d后,叶螨密度均低于1头/叶,释放胡瓜钝绥螨和斯氏钝绥螨45 d后害螨密度分别为16.70头/叶和5.20头/叶;螺虫乙酯防治处理30 d后,叶螨密度为16.60头/叶,45 d后叶螨数量急剧上升,高达125.10头/叶。释放捕食螨见效慢但持效期长,且后期防效好,可在生产中应用。     

胡瓜钝绥螨对苹果全爪螨的防效

为探索研究释放捕食螨的生物防治效果,2018年,在山东牟平苹果园开展了释放胡瓜钝绥螨对苹果全爪螨的防治效果试验。结果表明,在苹果全爪螨发生盛期的初期释放捕食螨(每棵树1袋,2 500头),15 d后防治效果为61.24%。达到捕食螨控制害螨的较好效果。建议在释放胡瓜钝绥螨之前,对苹果全爪螨监测调查,根据其调查结果释放不同频次和数量的胡瓜钝绥螨。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.