BTH处理对甜瓜叶片活性氧代谢的诱导作用

为了明确活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）代谢在甜瓜抗病性诱导中的作用,以抗白粉病甜瓜品种Tam Dew和感病品种卡拉克赛幼苗为材料,通过盆栽试验研究了苯丙噻二唑（BTH）喷雾或白粉菌接种后甜瓜叶片超氧阴离子（O2.-）产生速率、过氧化氢（H2O2）含量及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性的变化。BTH处理或白粉菌接种均可诱导甜瓜叶片SOD、PAL活性升高,抑制CAT活性,导致叶组织O2.-产生速率和H2O2含量增加,BTH喷雾＋白粉菌接种比二者单独处理效果更好。结果表明,BTH处理后叶片O2.-产生速率提高和H2O2积累是甜瓜抗白粉病能力提高的重要机制,BTH通过诱导ROS代谢酶活性调节H2O2含量,且BTH诱导的甜瓜抗病性与品种的基础抗性有关。     

水稻和稻瘟病菌互作中的信号传导及防御反应基因诱导表达的研究

 水稻和稻瘟病菌互作是研究植物与病原菌互作的模式体系。本文利用3个水稻抗稻瘟病近等基因品系(CO39、C101LAC和C101A51)和2个特异性菌株(M209和M210)构成不同亲和程度的互作关系,研究了稻瘟病菌对3个水稻信号传导途径关键酶合成基因、5个防御反应病程相关蛋白基因和1个防御反应转录因子调控基因诱导表达的作用。结果表明:稻瘟病菌诱导了各种互作关系中水稻OsLOX、OsAOS和OsPAL酶合成基因的表达,水稻启动了茉莉酸和水杨酸防御反应信号传导途径。在不亲和的互作反应中,稻瘟病菌能不同程度地诱导水稻OsPR1a、OsPR2、OsPR3-1、OsPR3-2和OsPR4基因的表达,从而有效激活了防御反应系统,使水稻植株表现为抗病;而在亲和的互作反应中,多数OsPR基因的表达水平低、时间短或没有表达,水稻植株表现为感病。OsMyb基因在各种互作关系中有不同的诱导表达。说明这些防御相关基因的诱导表达可能与水稻抗稻瘟病性相关。     

BTH和INA诱导小麦抗条锈病性的研究

用不同浓度的苯(1,2,3)噻二嗪-7-硫代羧酸-S-甲酯(BTH)或2,6-二氯异烟酸(INA)喷雾处理小麦幼苗,进行小麦诱导抗病性研究。结果表明,以1.0mmol(毫摩尔)INA处理后接种小麦条锈病的诱导抗性效果最好。以1.0mmolINA和0.3mmolBTH处理小麦叶片5d后接种,叶片中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性均有明显上升,且PAL、PPO和INA、BTH的诱导抗性表达都呈正相关关系。BTH和INA水溶液对小麦条锈菌夏孢子的萌发均无明显抑制作用。据此认为,处理后病情指数的下降是由于试剂处理提高了小麦幼苗的抗病性,即麦苗产生了诱导抗性而引起的。     

BION诱导小麦幼苗抗叶锈病研究

研究了BION（有效成分为苯并噻二唑,BTH）对小麦幼苗叶锈病的诱导抗性与苯丙氨酸解氨酶（phenylalanine ammonia lyase,PAL）、多酚氧化酶（polyphenoloxidase,PPO）和过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POD）活性的关系.结果表明：BION诱导麦苗抗叶锈病的最佳浓度为200 mg/L;在诱导处理和接种之间至少需要2天才能诱导抗性表达,间隔4天的诱导抗性效果最好,这种抗性的持久期至少14天.BION处理麦苗第1叶,可使未处理的第2叶也表现出抗性,但处理后至少需要48h这种抗性才能表达.以浓度为200mg/L的BION处理小麦叶片4天后接种,PAL、PPO、POD的活性均高于对照,在接种2天后产生一个峰值,BION水溶液对小麦叶锈菌夏孢子的萌发无明显抑制作用.由此认为,BION可诱导小麦幼苗产生对叶锈病的系统获得抗性.     

四种化合物诱导马铃薯抗晚疫病的效果及其相关防御基因表达分析

为探究水杨酸、壳聚糖、麦角甾醇和纤维二糖4种化合物诱导马铃薯抗晚疫病的效果及其作用机理,采用整株喷雾法、挑战接种法、菌丝生长速率法分析4种化合物对马铃薯晚疫病的预防作用及对其病原菌致病疫霉Phytophthora infestans的离体抑制效果,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术测定4种化合物诱导后马铃薯病程相关蛋白和防御酶基因的调控表达情况。结果显示,水杨酸、壳聚糖、纤维二糖和麦角甾醇分别处理马铃薯植株24 h后接种致病疫霉,在多个浓度下对晚疫病均有不同程度的诱导抗性,其中在1 000 μmol/L浓度（壳聚糖浓度为1 000 mg/L）时诱导抗性最好,较对照显著提高,诱抗效果分别为54.73%、61.99%、59.73%和48.59%。壳聚糖对马铃薯晚疫病的诱抗效果高于其它3种化合物,且只有壳聚糖能显著抑制致病疫霉的菌丝生长和孢子囊形成,说明壳聚糖除了能诱导作物产生抗病性外,还具有直接抑菌作用。4种化合物诱导后马铃薯病程相关蛋白基因PR1、过氧化物酶基因POD和多酚氧化酶基因PPO的表达量在施用早期均显著升高。表明这些化合物能诱导马铃薯对晚疫病产生抗性,可能与马铃薯体内过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶的活性和抗病信号传导途径关键基因PR1的表达有关。     

草酸和BTH对黄瓜幼苗霜霉病抗性和胞间隙病程相关蛋白的诱导

 本文研究了草酸和BTH(苯并噻二唑)溶液对黄瓜幼苗霜霉病的抗性诱导及病程相关蛋白的积累。结果表明:10mmol/L草酸或0.5mmol/LBTH均能诱导黄瓜对霜霉病产生局部和系统抗性,且抗性的持久期均在15d以上。BTH处理或接种霜霉菌都可系统诱导黄瓜叶片胞间隙液产生分子量分别为33、27和22kD的蛋白,而草酸没有诱导这3种蛋白的表达。BTH或草酸处理均可引起POD活性的升高,但和对照相比并没有新的POD同工酶表达,POD活性升高与黄瓜对霜霉病的抗性有关。     

帚枝霉属内生真菌激发子蛋白SbES诱导辣椒抗棒孢叶斑病作用机理

为明确帚枝霉属Sarocladium内生生防真菌HND5菌株外泌激发子蛋白SbES的诱导辣椒抗病作用机理,通过构建SbES蛋白的毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris重组蛋白表达菌株,利用纯化后的SbES重组蛋白处理辣椒植株,检测辣椒对棒孢叶斑病的抗性,以及相关抗病反应与抗病基因表达的变化。结果表明,0.1 mg/mL SbES重组蛋白可有效诱导辣椒产生对棒孢叶斑病的抗性,可激发辣椒叶片活性氧爆发、微过敏反应和胼胝质积累等抗病反应;并能有效提高辣椒叶片中与活性氧爆发、过敏性反应、胼胝质合成和植保素合成等抗病反应相关基因,以及水杨酸、茉莉酸和乙烯信号传导关键基因的表达。推测帚枝霉属内生真菌激发子蛋白SbES可通过激活多种抗病信号传导途径来激发辣椒产生对棒孢叶斑病的抗性。     

诱抗剂复合处理对甜瓜光合特性及果实品质的影响

诱导抗性是发掘植物内在抗性机制的一种新对策,诱抗剂的研发是未来提高作物内在抗逆性的必然途径。本试验以甜瓜银帝和卡拉克塞为试材,用苯丙塞二唑(BTH)、水杨酸(SA)、纳米硅(SiO2)作诱导剂,在甘肃民勤大田不同时期对甜瓜进行全株喷雾复合处理,研究诱抗剂对甜瓜叶片光合能力以及果实品质的影响。结果表明:经诱导剂处理后植株叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度显著大于对照,初花期BTH+SA的处理效果最好,两品种的叶片净光合速率分别比对照提高了39.6%和32.0%,说明经诱导处理后叶片的光合能力增强。采前对甜瓜植株进行处理,能明显提高果实单产、可溶性固形物含量,初花期BTH+SA效果最好,银帝分别比对照提高了22.6%、9.0%,卡拉克塞分别提高了24.1%、27.6%。各处理对卡拉克赛可溶性固形物含量的影响较银帝明显。处理两次的与一次的、复合诱导剂与单一诱导剂之间无显著差异。     

内生细菌EBS05对烟草诱导抗性的信号转导途径研究

 樟树内生枯草芽胞杆菌EBS05是一株对多种植物病原菌具有较强拮抗活性,并能诱导烟草系统抗性的生防菌株。本文以缺失Surfactin A合成相关基因的突变菌株EBS05^T为材料,研究了内生细菌EBS05对烟草诱导系统抗性的激发子及其信号转导途径。结果表明,菌株EBS05产生的Surfactin A是诱导烟草对TMV系统抗性的有效激发子;Surfactin A诱导处理后,SA信号转导途径下游的关键调节基因NPR1首先被激活,并持续超量表达,进而触发PR1b和PR1a基因持续超量表达,表明Surfactin A诱导烟草对TMV的系统抗性是通过激活SA信号转导途径实现的。同时,Surfactin A诱导处理后24~72 h,JA/ET信号转导途径调节基因PDF1.2被激活,且超量表达,表明在Surfactin A诱导烟草对TMV系统抗性的信号转导过程中,可能存在SA信号途径和JA/ET信号途径的交叉协同作用。     

青霉菌灭活菌丝体诱导烟草BY-2悬浮细胞防卫反应的初步研究

 青霉菌灭活菌丝体(Dry Mycelium of Penicillium chrysogenum,DMP)是工业生产青霉素的残余副产物,研究发现DMP能够提高多种作物的抗病性。本文研究了DMP对烟草BY-2悬浮细胞防卫反应的诱导作用,并初步探索其诱导机制,结果表明:DMP处理烟草BY-2悬浮细胞后,产生了活性氧迸发,在处理后30 min达到峰值;DMP诱导烟草BY-2悬浮细胞胞外基质碱性化,该变化能被蛋白激酶抑制剂K252a部分抑制;苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性被诱导而明显升高,分别在处理后4 h和8 h达到峰值;DMP诱导了病程相关蛋白基因PR-1a、PR-1b以及抗病信号传导途径关键基因NPR1的表达。说明DMP能够诱导烟草BY-2悬浮细胞产生抗病防卫反应,其抗病信号可能是通过水杨酸信号途径进行传导的,蛋白质磷酸化参与了该抗病信号的传导过程。     

Suppressive effect of abscisic acid on systemic acquired resistance in tobacco plants

Recent studies have indicated that the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA), induced in response to a variety of environmental stresses, plays an important role in modulating diverse plant–pathogen interactions. In Arabidopsis thaliana, we previously clarified that ABA suppressed the induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), a plant defense system induced by pathogen infection through salicylic acid (SA) accumulation. We investigated the generality of this suppressive effect by ABA on SAR using tobacco plants. For SAR induction, we used 1,2-benzisothiazole-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide (BIT) and benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) that activate upstream and downstream of SA in the SAR signaling pathway, respectively. Wild-type tobacco plants treated with BIT or BTH exhibited enhanced disease resistance against Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and tobacco wildfire bacterium, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci (Pst), however, which was suppressed by pretreatment of plants with ABA. Pretreatment with ABA also suppressed the expression of SAR-marker genes by BIT and BTH, indicating that ABA suppressed the induction of SAR. ABA suppressed BTH-induced disease resistance and pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression in NahG-transgenic plants that are unable to accumulate SA. The accumulation of SA in wild-type plants after BIT treatment was also suppressed by pretreatment with ABA. These data suggest that ABA suppresses both upstream and downstream of SA in the SAR signaling pathway in tobacco.     

Nonpathogenic Binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. and Benzothiadiazole Protect Cotton Seedlings Against Rhizoctonia Damping-Off and Alternaria Leaf Spot in Cotton

ABSTRACT Recent reports have shown induction of resistance to Rhizoctonia root rot using nonpathogenic strains of binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. (np-BNR). This study evaluates the biocontrol ability of several np-BNR isolates against root and foliar diseases of cotton in greenhouse trials, provides evidence for induced systemic resistance (ISR) as a mechanism in this biocontrol, and compares the disease control provided by np-BNR with that provided by the chemical inducer benzothiadiazole (BTH). Pretreatment of cotton seedlings with np-BNR isolates provided good protection against pre- and post-emergence damping-off caused by a virulent strain of Rhizoctonia solani (AG-4). Seedling stand of protected cotton was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of nonprotected seedlings. Several np-BNR isolates significantly reduced disease severity. The combination of BTH and np-BNR provided significant protection against seedling rot and leaf spot in cotton; however, the degree of disease reduction was comparable to that obtained with np-BNR treatment alone. Significant reduction in leaf spot symptoms caused by Alternaria macrospora occurred on cotyledons pretreated with np-BNR or sprayed with BTH, and the np- BNR-treated seedlings had significantly less leaf spot than BTH-treated seedlings. The results demonstrate that np-BNR isolates can protect cotton from infections caused by both root and leaf pathogens and that disease control was superior to that observed with a chemical inducer.     

Benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic S-methyl ester (BTH) stimulates defense reactions in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xanthosoma sagittifolium</Emphasis>

The root rot disease caused by Pythium myriotylum is responsible for about 70% of cocoyam production loss in Cameroon. The potential of benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic S-methyl ester (BTH) to trigger resistance in cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) plants against P. myriotylum was investigated. Under controlled conditions, BTH was an efficient elicitor of some defense reactions in cocoyam. Application of 0.2 mg ml⁻¹ of BTH on leaves 7 days before inoculation of roots with P. myriotylum enhanced the activities of peroxidase (Pox) and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) as well as the total phenolic content. This resistance was noted as a decrease in disease incidence and severity in BTH-treated plants. This increase in Pox activities was correlated with two new isoforms in a white (sensitive) cultivar inoculated after stimulation. In a yellow (resistant) cultivar, stimulation was characterized by the appearance of one isoform. Qualitative analysis of phenolic compounds by HPLC showed an increase of hydroxycinnamic and flavonoid derivatives after inoculation. We also observed the appearance of a new caffeoylshikimic acid derivative after stimulation followed by inoculation of both cultivars. The findings indicated that the pattern of induction is different and depends on the variety.     

Different Patterns of Host Genes are Induced in Rice by Pseudomonas syringae, a Biological Inducer of Resistance, and the Chemical Inducer Benzothiadiazole (BTH)

Rice seedlings treated with the synthetic compound benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) acquired resistance to subsequent attack by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr. BTH (trade name Bion) has been released to the market as a plant protecting agent for rice. Here, we analysed the pattern of expressed genes in rice plants treated with BTH, and compared this pattern with those induced by the formerly discovered resistance inducer 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) and by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, a non-host pathogen inducing a hypersensitive response. Both INA and BTH induced similar patterns of genes, suggesting that these compounds are functional analogues. In contrast, the patterns induced by the chemical inducers and by P. syringae were clearly dissimilar.     

小豆抗锈病诱导剂的筛选

<正>由豇豆单胞锈(Uromyces vignae)引起的小豆锈病是我国小豆生产中的重要病害之一[1,2],在中国华北及东北地区发生严重,可造成严重的产量损失[3]。当前小豆锈病的防治主要依赖化学药剂,但长期使用化学药剂存在残留、破坏生态等弊端。因此寻找绿色可持续的防控措施越来越受到人们的关注。利用外源诱导剂诱导植物抗性是一种潜在的病害防控措施[4]。目前,已有超过30种的植物被证实可被诱导产生抗病性[5]。但在诱导小豆抗锈病方面的研究报道尚     

小豆抗锈病诱导剂的筛选

Four common inducers, salicylic acid (SA), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), benzothiadiazole (BTH) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), were selected to evaluate the effects of inducers on the resistance of adzuki bean to rust by investigating urediospores germination and the adzuki bean resistance to Uromyces vignae. The results showed that four inducers had no effects on the urediospores germination. However, they can significantly induce adzuki bean resistance to U. vignae. Among these four inducers, 0.25 mg·mL^-1 ACC can significantly reduce the disease index, which was 45.06% lower than the control. Aditionally, seedlings treated with ACC exhibited a typical "triple reaction", which indicated that this induced resistance may relate with the endogenous ethylene biosynthesis in adzuki bean. Then the adzuki bean seedlings were treated with an ethylene receptor inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) alone or combined with ACC. The results showed that 1-MCP alone had no significant effect on the growth and rust resistance of adzuki bean. However, 1-MCP could eliminate the "triple reaction" and did not affect the induced resistance caused by ACC when it used combined with ACC. Results obtained in current study suggested that ACC can significantly induce the resistance of adzuki bean to the rust. Moreover, we speculate that ACC-induced rust resistance of adzuki bean may not depend on ethylene signaling pathway.     

Interactions between Plasmopara helianthi, Glomus mosseae and Two Plant Activators in Sunflower Plants

Interactions between Plasmopara helianthi, Glomus mosseae and two plant activators DL--amino-n-butyric acid (BABA) and CGA 245704 (acibenzolar-S-methyl (BTH)) in sunflower plants susceptible to downy mildew were studied in four experiments using different methods of treatment and pathogen inoculation. Both chemicals were applied as soil drenches and foliar sprays, whereas P. helianthi infection was obtained by root and cotyledon inoculations of the seedlings. Soil drenches at the rates of 50 and 100mgkg^–1 soil of BABA and BTH given 1 and 3 days before P. helianthi inoculation, respectively to mycorrhizal plants, provided moderate protection against the pathogen (about 50–55%). Morphological changes and decrease in mycorrhizal colonization in roots of BTH-treated plants and in BTH-treated mycorrhizal plants were also observed. Delay in the emergence and reduction of the root systems were more evident at the highest concentration but decreased with time. These effects were absent with the BABA treatment.Foliar spray treatment of BABA and BTH, applied at 4000 and 200µgml^–1, respectively (1 day post-inoculation) to mycorrhizal plants provided good protection (about 80%) against P. helianthi foliar infections. No effects on mycorrhizal colonization or on root systems were observed. In vitro tests on the effect of the compounds on the mycorrhizal fungus showed that the germination of G. mosseae sporocarps increased with BABA treatment whereas it was greatly inhibited by BTH treatment.     

Benzothiadiazole Activates Resistance in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) to the Root-Parasitic Weed Orobanche cuman

ABSTRACT The study was conducted to evaluate the potential of induced resistance to infestation of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) by the parasitic weed Orobanche cumana Wallr. Treatment of sunflower seeds with 40 ppm of benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) for 36 h completely prevented infection in root chambers. In pot studies using 2.86 x 10(-4) g of Orobanche seeds per gram of soil as inoculum, the total number of O. cumana shoots was reduced by 84 and 95% in the 60-ppm BTH treatment in the first and second trial, respectively. Evaluation of the disease incidences revealed that attachment of O. cumana at the sunflower root and the stage of early penetration was reduced in the BTH-treated plants. Chemical analysis of root extracts revealed synthesis of the phytoalexin scopoletin and of hydrogen peroxide in the BTH-treated sunflower roots, but no increase in lignification. Western blot analysis demonstrated accumulation of the pathogenesis-related protein chitinase in roots and stems of induced resistant plants. These results show that the phenomenon of induced resistance is not restricted to viral, bacterial, and fungal disease and demonstrate the great potential of this protection strategy as an effective component of future plant production systems.