噻呋酰胺与嘧菌酯混配对马铃薯黑痣病菌增效作用及其田间防效

为明确噻呋酰胺与嘧菌酯混配对马铃薯黑痣病菌Rhizoctonia solani的增效作用及对马铃薯黑痣病的田间防效,采用菌丝生长速率法和田间药效试验测定二者混配组合对其的联合毒力,分别用Wadley法和Abbott法评价混配组合的增效作用,并比较拌种、沟施及苗期茎基部喷淋3种施药方式对黑痣病的田间防效。结果表明,噻呋酰胺与嘧菌酯以质量比3∶1、2∶1、1∶1和1∶2进行混配时抑制马铃薯黑痣病菌菌丝生长的增效系数分别为1.7、2.7、2.5和1.9,其中2∶1和1∶1的混配组合增效作用较为明显。240 g/L噻呋酰胺悬浮剂与250 g/L嘧菌酯悬浮剂1∶1桶混以240 g(a.i.)/hm~2沟施对马铃薯黑痣病的防效优于拌种和苗期茎基部喷淋的防效,沟施方式下对植株黑痣病的防效为65.3%,对薯块黑痣病的防效为71.6%,增效系数为1.1,表现增效作用。表明噻呋酰胺与嘧菌酯有效成分质量比1∶1的混配组合以240 g(a.i.)/hm~2为推荐剂量沟施可有效防治马铃薯黑痣病。     

戊唑醇对苹果斑点落叶病菌及轮纹病菌的毒力和药效评价

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了戊唑醇对苹果斑点落叶病菌Alternaria mali和苹果轮纹病菌Physalospora piricola的毒力并进行了田间药效试验。室内测定结果表明:戊唑醇抑制苹果斑点落叶病菌菌丝生长的EC50和EC90值分别为0.034和0.587 μg/mL,抑制苹果轮纹病菌菌丝生长的EC50和EC90值分别为0.019 和0.394 μg/mL。43%戊唑醇悬浮剂61 ~86 mg/L(5 000 ~7 000倍液)对苹果斑点落叶病的防效为84.6% ~88.8%,108 ~143 mg/L(3 000 ~4 000倍液)对苹果轮纹病的防效为73.8% ~86.4%,且该药剂在本试验剂量范围内对苹果树安全。     

嘧菌酯·百菌清复配对草坪褐斑病防治效果研究

采用菌丝生长速率法进行了嘧菌酯、百菌清复配剂对草坪褐斑病菌的室内毒力测定,结果表明嘧菌酯、百菌清(1∶5)复配剂对草坪褐斑病菌菌丝生长有较强的抑制作用,EC50为0.134 2mg/kg。田间药效试验结果表明,嘧菌酯·百菌清480g/L悬浮剂1 080~1 728g(a.i.)/hm2对草坪褐斑病有很好的防治效果,防效达到83.44%~87.18%。药剂对草坪草安全,可以广泛用于草坪褐斑病的防治。     

青海省樱桃叶斑病菌生物学特性及室内药剂毒力测定

为明确青海省樱桃叶斑病菌链格孢Alternaria alternata的生物学特性及筛选出对其防效最佳的药剂,本研究采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子计数法研究了不同培养条件对该病原菌菌丝生长和产孢量的影响,并用菌丝生长抑制率法对9种杀菌剂进行室内毒力测定。结果表明,菌丝生长和产孢的最适培养基分别为马铃薯蔗糖琼脂(PSA)培养基和马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)培养基,最适温度为25℃, 最适氮源为蛋白胨,最适碳源分别为肌醇和乳糖,最适pH分别为6~8和6~7,24 h持续黑暗处理更有利于菌丝生长和产孢。9种化学药剂对病原菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中250 g/L嘧菌酯悬浮剂抑菌效果最好,EC50为1.258 mg/L。该研究结果可为青海省樱桃叶斑病的防治提供理论依据。     

嘧霉胺对梨黑斑病菌(Alternaria alternata)的毒力及其药效评价

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了嘧霉胺对梨黑斑病病原菌链格孢菌(Alternaria alternata)的毒力,并进行其对梨黑斑病的田间药效试验。结果表明：嘧霉胺对梨黑斑病菌菌丝生长抑制的EC50为0.126 8 μg/mL ;40%嘧霉胺可湿性粉剂250～500 mg/L对梨黑斑病的防效为66%～82%,且该药剂在本试验剂量范围内对梨树安全。     

新型吡唑-3-甲酸酯类化合物HNNK-1对小麦全蚀病菌的毒力及防治效果

为了研究新型吡唑-3-甲酸酯类化合物HNNK-1对小麦全蚀病的防治效果,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了其对小麦全蚀病菌的毒力;并通过拌种处理在温室和田间测定了其对小麦全蚀病的防治效果;同时观察了HNNK-1拌种对小麦生长的影响。菌丝生长速率法测定结果表明,HNNK-1对小麦全蚀病菌的EC₅₀为0.28 mg/L,低于硅噻菌胺的EC₅₀(0.58 mg/L);盆栽试验结果表明,用50 g/L HNNK-1 SC拌种(药种质量比1∶3 000)后对小麦全蚀病的防效为60.10%;对小麦株高、根长等生长指标无显著影响。田间药效试验表明,用50 g/L HNNK-1 SC拌种(药种质量比1∶3 000)对小麦全蚀病的防效为73.13%(开封)和71.15%(周口)。HNNK-1可以有效控制田间小麦全蚀病发生和危害。     

井冈霉素A对水稻纹枯病菌的毒力和作用机理研究

根据水稻纹枯病菌 Rhizoctonia solani AG- 1IA在含系列浓度井冈霉素 A马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基 (PDA)上的菌丝生长速率 ,计算出药剂的毒力回归方程为:Y=3.2 30 9+0 .872 0 X,r=0 .9910 ,药剂的 EC50 =10 6 .9μg/ m L,EC75=6 34.5 μg/ m L。在含 5 0 0 μg/ m L井冈霉素 A的 PDA上水稻纹枯病菌的菌丝生长抑制率为 74 .1% ,而田间水稻植株上人工接菌的药效试验结果表明 ,5 0 μg/ m L药液喷洒后 7d和 14 d的防效即可分别达到 77.4 %和 76 .7% ,即药剂在 PDA平板上的理论抑制作用仅是田间活体植株上对病菌实际作用效果的 1/ 10。比较室内毒力和田间药效试验的结果可以看出 ,井冈霉素 A具有对病原菌和寄主植物双重作用的特性。研究首次发现 ,在室内培养基上不能有效抑制病菌生长的 1μg/ m L的井冈霉素 A可以在水稻植株未喷药部位产生防御水稻纹枯病的作用 ,且能够持续诱导植物防御反应相关酶——过氧化物酶 (PO)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶 (PAL)的活性增高,表明该药剂可以激发水稻抗性防卫反应的表达。     

防治山东省特色小宗作物姜炭疽病试验研究

为了明确450 g/L咪鲜胺水乳剂和25％嘧菌酯悬浮剂防治姜炭疽病的防治效果和安全性,本研究采用菌丝生长速率法、喷雾法分别测定了2种药剂对姜炭疽病菌的室内活性、田间防效以及对姜的安全性.室内活性试验结果表明,咪鲜胺和嘧菌酯对姜炭疽病均具有较高活性,EC50值(120h)分别为0.076mg/L和1.59mg/L.安全性...     

9种三唑类杀菌剂对苹果轮纹病菌的毒力及田间防效

为筛选得到防治苹果轮纹病的高效药剂,采用生长速率法测定9种三唑类杀菌剂对苹果轮纹病菌菌丝生长的毒力,评价其对苹果生长的安全性及对轮纹病的田间防治效果.结果 表明,苯醚甲环唑和氟硅唑对苹果轮纹病菌的室内毒力较高,EC50分别为0.107 μg/mL和0.140 μg/mL;其次为氟环唑、丙环唑和己唑醇,EC50分别为0....     

黄帚橐吾提取物对棉铃虫的生物活性

为掌握贵州甘蔗真菌病害种类及发生情况,采用随机踏查、定点调查、症状诊断与病原菌形态特征观察等方法对贵州甘蔗产区7个县进行真菌病害调查;采用菌丝生长速率法,对甘蔗褐斑病进行了5种杀菌剂室内毒力测定和田间防效试验。结果表明,贵州甘蔗主要真菌病害有褐斑病、褐锈病、赤腐病、黄斑病、轮斑病、褐条病、煤烟病、黑穗病,其中褐斑病、轮斑病、褐条病发生较重,煤烟病发生严重;5种杀菌剂中,325 g/L苯甲· 嘧菌酯悬浮剂对甘蔗褐斑病毒力最高和防效最好,EC50为0.0025 mg/L,第3次药后10 d防效达86.46%。其他4种杀菌剂对褐斑病均有较好的防治效果,可应用于甘蔗生产防治褐斑病。     

云南省马铃薯黑痣病病原菌融合群鉴定及8种药剂对其的毒力

由立枯丝核菌引起的马铃薯黑痣病是一种常见的土壤和种薯传播病害,在世界各地均有发生。本试验对分离纯化的67个丝核菌菌株进行融合群测定,结果表明:67个菌株都属于AG3融合群;对其中来自6个不同地域的11个菌株进行ITS测定,11个菌株的相似度为99%。8种药剂对马铃薯黑痣病菌的毒力测定结果表明,20%氟胺·嘧菌酯水分散粒剂50mg/L和25g/L咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂50mg/L的抑菌效果较好,室内抑菌效果可达100%。     

Emergence of silver scurf (Helminthosporium solani) as an economically important disease of potato

During the 1990s, silver scurf (causal agent Helminthosporium solani ) emerged as an economically important disease of table stock and processing potatoes ( Solanum tuberosum ). The pathogen attacks the periderm of the potato tuber causing blemishes. The disease cycle of silver scurf has both field and storage phases. Primary infection occurs in the field and high relative humidity favours the spread and increase of silver scurf in potato stores. Control of the disease by chemical and cultural practices remains difficult. Increase in disease has been attributed to H. solani isolates resistant to the postharvest fungicide thiabendazole (TBZ). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based detection methods for H. solani and TBZ-resistant isolates are rapid and more specific than traditional identification. This review discusses the biology of the pathogen, epidemiology of the disease, detection of the pathogen and integrated control measures for the management of silver scurf in both field and potato tuber stores.     

Infection of potato and wheat by isolates of Rhizoctonia solani and R. cerealis

Isolates of Rhizoctonia were obtained from potato crops with stem canker or black scurf and from cereal crops with sharp eyespot. Those with many nuclei per cell, wide cells, darkening colonies and fast growth were assigned to R. solani ; those with two nuclei per cell, narrow cells, pale colonies and slow growth were assigned to R. cerealis . Only R. solani was obtained from potatoes and only R. cerealis from cereals. On young plants in the glasshouse, the isolates of R. solani infected potato substantially but not wheat; R. cerealis infected wheat substantially and potato slightly. This host preference was shown at temperatures between 10 and 25°C in growth rooms. R. solani on potato caused more disease with increasing temperature; no trend with temperature was observed for R. cerealis on wheat.     

Dynamics of soilborne Rhizoctonia solani in the presence of Trichoderma harzianum: effects on stem canker, black scurf and progeny tubers of potato

Stem canker and black scurf are diseases of potato caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani . Spatiotemporal experimentation and empirical modelling were applied for the first time to investigate the effect of antagonistic Trichoderma harzianum on the dynamics of soilborne R. solani on individual potato plants. Trichoderma harzianum reduced the severity of symptoms, expressed as 'rhizoctonia stem lesion index' (RSI), during the first 7 days post-inoculation when the inoculum of R. solani was placed at certain distances (30–60 mm) from the host. For example, with inoculum at 40 mm from the host, RSI was 6 and 40 with and without T. harzianum , respectively. At later observation times, the antagonistic effect was overcome. Trichoderma harzianum reduced the severity of black scurf on progeny tubers. Furthermore, the mean number of progeny tubers per potato plant was reduced by the biocontrol treatment (means of 6·5 ± 1·1 and 9·9 ± 2·7 tubers per plant with and without T. harzianum , respectively), as was the proportion of small (0·1–20·0 g) tubers (48% and 66% with and without T. harzianum , respectively). Additionally, there were fewer malformed and green-coloured tubers in pots treated with T. harzianum than in those without T. harzianum .     

马铃薯黑痣病生防菌的筛选及防治效果

由立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)引起的马铃薯黑痣病由于常年连作和马铃薯种植规模扩大,病害发生越来越严重[1,2].目前马铃薯黑痣病的防治主要依靠农药的施用[3,4],但化学药剂的频繁使用会导致抗药性的产生、同时带来农药残留和环境污染等问题[5].从棉花根际土壤分离得到的多粘类芽胞杆菌Sx3可产生杀镰...     

Anastomosis group and pathogenicity of isolates of Rhizoctonia solani from potato crops in South Australia

Isolates of Rhizoctonia collected from the stems, roots, tuber sclerotia and soil of potato crops in Virginia and Lenswood, South Australia, were identified to anastomosis groups (AG). Of the 301 multinucleate isolates of Rhizoctonia solani tested, 90% were AG-3, 7% were AG-4 and 2% were AG-5; 12 isolates were binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. This is the first report of isolates of AG-4 and AG-5 causing disease in potato crops in South Australia. All AG-3, AG-4 and AG-5 isolates tested caused rhizoctonia disease symptoms on the potato cultivar Coliban in pathogenicity trials conducted under glasshotise conditions. Both AG-3 and AG-5 isolates caused black scurf and stem cankers, although symptoms of black scurf were less severe with AG-5. AG-4 isolates produced the most severe stem and stolon cankers of all isolates tested. The pathogenicity of tuber-borne inoculum was confirmed by growing plants from sclerotia-infested tubers. AG-8 isolates from diseased barley and wheat produced severe root cankers and caused loss of feeder roots on inoculated potato plants. Results suggest that rhizoctonia disease in potato fields in South Australia is caused by a combination of different anastomosis groups and this has important implications for crop rotations.     

Evaluation of Inhibitory Effect of Some Bicarbonate Salts and Fungicides Against Hazelnut Powdery Mildew

Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) which is intensively grown in the Black Sea region is the most important agricultural product of Turkey. Hazelnut production and quality are negatively affected by several diseases and pests. Powdery mildew is nowadays one of the most common diseases in almost whole hazelnut producing areas. The disease is caused by two different species, Phyllactinia guttata (Wallr. et Lev.) Fr. and Erysiphe corylacearum U. Braun & S. Takam. For the last 4 years, E. corylacearum, a newly invasive fungus in Turkey, has been caused significant economic losses. In the present study, the efficacy of ammonium, potassium and sodium bicarbonates, and two fungicides were evaluated in field trials against powdery mildew on hazelnuts in Samsun in 2016. The application rates of compounds used in the experiment were as follows: ammonium, potassium and sodium bicarbonates (Sigma-Aldrich, Seelze, Germany) at 1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6% (w/v); Collis® SC (100?g/l Kresoxim methyl +200?g/l Boscalid, BASF, Spain) at 30?ml/100?l and Sulflow® 80 WG (Sulphur 800?g/l, Agrofarm, Turkey) at 400?g/100?l. Of the compounds tested, except for fungicides, sodium was found to be the most effective in controlling the powdery mildew on hazelnuts, followed by potassium and ammonium, respectively. Among those three, ammonium bicarbonate was ineffective against fruit infections of the disease. There was also no significant difference between inhibitory effects of 6% sodium bicarbonate, Collis and Sulflow against the disease (P < 0.05). In addition, bicarbonate salts was phytotoxic to hazelnut leaves at concentrations greater than 1.5%. The results indicate that sodium or potassium bicarbonate solutions seems to be a useful biocompatible fungicide for controlling the powdery mildew on hazelnuts.     

Development of resistance to thiabendazole in Helminthosporium solani (silver scurf) as a result of potato seed tuber treatment

Applying thiabendazole to potato seed tubers affected with silver scurf caused by Helminthosporium solani sensitive to thiabendazole decreased the severity of disease on progeny tubers at harvest, but about 50% of the isolates from these were resistant to the fungicide. The disease was not decreased when samples of the progeny tubers were treated with thiabendazole and planted in the following year, and the incidence of resistant isolates increased. Resistant isolates continued to be present when tubers were planted in the next 2 years without fungicide treatment. Treatment with a mixture of thiabendazole and imazalil also decreased the disease and fewer isolates were resistant than when treated with thiabendazole alone, although the proportion increased after treatment with the mixture in the following year. When seed tubers were infected with thiabendazole-resistant H. solani , silver scurf on progeny tubers was not affected by thiabendazole applied to the seed tubers but was decreased by the mixture of thiabendazole and imazalil. Imazalil was equally effective against H. solani sensitive or resistant to thiabendazole.
Some isolates of H. solani had grey aerial mycelium and of 516 of these isolates obtained in 4 years 29% were resistant to the fungicide. Other isolates produced small, black colonies and their frequency increased with thiabendazole treatment of seed tubers. Of 244 of these isolates, 62% were resistant.     

Dynamics ofRhizoctonia solani (black scurf) in successive potato crops

The position of plants withRhizoctonia solani sclerotia (black scurf) on progeny tubers was mapped for an experimental field at Haren where potatoes were grown continuously and in rotation with other crops for five successive years, and for another field at Borgercompagnie with a 12 frequency of potatoes during three potato crops. Initially, the distribution of plants with black scurf on both fields was rather dense and homogeneous. In the following years the distribution became heterogeneous and patchy. The local decline ofR. solani AG 3 (the common potato pathogen) in Haren was apparently caused by an unknown factor selectively suppressingR. solani AG 3, while simultaneouslyR. solani AG 5 increased in mass. This AG 5 type proved to be an inferior competitor of AG 3 on the potato plant in a laboratory experiment. The specificR. solani antagonistVerticillium biguttatum did not play a role. A similar factor could have reduced the formation of black scurf in the experimental field at Borgercompagnie, whereV. biguttatum was also too infrequent to account for the decline.R. solani AG 5 was not present here and could not indicate the presence of a selective factor against AG 3.     

Effect of crop rotation on the incidence of soil-borne fungal diseases of potato

Effects of crop rotation on the incidence of soil-borne pathogens and on the performance of potato were investigated in five field experiments. Rotations differed in cropping frequency of potato and in crop sequence.Incidence of stem canker caused byRhizoctonia solani was strongly influenced by the cropping frequency of potato and not by crops with which the potato was alternated in the rotation. Cropping frequency of potato also affected the occurrence of black scurf, but less pronounced than for stem canker. The antagonistVerticillium bigutatum slightly reducedR. solani (black scurf) in plots on sandy soil continuously cropped with potato. Incidence of stem canker was also strongly affected by granular nematicides applied to the soil, nitrogen level and the cultivar grown.