从进境旅客携带的露兜树植物中截获香蕉穿孔线虫

2004年1月16日,广州机场局查验新加坡航班旅客时截获两株植物露兜树(Pandanus tectorius BL. var. Littoralis SOL),送广州局植检实验室线虫检验,植检室将其根系及介质进行线虫分离,发现有香蕉穿孔线虫｛Radopholus similes(Cobb,1983) Thorne,1949｝,咖啡短体线虫(Pratylenchus coffeae),sp.)、真滑刃线虫(Aphenlenchoides sp.)和垫刃线虫(Tylenchus sp.).     

广西香蕉植物线虫病发生情况调查

作者于2009-2010年,对广西香蕉线虫病发生情况进行了实地调查,分别采集根际土壤和根系样本共253份,调查结果表明：广西香蕉主要有害线虫有根结线虫、矮化线虫、短体线虫、肾状线虫、螺旋线虫、滑刃线虫、纽带线虫、垫刃线虫和小环线虫,其中根结线虫发生最普遍也最严重,根结病指最高达60,土壤根结线虫虫口密度最高达307头/100 mL土。〖JP〗     

丝尾垫刃属新种的描述(线虫门:垫刃科)Ⅲ.山地丝尾垫刃线虫新种和东方丝尾垫刃线虫新种

 本文记述了采自香港的丝尾垫刃线虫2新种:山地丝尾垫刃线虫新种(Filenchus montanus n.sp.)和东方丝尾垫刃线虫新种(Filenchus orientalis n.sp.)。前者采集于大屿山的甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum)根际土壤,其主要鉴别特征是侧区有3条侧线、体短、角质层环粗,此新种在头部、尾部等特征上区别于近似种巴洛格丝尾垫刃线虫(F.baloghi(Andrássy,1958)Siddiqi,1986)和毛发形尾丝尾垫刃线虫(Filenchus criniformicaudatus(Kazachenko,1975) Siddiqi,1986)。后者采集于锦田的蕹菜(Ipomoea aquatica)根际土壤,其与近似种普通丝尾垫刃线虫(F.vulgaris(Brzeski,1963) Lownsbery&Lownsbery,1985)的主要区别是尾短、排泄孔位置靠前和阴门位置靠后。     

海南岛反季节蔬菜根际寄生线虫种类记述

从海南岛反季节蔬菜根际土壤中分离鉴定出9属12种寄生线虫,分别为肾形肾状线虫(Rotylenchulus reniformis LinfordOliverira,1940)、双宫螺旋线虫[Helicotylenchus dihystera(Cobb,1893)Sher,1961]、刻尾螺旋线虫(H.crenacauda Sher,1966)、咖啡短体线虫[Pratylenchus coffeae(Zimmermann,1898)FilipjevSchuurmans Stekhoven,1941]、穿刺短体线虫[P.penetrans(Cobb,1917)Chitwood,Oteifa,1952]、尖突潜根线虫[Hirschmanniella mucronata(Das,1960)LucGoodey,1963]、异头丝尾垫刃线虫(Filenchus heterocephalus XieFeng,1996)、塞氏纽带线虫(Hoplolaimus seinhorsti Luc,1958)、燕麦真滑刃线虫(Aphelenchus avenae Bastian,1865)、类双尾滑刃线虫(Aphelenchoides parabicaudatus Shavrov,1967)、内卷滑刃线虫(A.involutus Minagawa,1992)和较小拟毛刺线虫[Paratrichodorus minor(Colbran,1956)Siddiqi,1974]。其中,异头丝尾垫刃线虫和内卷滑刃线虫为海南岛新纪录种。     

云南省灯盏花根际土壤寄生线虫的种类鉴定

2001-2005年对云南省灯盏花主要栽培区的灯盏花根部及根际土壤的寄生线虫进行分类鉴定,共鉴定出9种线虫:内卷滑刃线虫(Aphelenchoides involutus)、燕麦真滑刃线虫(Aphelenchus avenae)、异头丝尾垫刃线虫(Filenchus heterocephalus)、双宫螺旋线虫(Helicotylenchus dihystera)、南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)、草地短体线虫(Pratylenchus pratensis)、活泼平滑垫刃线虫(Psilenchus hilarulus)、戴维恩垫刃线虫(Tylenchusdavainei)和广东垫刃线虫(Tylenchus guangdongensis)。优势种群是双宫螺旋线虫,其次是南方根结线虫。灯盏花是这些线虫的新记录寄主。     

丝尾垫刃属新种的描述(线虫门:垫刃科)Ⅱ.异头丝尾垫刃线虫新种和香港丝尾垫刃线虫新种

 本文描述了异头丝尾垫刃线虫新种(Filenchus heterocephalus n.sp.)和香港丝尾垫刃线虫新种(Filenchus hongkongensis n.sp.)。前者采集于香港大龙农场的茄子(Solanum melongena)根围土壤,其主要鉴别特征是侧区有2条侧线、头部背腹面缢缩、口针小、角质层环细。此新种在头部和尾部等特征上区别于近似种新矮丝尾垫刃线虫(F.neonanus Raski&Geraert,1987)、差异丝尾垫刃线虫(F.discrepans(Andrassy,1954) Raski&Geraert,1986)、海伦丝尾垫刃线虫(F.helenae(Szczygiel,1969) Raski&Geraert,1987)和兼性丝尾垫刃线虫(F.facultativus(Szczygiel,1970) Raski&Geraert,1987)。后者采集于香港锦田的蕹菜(Ipomoea aquatica)根际土壤,其主要鉴别特征是侧区有2条侧线、体环较粗、雄虫抱片小,此新种与近似种大侧器丝尾垫刃线虫(F.macramphis(Siddiqi&Lal,1992) Xie&Feng,1994)在侧器口、体长和抱片等特征上存在明显差异,与近似种异头丝尾垫刃线虫新种在头部、体环和食道等特征上有明显差异。     

云南进境种苗(球)上的线虫及重要种的描述

近年来,云南口岸引进国外种苗(球)呈逐年递增趋势,检出线虫也增多,据不完全统计,2002年进境种苗(球)1179批,1300多万株(球),检出线虫85次;2003年1～9月1421批,3200多万株(球),检出线虫110次;其中,包括重要的植物寄生线虫鳞球茎茎线虫(Ditylenchus dipsaci)、穿刺短体线虫(Pratylenchus penetrans)、咖啡短体线虫(P.coffeae)、草莓滑刃线虫(Aphelenchoides fragariae)、根结线虫(Meloidogyne spp.)等数十批次.     

丝尾垫刃属新种的描述(线虫门:垫刃科)Ⅰ.辣椒丝尾垫刃线虫新种和南方丝尾垫刃线虫新种

 辣椒丝尾垫刃线虫新种(Filenchus capsici n.sp.)和南方丝尾垫刃线虫新种(Filenchus australis n.sp.)采集于香港大龙农场的辣椒(Capsicum frutescens)根际土壤。前者以排泄孔、中食道球和阴门的位置靠后以及阴道斜向前伸等特征区别于近似种阿富汗尼卡斯丝尾垫刃线虫(F.afghanicus(Khan&Khan,1978) Raski&Geraert,1987)。后者以微缢缩的头部以及排泄孔和阴门的位置靠后等特征区别于近似种毛发形尾丝尾垫刃线虫(Filenchus criniformicaudatus(Kazachenko,1975) Siddiqi,1986)。     

玉米线虫矮化病病原鉴定

为明确东华北春玉米区暴发的一种危害严重、引起玉米植株矮化的新病害病原,从病区采集大量病株及其根际土壤,采用室内人工接种的方法对分离频率最高的3种镰孢菌,即亚粘团镰孢菌Fusarium subglutinans、拟轮枝镰孢菌F.verticillioides和层出镰孢菌F.proliferatum及线虫(群体)进行致病性测定。结果表明:有线虫(群体)的处理能够引起该病害典型症状,即植株矮化,叶片上有沿叶脉方向的黄色或白色失绿条纹,茎基部组织从内向外呈纵向或横向开裂,推断该病的发生和线虫有关。将回接发病植株病土中分离的矮化线虫属Tylenchorhynchus sp.、短体线虫属Pratylenchus sp.、发垫刃线虫属Trichotylenchus sp.、拟盘旋线虫属Pararotylenchus sp.、小环线虫属Criconemella sp.、垫刃线虫属Tylenchus sp.、丝尾垫刃线虫属Filenchus sp.、螺旋线虫属Helicotylenchus sp.和真滑刃线虫属Aphelenchus sp.进行分属后再回接,只有发垫刃属线虫的处理出现与田间发病症状一致的植株。综合形态特征、致病力和分子序列分析结果,确定该病病原为长岭发垫刃线虫T.changlingensis,并将该病害称为玉米线虫矮化病(maize nematode stunt disease)。     

杆垫刃属新属和一个新种的描述(垫刃目:垫刃科)

杆垫刃属新属(Rhabdotylenchus n. gen.)以其尾粗短,尾后部透明部分呈杆状,尾端平截有一凹痕,以及第一体环明显宽于其他体环并且该环角质层显著加厚与唇和其后的体部形成缢缩而显著区别于垫刃亚科(Tylenchinae rley, 1880)的其它属,该新属与近似属Tylenchus Bastian,1865的区别,除了独特的尾形和第一体环外,还以唇区显著缢缩,阴门位置较后(V>70vsV=60～70),明显区别于该近似属。广东杆垫刃线虫新属新种(Rhabdotylenchus guangdongensis n. gen., n. sp.)发现于广东省深圳市郊区的苦瓜根际土中。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.