避雨栽培条件下番茄灌排方案熵权系数评价

为了寻求南方地区避雨栽培条件下番茄优质高效生产的灌排方案,借助田间避雨小区试验,研究了10种不同灌排方案对番茄需水量、果实产量和品质的影响,采用主成分分析将6种单个品质评价指标转化成1个品质综合主成分.以品质综合主成分、产量、需水量和灌水量为评价指标,利用熵权系数法计算得到了各灌排处理的熵权评价值,确定了处理9为最优灌排处理,熵权评价值为0.873;其次为处理5,熵权评价值为0.85;最差为处理1,熵权评价值仅为0.593.研究结果表明,在避雨措施下,采用60%对照灌水量,暗管埋深0.8 m的处理9,番茄产量虽然随灌水量的减少而有所下降,但可增加可溶性固体物、总酸含量、维生素C含量和糖酸比等品质指标,改善果实口感与风味,同时提高灌溉水利用率,可作为南方地区避雨栽培条件下优质高产的番茄灌排方案.     

调亏灌溉对加工番茄产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响

为了节水优产,以加工番茄为试验材料,研究了不同生育时期调亏灌溉处理对加工番茄产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,番茄产量随着灌水量的增加而呈先增后减的趋势,苗期、开花坐果期、果实膨大期和成熟采摘期调亏灌溉处理的最大产量所对应的灌水量分别为610.07、502.12、492.14和494.86 mm。果实膨大期重度调亏处理的产量下降最为显著,比对照降低了13%。各生育时期重度调亏的水分利用效率(WUE)高于充分灌水和中度调亏。开花坐果期是调亏灌溉处理的适宜时期,该时期重度调亏的WUE达40.59 kg/m3,比对照提高了30%左右。番茄红素量与灌水量线性关系不明显,而番茄果实中可性固形物、Vc量与灌水量显著负相关。从产量、品质和水分利用效率的角度考虑,在酿酒葡萄开花坐果期内中度调亏的效果最好。     

甘肃北部棉花灌溉保证率分析

甘肃地区水资源短缺,合理利用农业水资源对地区发展非常重要。根据甘肃瓜州1983-2012年30年的气象资料,计算出瓜州地区棉花作物的参考作物蒸发蒸腾量以及作物的实际蒸发蒸腾量,进而计算甘肃瓜州棉花作物多年灌溉需水量。通过调节灌水次数来调节灌溉供水量,以得出不同供水条件下的灌溉设计保证率,根据不同灌水次数对作物经济效益的影响,得到最大效益时的灌水量和灌溉设计保证率。分析结果表明,灌溉设计保证率在53%时经济效益最高,从而确定甘肃瓜州地区的最优灌水量为440mm,达到既保证效益又能做到节水灌溉的目的。     

日光温室番茄控制土壤深层渗漏的灌水量指标

针对菜田灌溉水肥渗漏问题,采用田间试验和室内分析相结合,研究不同灌溉方式下日光温室番茄不同生育期根系垂直分布特征,在此基础上,进一步研究了膜下沟灌方式下不同灌水量番茄田土体水分的垂直分布特征及灌水量与土壤水在根层外渗漏的关系。结果表明,日光温室番茄主要根系层为0～40 cm,最深根层为60 cm。在灌水量7.5～ 22.5 mm范围,灌溉后番茄田不同土层水分增加量呈垂直递减;在灌水量7.5～45 mm范围,灌溉水根层外的渗漏率与灌水量呈线性相关;该文以满足根层水分有效供给和控制根层外渗漏为目标,确定日光温室番茄花果期和采收期适宜每次灌水量为15～22.5 mm。研究结果可为确定浅根性蔬菜根-水同位管理灌溉指标提供依据。     

扶埂开沟膜下灌对温室番茄节水效应的研究

为探明扶埂开沟膜下灌对番茄的影响,以温室番茄为研究对象,采用完全随机试验设计方法,通过扶埂开沟膜下灌与常规沟灌以及在各个生育期的调亏灌溉对比,研究不同沟灌对温室番茄的生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:扶埂开沟膜下灌较传统沟灌节水效果显著,每生产1 kg番茄省水0.005 88 m3,水分利用效率达到31.679 kg/m3,较沟灌显著提高19.64%;扶埂开沟膜下灌灌溉方式下,番茄苗期亏水灌溉时灌溉水利用效率达峰值,与适宜水分灌溉相比灌溉水利用效率显著提高26.69%,番茄节水灌溉的有效时期是苗期;综合分析发现,最佳沟灌灌溉制度为:扶埂开沟膜下灌+苗期调亏,及在扶埂开沟膜下灌模式下苗期灌水1次+开花坐果期4次+结果后期5次,每次灌水定额为40 mm。     

日光温室小管出流条件下甜椒灌溉制度试验研究

通过田间小区试脸研究了日光温室小管出流条件下土壤水分变化对甜椒的长势指标(株高、茎粗、叶面积)、产量和果实品质的影响,并通过综合分析得出甜椒的适宜灌溉制度.研究表明:土壤水分在青椒各生育期内的下限控制范围为苗期50%～60%;田持、开花坐果期60%～70%;田持、结果期70%～80%.田持时,青椒的长势、产量、果实品质及水分利用效率均呈表现优良.青椒在温室中小管出流条件下的适宜灌溉制度为整个生育期的灌水童为200.64 mm;苗期灌水定额为15 mm,灌水2次;开花坐果期和结果期灌水定额为22 mm,灌水8次.     

温室番茄节水调质灌水方案评价

为寻求日光温室番茄优质高效的灌溉制度,采用设置于温室番茄冠层齐平位置的水面蒸发测定装置,设计3种基于水面蒸发量的灌水间隔水平和4种灌水量水平组合处理,依据小区试验观测结果,分析确定了以番茄产量、水分利用率、单果重、可溶性固形物质量分数及果实硬度等5项指标为主的节水调质灌溉制度评价体系;在采用变异系数法确定出各指标权重的基础上,借鉴TOPSIS综合评价方法,建立了温室番茄节水、优质、高产相统一的综合评价模型,应用该模型确定基于水面蒸发量的温室番茄节水调质灌溉制度,即当累积水面蒸发量Epan达到10mm±2mm时进行灌溉,灌水量为0.9Epan,在产量不降低的情况下,提高了水分利用率,并在一定程度上提高了果实的营养品质和储运品质.     

温室番茄滴灌灌水指标试验研究

研究了日光温室中番茄的需水量、需水规律、产量与耗水量的关系。对日光温室番茄进行了滴灌灌水制度的研究。根据番茄不同生育期的生理特性及其需水特性确定其相应适宜的土壤含水率范围（占田间持水量的百分比）为：苗期45％～55％，开花坐果期55～75％，坐果期65-85％。不同生育期的灌水定额为：苗期10～15mm，开花坐果期15-25mm，结果期20-30mm。     

寒地温室豆角耗水规律分析及节水灌溉模式优化

为了探索北方寒冷地区温室蔬菜的耗水规律,基于温室豆角滴灌试验,采用正交试验设计,研究了寒地温室不同生育期不同灌水定额对秋季豆角耗水规律及产量与水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:豆角在苗期耗水模数最高为37.75%,在开花期耗水强度最高为2.83mm/d;苗期灌水量对豆角产量的影响显著,产量及水分利用效率最佳的灌溉模式为:苗期灌水定额为12mm、开花期灌水定额为12mm、结荚期灌水定额为24mm、采摘期灌水定额为6mm,可提高产量7.63%,灌溉水利用效率提高98.26%,达到27.48kg/m3,该节水灌溉模式可实现豆角高产及水分利用高效的统一,为指导北方寒冷地区温室豆角的节水灌溉提供依据。     

金丝小枣蒸散和作物系数变化规律研究

采用Probe12植物茎液流计和小型蒸发器分别测定了金丝小枣生长期间的日蒸腾和棵间蒸发。蒸腾存在日变化和季节性变化,果实膨大期蒸腾的日变化呈双峰曲线,萌芽展叶期、开花坐果期、果实成熟期和落叶期的日变化呈单峰曲线;萌芽展叶期、开花坐果期、果实膨大期、果实成熟期和落叶期的蒸腾量分别占生长季总耗水量的12.2%、16.5%、48.1%、13.2%、10.1%,金丝小枣生育期总蒸腾量346.8 mm,棵间蒸发231.7 mm,总蒸散578.5mm;棵间蒸发占总蒸散量的40.1%。枣树的作物系数随生育期变化从前期的0.27,到中期0.92,后期0.71,作物系数与冠层覆盖度呈显著正相关关系,决定系数为R2=0.758 6(P<0.01)。     

调亏灌溉对温室番茄生长发育及其产量和品质的影响

明确作物各生育期水分需求,并制定合理灌水制度是节水增产的重要途径。本文以华北地区日光温室番茄为研究对象,设置3种水面蒸发系数,分别在开花坐果期轻度(k_(0.7)k_(0.9))或中度(k_(0.5)k_(0.9))水分亏缺,成熟采摘期轻度(k_(0.9)k_(0.7))或中度(k_(0.9)k_(0.5))调亏控水,以充分灌水(k_(0.9)k_(0.9))为对照,对番茄生长发育及其产量和品质进行了分析。结果显示:k_(0.7)k_(0.9)和k_(0.5)k_(0.9)植株生长速率分别较k_(0.9)k_(0.7)和k_(0.9)k_(0.5)弱,开花坐果期水分亏缺会导致产量降低1.2%,WUE降低11.2%;对比各个处理,k_(0.9)k_(0.9)产量最高,为141.07t/hm~2,但WUE偏低,仅为47.99kg/m~3,与产量相差不大的k_(0.9)k_(0.7)相比,k_(0.9)k_(0.9)灌水量增加29mm,WUE却降低6.8%。品质方面,除果实硬度外,番茄在成熟采摘期亏水50%可显著提高果实营养品质。最后,提出适合华北地区温室滴灌番茄的经济耗水指标,即全生育期灌水量约为230mm时可达到节水高产和高效的统一。     

加工番茄生长、NPK营养及产量对磁化水滴灌的响应

大田滴灌条件下,通过设置常规滴灌对照（CK）、250 mT磁化处理水滴灌（T250）和300 mT磁化处理水滴灌（T300）3个处理,研究了不同磁强磁化水滴灌对加工番茄生长发育、养分吸收及产量的影响。磁化水滴灌能够促进加工番茄的生长发育、生物量以及干物质累积。坐果中期和收获期磁化处理的干物质量比对照分别增加6.9%～16.9%和8.7%～21.2%;加工番茄小果数（φ＜10 mm）和大果数（φ≥10 mm）也比对照分别增加23.7%～25.0%和7.3%～12.5%。磁化水灌溉可明显改善加工番茄的N、K营养,收获期加工番茄植株单株N、K吸收量分别为1.7～1.9 g株和3.9～4.0 g株,与CK相比分别提高了23.5%～42.2%和30.9%～33.1%。磁场强度为300 mT磁化水处理的番茄产量为142 065 kghm2,显著高于对照的129 885 kghm2,增产9.4%。磁场强度为300 mT磁化水滴灌对促进加工番茄的生长发育、改善养分吸收和提高加工番茄产量有明显作用。      

Integrated effect of transplanting date, cultivar and irrigation on yield, water saving and water productivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Indian Punjab: Field and simulation study

Individual effect of different field scale management interventions for water saving in rice viz. changing date of transplanting, cultivar and irrigation schedule on yield, water saving and water productivity is well documented in the literature. However, little is known about their integrated effect. To study that, field experimentation and modeling approach was used. Field experiments were conducted for 2 years (2006 and 2007) at Punjab Agricultural University Farm, Ludhiana on a deep alluvial loamy sand Typic Ustipsamment soils developed under hyper-thermic regime. Treatments included three dates of transplanting (25 May, 10 June and 25 June), two cultivars (PR 118 inbred and RH 257 hybrid) and two irrigation schedules (2-days drainage period and at soil water suction of 16 kPa). The model used was CropSyst, which has already been calibrated for growth (periodic biomass and LAI) of rice and soil water content in two independent experiments. The main findings of the field and simulation studies conducted are compared to any individual, integrated management of transplanting date, cultivar and irrigation, sustained yield (6.3-7.5 t ha⁻¹) and saved substantial amount of water in rice. For example, with two management interventions, i.e. shifting of transplanting date to lower evaporative demand (from 5 May to 25 June) concomitant with growing of short duration hybrid variety (90 days from transplanting to harvest), the total real water saving (wet saving) through reduction in evapotranspiration (ET) was 140 mm, which was almost double than managing the single, i.e. 66 mm by shifting transplanting or 71 mm by growing short duration hybrid variety. Shifting the transplanting date saved water through reduction in soil water evaporation component while growing of short duration variety through reduction in both evaporation and transpiration components of water balance. Managing irrigation water schedule based on soil water suction of 16 kPa at 15-20 cm soil depth, compared to 2-day drainage, did not save water in real (wet saving), however, it resulted into apparent water saving (dry saving). The real crop water productivity (marketable yield/ET) was more by 17% in 25th June transplanted rice than 25th May, 23% in short duration variety than long and 2% in irrigation treatment of 16 kPa soil water suction than 2-days drainage. The corresponding values for the apparent crop water productivity (marketable yield/irrigation water applied) were 16, 20 and 50%, respectively. Pooled experimental data of 2 years showed that with managing irrigation scheduling based on soil water suction of 16 kPa at 15-20 cm soil depth, though 700 mm irrigation water was saved but the associated yield was reduced by 277 kg ha⁻¹.     

温室番茄循环曝气地下滴灌土壤水分动态及耗水特性

为探求循环曝气地下滴灌对温室番茄土壤水分及耗水特性的影响规律,采用正交试验,研究了不同滴灌带埋深、曝气水平及灌水量对温室番茄土壤含水率、耗水量、产量及水分利用效率的影响.整个生育期内番茄耗水量呈先增大后减小的趋势,曝气处理番茄耗水量显著高于不曝气处理.相比于不曝气处理,曝气滴灌处理番茄产量提高10%.15 cm滴灌带埋深、溶氧值30 mg/L以及K_P为0.75灌水量处理的番茄产量和水分利用效率达到最大值,分别为64 951.3 kg/hm²和23.26 kg/(hm²·mm).结果表明,曝气处理对番茄产量、水分利用效率的影响具有统计学意义(P<0.05).曝气对于土壤含水率有一定影响,且曝气处理有助于番茄对水分的吸收.滴灌带埋深和灌水量交互作用对番茄产量的影响具有统计学意义(P<0.05),滴灌带埋深和曝气量交互作用对番茄产量的影响具有统计学意义(P<0.01),灌水量与滴灌带埋深、灌水量与曝气水平交互作用分别对番茄水分利用效率的影响具有统计学意义(P<0.01).     

负水头供液施肥对温室番茄水分利用效率的影响

为探讨日光温室番茄的日蒸散量变化规律,明确日光温室番茄合理的灌溉施肥模式,基于负水头供液系统研究了常规基追肥处理(F1)、按EC值调配的施肥处理(F2)和山崎大量元素配方施肥处理(F3)对日光温室番茄日蒸散量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,基于负水头供液系统可以实现0~20 cm土壤含水率的精确控制,各处理变异系数(CV)仅为5.92%~11.9%。日光温室番茄的日蒸散量变动幅度为0.43~5.90 mm,呈先升高后降低的单峰曲线。开花坐果期为日光温室番茄蒸散量最大的时期,日均蒸散量达3.65~3.78 mm,蒸散量可占到全生育期的60%以上。处理F3的生育期蒸散量最大,与处理F1和F2相比,分别增加了3.72%和2.09%。温室番茄的生物量和产量以及生物量水分利用效率和产量水分利用效率均以处理F3为最高,与处理F1相比,分别提高了29.0%和24.1%以及16.4%和9.84%。综合分析,采用山崎大量元素配方的施肥处理(F3)不仅增加了番茄蒸散量和产量,而且提高了水分利用效率,为供试条件下最优的水肥管理模式。     

水氮供应对日光温室番茄产量及其经济效益的影响

为了研究石羊河流域日光温室番茄节水节肥新模式,2011年在甘肃省武威市研究水氮供应对日光温室番茄产量及其经济效益的影响。结果表明,常规灌水(21mm)、推荐施氮量施肥虽然能促进果实早熟,有利于增加采收期和市场高价位时期的重合度,但由于总产量过低,使总体经济效益较低,为不合理方案。相反,与对照相比,花期亏水1/3、常规施肥,是本试验条件下最理想的灌水、施肥模式。即在番茄全生育期内灌水15～16次,灌水定额为21mm,施肥9～10次,总施氮量为350kg/hm2,可实现经济产量170～200t/hm2,经济效益29～30万元/hm2。     

The effects of partial root-zone irrigation and regulated deficit irrigation on the vegetative and reproductive development of field-grown Monastrell grapevines

The effects of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) and partial root-zone irrigation (PRI) strategies that apply the same irrigation volumes on vegetative and reproductive development were analyzed during a 3-year-period in field-grown Monastrell grapevines under semiarid conditions. Five treatments were applied: control irrigated at 60?% ETc (crop evapotranspiration) for the whole season (308?mm?year^?1); RDI-1 and PRI-1 that received the same irrigation as the control before fruit set, 30?% ETc from fruit set to harvest and 45?% ETc post-harvest (192?mm?year^?1); and RDI-2 and PRI-2 that were the same, except with 15?% ETc from fruit set to harvest (142?mm?year^?1). Distinctive PRI effects on vegetative and reproductive development were observed depending on the total soil water content and the vine water stress level. PRI-1 vines showed less restriction of vegetative growth, lower leaf abscission, and higher leaf area during post-veraison than RDI-1 vines. Higher supply of water (close to field capacity) via half of the root system in PRI-1 vines maintained better water supply and more favorable phloem sap flow (water and carbohydrates) into the fruit during post-veraison and showed a positive differential effect on fruit growth compared with RDI-1 vines. This was reflected in a higher solute content per berry (12?% higher) and higher fresh berry weight (8?% higher) at harvest in PRI-1 compared to RDI-1 berries. However, this positive effect in fruit growth was not reflected in either an improved final yield or the water use efficiency of PRI-1 vines. In PRI-2, the soil water in the wet half was insufficient to maintain more favorable shoot water supply and phloem sap flow into the berry, and no substantial changes were observed in vine vigor, leaf and fruit growth between PRI-2 and RDI-2. Higher irrigation amount in the wet root zone and higher depth of irrigation under PRI seem to be more effective for 1103P–Mourvedre combination to produce a favorable effect in berry growth and development.     

水肥耦合对温室番茄产量、水分利用效率和品质的影响

为指导日光温室番茄高产节水优质的灌溉施肥,以番茄为研究对象,设置3种施肥方式(总施肥量相同,施肥时间不同,其中F₁:不施底肥,番茄移栽后随水追施总肥量的30%,剩余70%平分6次追肥,F₂:底肥施1/2,剩余平分6次追肥,F₃:全施底肥不追肥)和3种土壤水势的灌水下限(W₁:-30 kPa,W₂:-50 kPa,W₃:-70 kPa),研究滴灌条件下水肥耦合对番茄耗水量、产量、水分利用效率和品质的影响.结果表明:施肥方式对番茄的耗水量差异不具有统计学意义,而灌水下限对耗水量有极显著性影响,且耗水量与灌水量呈极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01);与产量最大处理F₂W₁相比,F₂W₂处理产量降低6.91%,但节水14.83%,水分利用效率提高8.51%;TTS质量分数与平均单果重呈极显著负相关,而与除糖酸比外其他影响品质指标呈显著性正相关关系;综合考虑产量、WUE及TTS质量分数,利用TOPSIS综合评价方法,确定了温室滴灌条件下番茄节水调质的最优灌溉施肥模式为:移栽前施入底肥为总肥量的50%,移栽后灌水20 mm,进入开花坐果期以后,20 cm土层的土壤水势控制在-50 kPa以上,每次灌水定额为10 mm,剩余肥料每隔1次灌水追肥1次,将剩余50%的肥料分6次追肥.研究成果为制定日光温室番茄节水高产优质的灌溉模式提供了理论依据.     

冷凉地区膜下滴灌大白菜耗水规律及节水潜力

为探索冷凉地区露地大白菜在膜下滴灌条件下的耗水规律与节水潜力,在张家口市灌溉试验站内使用大型称重式蒸渗仪,采用灌水下限指标控制灌水的方法,研究了在膜下滴灌条件下大白菜生育期内蒸发蒸腾与棵间蒸发规律,并通过与常规滴灌和膜孔畦灌的耗水量、产量和水分利用效率等对比,揭示了膜下滴灌在该地区节水增产潜力.结果表明:膜下滴灌大白菜全生育期蒸发蒸腾量214.76 mm,其中:幼苗期、莲座期和结球期蒸腾耗水量分别为14.76,73.56和126.44 mm,日均蒸腾强度为3.64 mm/d;全生育期棵间土壤蒸发量41.10 mm,占总耗水量的19.14%.膜下滴灌相比常规滴灌、膜孔畦灌减少大白菜耗水量14.25,94.17 mm,棵间蒸发与膜孔畦灌相近,相比常规滴灌减少16.18 mm(28.25%),但产量、灌溉水利用效率和水分利用效率可以分别达到80 439.75 kg/hm²,350.24 kg/(hm²·mm),374.56 kg/(hm²·mm),相比常规滴灌提升11 152.65 kg/hm²,18.89 kg/(hm²·mm),72.54 kg/(hm²·mm),相比膜孔畦灌提升14.7 kg/hm²,134.11 kg/(hm²·mm),114.23 kg/(hm²·mm).