黄瓜初花期叶片光合色素含量与颜色特征的初步研究

基于不同氮素营养水平的栽培试验,采用数码相机拍照,利用图像处理技术提取叶片的颜色特征,通过线性拟合和逐步回归分析,建立了黄瓜初花期叶片光合色素含量的颜色特征估算模型,并对其精度进行了评价和验证。结果表明：R/(R+G+B)可以作为叶绿素含量估算的主要颜色特征参数;G/R和R/(R+G+B)是类胡萝卜素含量估算的主要颜色特征参数。该研究为黄瓜生长的快速检测提供了依据。     

应用多光谱图像技术进行锦橙叶片氮含量监测

以蓬安100号锦橙为试材,运用多光谱图像技术建立快速监测叶片氮含量的方法。利用多光谱相机MS3100采集蓬安100号锦橙叶片图像,运用Adobe Photoshop软件提取叶片图像的颜色特征参数,对其进行数学变换和归一化处理后的颜色特征参数与叶片氮含量值进行相关分析,并建立二者回归模型。结果表明:6个颜色特征参数G-B、G/(R+B)、(G-B)/(G+B)、G/(R+G+B)、g-b值与叶片氮含量的相关较好,综合评价得出G-B、(G-B)/(G+B)、g-b值所建立的蓬安100号锦橙叶片氮含量监测模型较好,其相关系数均为0.84,决定系数为0.70,预测误差为3.7%。研究结果表明,利用计算机视觉技术进行锦橙叶片氮含量监测是可行的。     

基于手机相机获取玉米叶片数字图像的氮素营养诊断与推荐施肥研究

本文利用手机相机获取玉米6叶期和9叶期的冠层图像,对图像进行色彩参数的提取与处理,分析了不同生长时期、不同品种间色彩参数的差异性,以及色彩参数与传统玉米氮素营养指标的相关性,选择出适宜的敏感色彩参数,对色彩参数与氮素营养指标进行拟合建模,建立了玉米氮素营养诊断体系,并推荐了不同产量目标下的施肥量,为实现利用智能手机田间拍照进行氮素营养诊断和精准推荐施肥提供参考。结果表明,在玉米6叶期,冠层图像色彩参数与传统氮素营养指标间的相关性优于9叶期,可作为应用数字图像分析技术进行氮素营养诊断的诊断时期;不同品种玉米的冠层图像色彩参数间无显著差异。B/(R+G+B)和G/(R+G+B)与传统氮素诊断指标——叶片SPAD值、第1完全展开叶叶脉硝酸盐浓度均显著相关,且B/(R+G+B)更为敏感,因此可作为玉米氮素营养诊断的色彩参数指标,诊断方程为:玉米叶脉硝酸盐浓度=1.73×10~(10)×[B/(R+G+B)]~(9.43)。并依此给出了不同B/(R+G+B)值下的玉米营养状况以及不同目标产量下的推荐施氮量。本研究结果可为基于手机相机开展玉米氮素营养诊断与推荐施肥技术的推广与应用提供技术支撑。     

基于BP神经网络的脱绒棉种品种识别

摘要：为了提高脱绒棉种品种识别的准确率,提出了基于BP神经网络的非线性识别方法。该文以新路早36、中棉50、惠远710等3个品种为研究对象,基于图像处理技术提取了脱绒棉种的颜色和形状特征参数,后又通过对特征参数进行单因素分析选取了差别较明显的9个特征参数参与网络的训练,提高了训练速度。经训练比较得出,当训练目标为0.02,训练次数为3 000,隐含层的结点数为12时,模型的训练误差最小。经过对测试集进行测试,得出综合测试准确率为90%,证明了该方法是可行的,提高了脱绒棉种的识别准确率。该研究可为其他粒状种子品种识别提供参考。     

基于数码相机图像的甜菜冠层氮素营养监测

为探究数码相机监测甜菜冠层叶片氮素的可行性,2014年于内蒙古赤峰市松山区太平地镇采用不同种植方案设计了田间试验。利用数码相机获取甜菜冠层数字图像,基于灰度值的阈值分割方法提取冠层图像的红光值(R)、绿光值(G)和蓝光值(B),交互调优R、G、B单色分量权重,提出三原色权值调优方法,并挖掘出适宜于表征甜菜冠层LNC(leaf nitrogen content)的基础调优参数BOP(basic optimal parameter)和归一化调优参数NOP(normalized optimal parameter)。结果表明:采用常规方法选取的敏感颜色参数G/R、NRI(R/(R+G+B))与冠层LNC的相关系数分别为0.80和0.79,三原色权值调优方法确定的调优参数BOP、NOP与冠层LNC的相关系数分别为0.83和0.84,算法优化后提高了颜色参数与冠层LNC的相关性。对比常规参数和调优参数对冠层LNC的预测精度,结果显示调优参数BOP、NOP建立模型的预测精度均高于常规参数G/R、NRI,BOP预测模型的决定系数R2和均方根误差RMSE(root mean square error)分别为0.69和2.65,NOP预测模型的R2和RMSE分别为0.68和2.73。该研究表明,在大田自然光照条件下,借助数码相机实时、准确监测甜菜氮素营养丰缺水平具有较高的可行性,数字图像处理技术在作物营养无损诊断中存在很大的应用潜力。     

数字图像技术在夏玉米氮素营养诊断中的应用

基于6个不同水平的氮肥田间试验,采用数码相机获取夏玉米6叶期和10叶期的冠层图像,分析了不同供氮水平下夏玉米冠层图像色彩参数指标与施氮量、叶片SPAD值、植株硝酸盐浓度、植株全氮含量、0～90cm土壤硝态氮含量之间的关系。结果表明:在6叶期,玉米冠层数字图像色彩参数指标B/(R+G+B)、G/B、R/B、B/L均与施氮量、叶片SPAD值、植株硝酸盐浓度、植株全氮含量、0～90cm土壤硝态氮含量存在极显著的线性相关关系,其中B/(R+G+B)与各营养参数的相关关系最好,其次是B/L。因此,运用数字图像技术进行玉米的氮素营养诊断是可行的。夏玉米6叶期冠层图像色彩参数指标与上述营养参数间的相关性明显高于10叶期,可作为应用数字图像技术进行氮素营养诊断的关键时期,而蓝光标准化值[B/(R+G+B)]是进行夏玉米氮素营养诊断的最佳冠层图像色彩参数指标。     

基于无人机可见光遥感的夏玉米氮素营养动态诊断参数研究

【目的】 近年来应用无人机进行作物生长、营养和植保信息的快速提取受到广泛关注,但其对作物全生育期营养状况的动态诊断需要明确适宜的色彩参数。本研究通过田间氮水平试验,以无人机为平台利用可见光光谱对夏玉米不同生育期的冠层氮素营养进行监测,对基于可见光RGB图像的色彩参数与传统氮素诊断指标的相关性进行分析,并比较色彩参数的变异系数以探明夏玉米不同生育时期氮素营养诊断的最佳色彩参数。 【方法】 于2015年6—10月,在河北省中国农业大学曲周试验基地设置不同氮水平田间试验,以夏玉米郑单958为供试作物,设5个施氮水平:0、102、145、189和250 kg/hm2 (分别以CK、70%OptN、OptN、130%OptN、ConN表示),4次重复。分别在夏玉米六叶期 (V6)、十叶期 (V10)、吐丝期 (VT)、籽粒建成期 (R2)、乳熟期 (R4) 应用无人机可见光遥感技术获取夏玉米冠层图像,采用Adobe Photoshop软件经过一些图像处理后选用直方图程序提取图像的红光值R、绿光值G、蓝光值B、亮度值L,研究由此计算的12个色彩参数与传统氮素诊断指标 (植株氮浓度、生物量和吸氮量) 的相关性,结合相关系数和变异系数的大小综合分析筛选夏玉米不同生育时期氮素营养诊断的最佳色彩参数。 【结果】 红光值 (R)、绿光值 (G)、亮度值 (L)、绿光标准化值[G/(R + G + B)]、蓝光标准化值[B/(R + G + B)]、绿光与红光的比值 (G/R)、绿光与蓝光的比值 (G/B)、绿光与亮度的比值 (G/L)、红绿蓝植被指数 (RGBVI) 等在不同生育时期均与夏玉米的植株氮浓度、生物量和吸氮量有很好且一致的相关性,结合图像色彩参数的变异系数综合分析后,G/(R + G + B)、G/L在各生育时期与夏玉米常规的氮营养诊断指标有极显著的相关性 (P < 0.01),相关系数介于0.641～0.944之间,且变异系数小而稳定,介于0.93%～4.30%之间,优于其他光谱参数,可作为基于无人机可见光技术用于各时期氮素营养动态诊断的最佳色彩参数。 【结论】 应用无人机可见光遥感进行夏玉米氮素营养动态诊断具有结果可靠、便捷、高效、非破坏性的优点,本研究结果对应用该技术进行较大区域的作物氮素营养动态诊断提供了科学依据。      

应用数字图像进行小麦氮素营养诊断中图像分析方法的研究

简便、快速、经济地诊断作物氮素营养状况是实施氮肥用量调控的关键。利用数码相机对作物冠层进行拍照, 通过图像处理软件获得作物色彩参数, 根据色彩参数与作物氮素营养状况的关系可以对其氮素丰缺进行诊断。针对作物数字图像色彩参数的获取方法, 结合小麦多水平氮肥试验, 采用遥感软件PCI Geomatics的非监督分类功能, 将小麦图像分为土壤、反光叶面和不反光叶面, 与Adobe Photoshop 软件普通图像处理方法对照, 比较分析了小麦图像不同类别叶片的8 种色彩参数与SPAD 值及植株全氮的相关性。结果表明, 返青期小麦反光叶面的G/R 与R/(R+G+B)色彩参数能较好地反映小麦的氮素营养状况; 拔节期不反光叶面和反光叶面的R/(R+G+B)色彩参数与植株全氮相关性较好。利用普通图像处理软件获得色彩参数的方法有待改进, 图像分类后能够提高其色彩参数对作物氮素营养诊断的准确性。     

基于RGB颜色空间的冷冻猪肉储藏时间机器视觉判定

为解决冷冻猪肉储藏时间在人工判定中准确率和效率低的问题,该研究基于机器视觉和图像处理技术分析了冷冻猪肉表面图像RGB颜色特征,并将无光泽肌肉像素点比例作为自动判定冷冻猪肉储藏时间的特征参数。结果显示:将红度(R)与蓝度(B)的差值小于等于30且红度(R)与绿度(G)的差值小于等于30作为第一特征条件,将红度(R)与蓝度(B)的差值小于等于30、红度(R)与绿度(G)的差值小于等于30且蓝度(B)大于等于100作为第二特征条件对冷冻猪肉颜色特征进行提取时,二值化图像能较好地识别冷冻猪肉表面总肌肉和无光泽肌肉。基于统计学分析,当储藏时间在3个月以内(1、2和3个月)和超过12个月(13、15和17个月)的冷冻猪肉无光泽肌肉像素点比例阈值为26.8%时,冷冻猪肉验证检测判定准确度最佳,分别为90.00%和81.67%。经图像分割后提出的基于无光泽肌肉像素点比例的判定方法可以为实际应用提供技术支持和参考。     

基于无人机数码影像的冬小麦叶面积指数探测研究

叶面积指数(LAI)是评价作物长势的重要农学参数之一,利用遥感技术准确估测作物叶面积指数(LAI)对精准农业意义重大。目前,数码相机与无人机系统组成的高性价比遥感监测系统在农业研究中已取得一些成果,但利用无人机数码影像开展作物LAI估测研究还少有尝试。为论证利用无人机数码影像估测冬小麦LAI的可行性,本文以获取到的3个关键生育期(孕穗期、开花期和灌浆期)冬小麦无人机数码影像为数据源,利用数字图像转换原理构建出10种数字图像特征参数,并系统地分析了3个生育期内两个冬小麦品种在4种氮水平下的LAI与数字图像特征参数之间的关联性。结果表明,在LAI随生育期发生变化的同时,10种数字图像特征参数中R/(R+G+B)和本文提出的基于无人机数码影像红、绿、蓝通道DN值以及可见光大气阻抗植被指数(VARI)计算原理构建的数字图像特征参数UAV-based VARIRGB也有规律性变化,说明冬小麦的施氮差异不仅对LAI有影响,也对某些数字图像特征参数有一定影响;在不同条件(品种、氮营养水平以及生育期)下的数字图像特征参数与LAI的相关性分析中,R/(R+G+B)和UAV-based VARIRGB与LAI显著相关。进而,研究评价了R/(R+G+B)和UAV-based VARIRGB构建的LAI估测模型,最终确定UAV-based VARIRGB为估测冬小麦LAI的最佳参数指标。结果表明UAV-based VARIRGB指数模型估测的LAI与实测LAI拟合性较好(R2=0.71,RMSE=0.8,P0.01)。本研究证明将无人机数码影像应用于冬小麦LAI探测是可行的,这也为高性价比无人机遥感系统的精准农业应用增添了新成果和经验。     

Autotoxicity of Phthalate Esters in Tobacco Root Exudates:Effects on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth

Autotoxicity is one of the major factors that impede continuous cropping. It is defined as the toxic influence of chemicals released from one plant species on the germination and growth of individuals of the same species. Here, in order to exam the autotoxicity of tobacco root exudates, root exudates were collected from tobacco plants grown both in cultural solution and on natural soil. Using ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry, main autotoxic chemical substances in the root exudates were identified. The autotoxic effects of suspected autotoxins on seed germination (including germination rate, germination potential, germination index, and vigor index) and seedling growth were analyzed. Dibutyl phthalate (or diisobutyl phthalate), dioctyl phthalate, and diisooctyl phthalate were identified in tobacco root exudates. It was observed that high concentrations (greater than 0.5 mmol L^-1) of each identified phthalate ester caused significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of tobacco seed germination and seedling growth. It can be concluded that phthalate esters such as dibutyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, and diisooctyl phthalate in tobacco root exudates may play an important role in tobacco autotoxicity.     

红梗叶甜菜种子发芽特性的研究

研究了不同处理条件下红梗叶甜菜种子的发芽特性。结果表明，用一定浓度的双氧水、硼酸、磷酸二氢钾浸种处理红梗叶甜菜种子，可提高种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数，其中以浓度10g／L H2O2、0．5g／L H3BO3和5g／L KH2PO4处理较为适宜；赤霉素处理种子的发芽效果不明显；吸湿一回干处理对红梗叶甜菜种子发芽有良好的促进作用；红梗叶甜菜种球色泽、粒径大小与发芽的关系密切，黄色或黄褐色种球的发芽力显著高于黑色或褐色种球的，大、中粒种子的发芽力显著高于小粒种子的；叶甜菜种子不耐贮藏，发芽力下降较快，使用年限仅为1a。     

Soil salt and NaCl have different effects on seed germination of the halophyte Suaeda salsa

Seed germination is a key life‐history stage of halophytes. Most studies on seed germination of halophytes have focused on the effects of a single salt, while little information is available on the effects of mixed salt in the natural habitat. Due to the contribution of multiple ions in saline soil, we hypothesized that the effect of mixed salt on seed germination will differ from that of a single salt and the mechanism of how germination is affected will differ as well. The effects of mixed salt and NaCl on germination, water imbibition, and ionic concentrations of seeds of Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall. were compared at various salinity levels. Germination percentage (GP) and rate (GR) decreased with increasing salinity level, regardless of salt type. There was no difference in GP or GR between mixed salt and NaCl when the salinity level was below 20 dS m^?1. Above 20 dS m^?1, GP and GR in NaCl were lower than those in mixed salt. At the same salinity level, Na⁺ concentration in seeds was higher in NaCl than that in mixed salt, but the reverse was true for Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentrations. Imbibition rate for seeds in NaCl was lower than that in mixed salt at the same salinity level. Addition of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ alleviated the inhibition of NaCl on seed germination. In conclusion, our results suggest that the effects of soil salts and NaCl on seed germination are different, and using NaCl instead of soil salt might not be realistic to show the effect of saline stress on seed germination of halophytes in the natural habitat.     

Photometric soil color determination

The characteristic soil colors of some principal soil types in Japan and its neighbourhood, were determined by the use of photocolorimeter (see Table 1).     

Response of Chamecytisus palmensis to drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol during germination

Abstract

Seed germination and subsequent changes in Chamecytisus palmensis were studied under water limiting conditions, imposed by increasing concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30%). Six water stress conditions (C. palmensis. Seed germination was completely inhibited under the drought stress of 30% (?1.20?MPa). Similar to the seed germination, the growth of radicles and hypocotyls after seed germination was also restricted by PEG-simulated drought stress, especially when water potential was lower than ?0.12?MPa (25%). In the same way, the ratio of radicles and hypocotyls significantly decreased with the increase of PEG concentrations, demonstrating strong adaptability to drought stress. Moreover, the decline of radicles and hypocotyls lead to a decrease in the number of root hairs. This would seriously affect the water absorption ability of the young roots. It was concluded that drought stress might be one of the causes for obstructed natural regeneration of C. palmensis plantations on sandy land.     

猪粪及其堆肥不同水浸提比对种子发芽特性指标的影响

以猪粪及其堆肥为供试样品,在水浸提比（W/V）1：10、1：20、1：30、1：40、1：50、1：60的条件下,采用浸提液室内培养法,研究不同水浸提比对黄瓜、樱桃萝卜及大白菜种子发芽特性指标（相对发芽率、相对根长、发芽指数）的影响。结果表明,黄瓜种子的相对发芽率在不同水浸提比下均大于80%;其他种子发芽特性指标随水含量的增多,均经历了明显的增大趋势。同一种子,相对根长受水浸提比的影响比相对发芽率显著,发芽指数与相对根长随水浸提比的变化规律一致。新鲜猪粪经堆肥处理对种子的植物毒性减轻,大白菜种子对猪粪及其堆肥的植物毒性较黄瓜种子与樱桃萝卜种子敏感。     

Seed germination and seedling growth parameters in nine tall fescue varieties under salinity stress

ABSTRACT

To assess seed germination parameters and identifying tolerant varieties, seeds of nine tall fescue varieties (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were germinated under various salinity levels for 14 days. Tall fescue is considered ‘moderately tolerant’ to salinity stress, but our study revealed a remarkable diversity among the tested varieties. Armani, Essential, Fatcat, and Starlett were found to reach the same final germination (>90%), irrespective of NaCl concentration up to 15 ds m^?1 NaCl; Asterix and Meandre expressed lower germination under the highest salinity level (>75%); and final germination decreased in Eyecandy, Rhizing star, and Thomahawk gradually with increasing salinity (>55%). The main effect of increasing salinity was a delay in germination, and our study suggests that the recording of final germination, which is performed on day-14 in a standard germination test, should be postponed in order to understand the full effect of salinity on germination potential. Nonetheless, a delay in germination will affect turf quality negatively and hence there is good reason to test for salinity tolerance when choosing a variety for sowing on saline soil. Further, our findings indicate a future perspective for breeding for improved salinity tolerance in tall fescue by the identification of salinity-tolerant breeding lines or varieties.     

果汁护色剂JPX对苹果汁中棒曲霉素的降解作用及护色效果

为了考察果汁护色剂JPX在护色同时对苹果汁中棒曲霉素的降解作用与条件，该文研究处理温度、添加剂用量及处理时间对棒曲霉素降解率和果汁色值的影响。结果表明：在苹果浓缩汁生产过程中，用JPX控制棒曲霉素的较佳方法是，在榨汁阶段加入0.8g/L，酶解阶段加入1.6 g/L，棒曲霉素的降解率可以达到70%～80%，且对果汁有很好的护色效果。     

不同机械处理对白栎种子萌发的影响

为有效解决白栎(Quercus fabri Hance)种子延迟萌发和出苗不整齐的问题,研究了不同机械处理(对照、去碗疤、去皮、去皮及切除1/2子叶、去皮及切除2/3子叶)对白栎种子萌发和生长的影响。结果表明:(1)去皮、去皮及切除1/2子叶处理的种子根的平均萌发时间分别比对照显著缩短39 d和36 d,芽的平均萌发时间分别比对照显著缩短52 d和51 d,根的萌发整齐性指数分别显著提高0.3和0.2,芽的萌发整齐性指数均显著提高0.4,2个处理显著增加了白栎种子出根率(平均增加57.8%)与萌芽率(平均增加33.3%),去皮处理促进了根的生长(增加3.0 cm);(2)去皮及切除2/3子叶处理显著缩短了白栎种子根和芽的平均萌发时间(分别缩短36 d和50 d),提高了萌发整齐性指数(分别提高0.2和0.4)和生根率(均增加26.7%),但萌芽率、根长和苗高均与对照无显著差异;(3)去碗疤处理显著降低了白栎种子根和芽的平均发芽时间(分别缩短16 d和21 d),但萌发整齐性指数、出根率、萌芽率、根长和苗高均没有显著变化。因此,去皮和去皮及切除1/2子叶处理效果较好,能有效促进白栎种子萌发和整齐性出苗,对白栎的育苗工作有重要的实践意义。     

Salt influence on germination and seedling survival of six cool season turfgrass species

Abstract

‘Merion’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), ‘Pennfine’ perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), ‘Seaside’ creeping bent‐grass (Agrostis palustris Huds.), ‘Dawson’ slender creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra trichophylla (L.) Gaud.), ‘Fults’ weeping alkaligrass (Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl.), and ‘common’ Lemmon alkaligrass (Puccinellia lemmoni (Vasey) Scribn.) were evaluated for germination and seedling survival in the greenhouse and laboratory under saline conditions. Overall results indicated that weeping and Lemmon alkaligrass were superior performers under saline and/or sodic conditions. Among the remaining four species, none appeared clearly superior in overall performance.