花生高油酸育种研究进展

花生是我国重要的油料作物、经济作物和出口创汇作物。花生籽粒油脂的品质是由脂肪酸的组成决定的,高油酸的花生油脂稳定性好,有更高的市场价值与营养价值。因此选育高油酸的花生材料和品种已成为目前花生品质改良育种的重要内容。本文综述了高油酸含量性状的遗传规律、高油酸产生的分子机制、杂交育种、突变育种、基因工程育种等方面的研究进展。分析高油酸花生育种中存在的问题,以期为我国花生高油酸育种和种质资源的发掘与利用提供参考。     

辽宁省玉米育种的回顾与思考

讨论了辽宁省玉米育种目标的变化、育种技术方法的变化与进步,回顾了杂交种的选育、种质创新与自交系选育取得的重要成就。介绍了农家品种、综合种、品种间杂交种的鉴选与应用,分析了杂交种的选育和应用、自交系的选育和种质创新、理论研究。就辽宁省玉米育种现状从种质、育种方法、目标和品种审定进行了阐述。     

麻类所麻类育种五十年

本文全面回顾了麻类研究所麻类育种工作五十年的历程,较为详尽地阐明了麻类育种工作开展的过程.五十年的麻类育种工作经历了资源的收集整理和评价、鉴定与利用,常规育种技术运用和现代高新技术的引入.基本形成了我国麻类育种技术和新品种选育及配套技术推广应用体系.先后收集和整理麻类资源近万余份.选育出新品种30余个,在生产上发挥了重要作用.其中红麻品种"7804"、苎麻品种"圆叶青"和"中苎1号"及黄麻品种"湘黄麻1号"等品种在生产上大面积推广利用,取得了社会经济效益近100亿元.选育了亚麻品种中亚麻1号,结束了我国南方没有自育亚麻品种的历史.现代的麻类育种向多元化育种目标发展,为麻类的不同用途选育出专用品种.     

河北省优质棉育种70年回顾与展望

河北省优质陆地棉品种选育工作起步较早,新中国成立以来先后选育出石短5号、冀棉22号、冀棉26、新陆中8号、冀228、农大棉13号等高品质棉花品种和大量优质棉品种。根据不同时期的优质棉评价标准,对1949―2019年河北省选育的优质棉品种的纤维品质性状进行了统计和分析,结合纺织工业对优质原棉的需求,指出河北省优质棉育种存在的问题,并对未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

广西香稻育种现状及发展策略

对21世纪以来广西香稻品种的审定情况及广西自育香稻品种的产量、品质以及抗性等进行统计分析,探明了广西香稻的育种现状及存在问题,如广西通过审定的香稻品种中自育品种较少,且多为常规稻品种;自育香稻品种的优质达标率较低,主要原因是直链淀粉含量偏低;自育香稻品种株高适中,多为大粒型品种,后期育成品种产量有所提高,主要通过育成大穗型品种来实现;自育香稻品种稻瘟病抗性整体较差,白叶枯病前期抗性表现较好、后期出现退步等。今后应加强香稻品种的选育力度,特别是杂交香稻品种的选育力度;加快香稻品种鉴定技术的研究和利用,为香稻品种的审定提供技术支撑;加强中等偏低直链淀粉含量香稻品种的选育,以市场需求为导向,制定广西优质稻米相关地方标准,特别注重直链淀粉含量标准的调整;把提高稻瘟病抗性作为香稻品种选育过程中的重点工作内容等。     

花粉管通道技术在棉花育种中的应用

利用花粉管通道法导入外源DNA技术是我国学者周光宇先生创建的 ,是我国基因工程研究中的一个特色。目前 ,花粉管通道法已在许多作物上得到了成功的应用。棉花花器大 ,繁殖系数高 ,尤其适用于采用花粉管通道法进行外源 DNA导入。目前我国培育和审定的转基因抗虫棉品种大多是以利用该技术获得的转基因抗虫材料为基础 ,通过系统选育或杂交选育而成的。山东棉花研究中心于 1 999年利用花粉管通道法将高产、抗病的海岛棉品系海71 2 4、异缘四倍体野生种达尔文氏棉及其他野生种系的叶片 DNA分别导入到陆地棉栽培品种石远32 1、鲁 735中 ,2 0 0…     

作物分子育种应与常规育种紧密结合

在阐述了常规育种(选择育种、杂交育种、杂种优势育种、诱变育种等)和分子育种(基因工程育种、分子标记辅助育种、品种分子设计)的概念、内容及其应用、各自的优势与不足及两者的作用和地位之后,概括了常规育种的成就和分子育种的进展,并对两者的联系和结合以及应用前景进行了展望.     

日本茶树遗传育种研究

本文介绍了日本茶树遗传育种研究的发展过程。日本茶树育种的发展,主要得益于海外茶树品种资源的引进和利用,茶树育种的目标,早期注重红茶品种选育,随后以绿茶品种选育为主,进入８０年代后期,又侧重于多抗品种的培育,优良无性系茶树品种的推广,促进了茶叶产量的提高,同时加快了茶叶加工和茶园机械化的发展,提高了茶叶生产的效益。茶树品种音一化和遗传育种资源不足是日本茶树育种研究存在的主要问题,海外茶的品种资源的收     

超级小麦育种的探讨

超级小麦育种,是21世纪的主攻目标,选育9 750~11 250kg/hm2超级小麦新品种,是小麦育种工作者共同追求和努力的方向,也是笔者常思久盼的育种目标的幻想。为加快超级小麦新品种选育步伐,尽早达到育种目标,针对超级小麦新品种选育的产量潜力、目标及主攻难点、选育途径进行了探讨,并为该品种的选育成功而奠定理论和物质基础。     

广东花生育种研究

广东花生育种工作起步于20世纪50年代中期开始进行的农家种的征集评选,系选种的选育及其后的推广应用.60年代初期开始进行农家种的杂交选育及推广应用,并开展了辐射技术与杂交技术相结合的方法进行新品种的选育,成为辐射与杂交相结合育种的典范;1970年以前花生育种工作的重点是抗青枯病育种,1970年以后花生育种工作的重点是抗旱锈病育种兼抗青枯病育种.70年代中期开始直接利用外来种质和抗性基因改良花生抗病(青枯病、锈病、叶斑病)性并取得成效;1981～1986年抗锈遗传研究对选育高产抗锈病花生品种起到理论指导作用;育种家以农家种狮头企为基础亲本材料,经过50年不断遗传改良,形成了一个较大的花生品种群体.广东花生选育种历史实质上是农家种狮头企及其后代的遗传改良历史.广东花生育种工作及其品种的推广应用促进了广东和全国花生生产及育种的发展.     

马铃薯小薯整播与切块播种产量对比研究

通过3年马铃薯小薯整播与切块播种对比试验,发现小薯整播表现出抗旱保苗、长势旺盛、抗病性强、增产显著的四大优点,为进一步提高马铃薯产量提供了重要依据。     

马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒对马铃薯育种工作的影响

简要介绍了马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒(Potato spindle tuber viroid,PSTVd)的危害和发生情况,重点阐述了PSTVd对马铃薯育种工作的影响,并针对该问题进行了分析,最后提出了一些建议,如做好隔离防护,彻底进行PSTVd检验,对环境及器具进行消毒处理以及实生种子经贮藏3~5年后再播种。     

The Contribution of Traditional Potato Breeding to Scientific Potato Improvement

Conventional potato breeding refers to development of new cultivars from sexual crosses followed by clonal propagation and selection. Nearly all new varieties of potato still emerge from this process free from modern technologies of gene insertion. Conventional breeding remains the most important force for introduction of new phenotypes underlain by new genes. However, these come from already selected potato breeding lines or named varieties or from wild potatoes or more distant solanaceous relatives that are amenable to somatic hybridization. Potato breeders are constantly searching for new germplasm, in part because the potato as a crop still remains highly vulnerable to biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, the widening of the genetic base is seen as a means of increasing heterozygosity. Despite a highly conscious import of genetic variability, commercial varieties often emerge from a relatively restricted genetic pool. This is due to the long list of traits that must fall within narrow boundaries of performance. The potato must be able to navigate the conditions of modern agriculture, withstand unusual weather events, and arrive at harvest with skin and flesh appealing to the market for which it is intended. A storage period must also be endured during which appearance and suitability for processing or the consumer’s kitchen must be maintained. A lapse in any of these phases usually signals that a new variety will exit commercial use as fast as it entered. The inconvenient accompaniment of introducing exotic genetic variation is that the breeding products are often outside of the targeted market niche. It is not surprising that many new varieties stem from crosses from older named varieties. Efforts to diversify are in conflict with conformism leading to relatively high co-ancestry coefficients between advanced breeding lines. Conventional breeding has advanced through the last hundred years the appearance, sugar status, Verticillium resistance, and yield of larger sized tubers in statistically robust ways. Potato arrived from the new world and very quickly became the secret solution to famine for the poor by virtue of its productivity and nutrient content. Meanwhile, in modern times, challenges to the consumption of potato come from a sedentary and carbohydrate over-satiated society. The genetic repository of potato germplasm is so rich that a new era of potato varieties beneficial to health may be at hand. Conventional breeding will certainly be a major part of this.     

马铃薯抗病育种研究进展

马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)栽培范围广,其产量仅次于小麦、玉米、水稻而位居第四。产量高、营养丰富、适应能力强,在提供粮食安全和消除贫穷等方面发挥着巨大作用。联合国充分肯定了马铃薯在世界粮食生产上的重要作用。确定2008年为“国际马铃薯年”。我国己经成为世界马铃薯生     

Potato Production and Breeding in China

China is the world’s leading producer of potatoes, growing 22% of all potatoes. Production continues to rise, owing to increases in both land devoted to potato production and yield per hectare. Most potato production occurs in the northern and southwest regions of the country. The processing of coarse starch is the most important component of the potato processing industry in China, but other processing industries, such as crisps and French fries, are expanding. Major production constraints include inadequate germplasm resources for cultivar development, the lack of high quality seed potatoes, and limited access to equipment for mechanized cultivation, planting, fertilizing, spraying, and harvesting. Additional weaknesses in storage and transportation technologies must be addressed, as they are the major constraints for the healthy development of the potato industry. The introduction and improvement of these technologies will ensure the sustainable development of the potato industry in China.     

马铃薯育种早代选择的研究进展

现在及今后相当长的一段时间,马铃薯育种仍以常规选择为主,如何提高育种的选择效率,特别是早代的选择效率,是一个很关键的问题。关于早代选择问题存在着许多争议,本文主要就马铃薯早期世代对各育种目标性状进行选择及选择效率的研究进展进行了综述,意在为马铃薯早代选择提供参考。     

马铃薯育种方法的改进意见

本文简要回顾阐述了我国在马铃薯育种、种薯生产和栽培技术上存在的问题。指出在育种上首先要引进脱毒试管苗和微型薯作为育种亲本,并且应当将单株系选贯彻育种过程的始终。开展南北结合,加快育种速度。在种薯生产中,注意将育种和快繁结合起来,通过利用顶端优势等手段加快种薯的繁殖速度,促进马铃薯的生产发展。     

二倍体杂种优势马铃薯育种的展望

马铃薯育种进程缓慢主要是由马铃薯四倍体遗传特性决定的。高度杂合的四倍体马铃薯中隐性基因表现频率低,使得很多有害的等位基因被隐藏在四倍体中,而有利等位基因很难重组到一个四倍体品种中,这是造成马铃薯杂交育种周期长的一个重要原因。马铃薯无性繁殖有利于保持原品种的优良性,生育期短;但储运成本高、容易退化。实生籽利用的优点是储运简便、基本不传播病虫害,且有利于知识产权保护。与四倍体实生种相比,二倍体F1育种可以通过不断自交将有害基因剔除掉,从而获得优良自交系用于F1实生籽生产。随着马铃薯研究的不断发展和马铃薯全基因组测序的基本完成,近几年二倍体F1实生籽育种成为了国际马铃薯研究的热点。然而,要实现二倍体实生籽生产,自交不亲和及其自交衰退是培育自交系的绊脚石。我们正在克隆自交不亲和抑制基因Sli,并且通过杂交将该基因整合到优良栽培品种中,为下一步培育出优良二倍体自交系奠定基础。同时我们也正在全基因组水平上挖掘马铃薯自交衰退相关基因区域,希望能进一步了解自交衰退的遗传机理,探索一条快速克服自交衰退的分子育种路径。这些工作将有助于建立马铃薯二倍体F1育种体系,带动马铃薯产业进入新的"绿色革命"。     

Marker-assisted Breeding for Disease Resistance in Potato

Sub-project 5 of BIOEXPLOIT aims to design durable disease resistance through marker-assisted breeding by converting existing markers for high-throughput application, developing and validating high-throughput marker technologies and pyramiding major R genes and/or quantitative trait loci into elite material. Activities include (1) the fine mapping of the quantitative trait locus PiXspg which accounts for a large proportion of the variation in late blight resistance, (2) converting SNP-based markers and an AFLP marker to easy-to-use-markers, (3) testing of progenies with combined sources of late blight resistance for presence of R genes and agronomic features, (4) backcrossing new sources of resistance to S. tuberosum and molecular screening of breeding materials with marker GP94 linked with gene Rpi-phu1 conferring late blight resistance, (5) evaluating potato clones with enhanced resistance against Phytophthora infestans under field conditions of Toluca (México), and (6) developing populations and marker-assisted breeding for disease resistance.     

马铃薯脱毒及微型薯繁育技术体系的研究与应用

介绍了马铃薯茎尖脱毒及微型薯繁育技术的发展概况,对马铃薯脱毒种薯生产中的茎尖分生组织诱导成脱毒苗、马铃薯脱毒试管苗的快繁和试管薯的生产以及马铃薯脱毒小薯的生产等关键技术进行了综述,同时还对脱毒马铃薯的病毒检测技术作了简单的介绍。