美洲水貂MC1R基因CDS区克隆与序列分析

为探讨水貂毛色差异形成的分子机制,试验利用美洲水貂肌肉组织对其黑色素皮质激素受体-1(MC1R)基因CDS区进行PCR扩增,并利用DNAMAN、ProtParam、TMHMM等生物信息学软件分析其氨基酸组成、与其他物种的同源性、跨膜区段等。结果表明:克隆获得的MC1R序列长度为954 bp,编码317个氨基酸;美洲水貂MC1R基因序列与欧洲水貂的同源性为95.49%,美洲水貂MC1R基因编码的氨基酸序列与欧洲水貂同源性为92.43%;得到带负电氨基酸13个,带正电氨基酸22个,极性氨基酸67个,疏水性氨基酸157个,为亲水性蛋白质;共得到7个蛋白质的跨膜结构域。     

鹌鹑黑素皮质素受体-4基因的克隆与序列分析

黑素皮质素受体-4(MC4R)是G蛋白偶联受体超家族的一个成员,在人、鼠和鸡的体重、能量稳态和采食量的调控中具有重要作用。实验根据GenBank中鸡MC4R基因全序列设计9对引物,对北京白羽蛋用鹌鹑和法国沙维玛特肉用鹌鹑MC4R基因序列进行PCR扩增及克隆测序,获得的序列长度分别为2154bp和2152bp。结果表明:所测的两段序列经GenBank中的Blast分析与鸡MC4R基因同源性均为97%;在MC4R基因核苷酸水平上,北京白羽蛋用鹌鹑与法国沙维玛特肉用鹌鹑的同源性为99.11%;在MC4R)基因氨基酸水平上两品种鹌鹑同源性也很高。     

蛋用鹌鹑黑素皮质素受体-3(MC3R)基因的克隆与测序

为了研究鹌鹑MC3R基因的序列,试验对北京白羽蛋用鹌鹑MC3R基因的部分片段进行了克隆、测序。结果表明:序列长度分别为204bp和210bp,已提交到GenBank上;北京白羽蛋用鹌鹑MC3R基因与鸡MC3R基因的同源性为100%。     

绵羊MC4R基因的半定量RT-PCR及生物信息学分析

本研究旨在对绵羊MC4R基因进行组织表达谱和生物信息学分析。参考牛MC4R基因序列设计引物,采用PCR技术克隆绵羊MC4R基因序列,并利用半定量RT-PCR进行组织表达谱分析;同时对其进行生物信息学分析。结果表明,克隆的绵羊MC4R基因全长1 919 bp,含有999 bp的完整CDS编码区,编码332个氨基酸。其CDS编码区的核苷酸序列与牛、人、猪、大鼠、小鼠MC4R基因对应序列的同源性分别为95.2%、68.8%、82.7%、76.6%、77.1%,预测的氨基酸序列同源性分别为97.0%、92.8%、93.7%、92.2%、91.6%。组织表达谱分析表明MC4R基因在各组织均不同程度的表达,其中在大脑表达量很高,其他组织较低。生物信息学预测MC4R蛋白功能发现,绵羊的MC4R蛋白存在7个跨膜螺旋结构域,同时预测MC4R存在10个磷酸化位点和1个特异性蛋白激酶磷酸化位点。结果表明,MC4R是一个非常保守的蛋白,在绵羊的生长发育中起着重要作用。     

鹅黑素皮质素受体-4基因的克隆与序列分析

黑素皮质素受体-4（Melanocortin receptor-4,MC4R）是其黑素皮质素受体MCR（MC1-5R）家族成员之一,属G蛋白偶联受体。它可与瘦蛋白、神经肽、α-黑素细胞刺激素等一起调节动物体重和采食量。参考鸡MC4R基因序列设计引物,克隆并测序了鹅MC4R基因。结果表明,鹅MC4R基因编码区全长996 bp,其核苷酸序列与鸡的同源性为95.3%,与人、牛、猪等哺乳动物同源性在75%-79%;其氨基酸序列与鸡的同源性达到98.5%。构建哺乳类、鸟类和鱼类MC4R基因核苷酸进化树显示,鹅较早地与哺乳类动物分化开来。分析MC4R蛋白的氨基酸残基特性参数表明,MC4R的7次跨膜结构与MC4R的亲水性区域、电荷密度以及氨基酸残基位于表面概率的变化规律相一致。     

蓝狐多巴胺受体D2基因部分序列的克隆测序

对蓝狐多巴胺受体D2(dopamine receptor,DRD2)基因进行克隆测序,为进一步探讨蓝狐DRD2基因与自咬行为的相关分析及染色体定位提供理论基础。本试验参考狗的DRD2基因序列(GenBank登录号:AF293962.1)设计特异引物,对蓝狐的基因组进行PCR扩增、克隆和测序,并进行序列的同源性分析。试验获得蓝狐DRD2基因序列819 bp,其序列与家犬的同源性最高,达97%,而在水貂和人及小鼠这些哺乳动物的同源性为85%~91%。本研究成功克隆了蓝狐DRD2基因的部分序列,表明其在物种间具有较高的保守性。     

美洲水貂(Neovison vison)黑素皮质激素受体-1(MC1R)基因序列鉴定及生物信息学分析

旨在探明美洲水貂黑素皮质激素受体-1(Melanocortin-1receptor,MC1R)基因序列结构特征及其对皮毛颜色的调控机制。根据欧洲水貂MC1R基因(GenBank登录号:AB189820)核苷酸序列设计1对特异性引物,利用PCR及克隆技术测定美洲短毛黑水貂MC1R基因完整编码区序列(CDS),并对该序列进行了BLAST比对及生物信息学预测和分析。结果表明,获得的美洲水貂MC1R基因与欧洲水貂相似性为95%,为单一外显子基因,核苷酸序列长度为1 324bp,包括部分5′UTR(188bp)、CDS(954bp)和3′UTR(182bp),编码区碱基G+C含量高达66.04%,由CDS推导共编码317个氨基酸,预测的MC1R蛋白理论分子质量为34.49ku,等电点(PI)为8.97,不稳定系数是36.63,属于弱碱性稳定蛋白质。进一步分析发现,美洲水貂MC1R基因编码的蛋白存在1个低复杂度结构域和7个典型的跨膜区,N-端不存在信号肽,定位于细胞质膜,具有典型的细胞膜受体结构。分子进化分析显示,美洲水貂与欧洲水貂亲缘关系较近,与二者均属鼬科、鼬属动物的传统动物分类学一致。美洲水貂MC1R基因的获取及序列结构特征分析为揭示其皮毛颜色多样性的分子遗传学机制奠定了详细的生物信息学基础。     

水貂α-干扰素基因的克隆、测序与遗传进化分析

根据GenBank发表的序列,应用DNAstart分析软件设计并合成一对引物用于扩增水貂α干扰素（IFN-α）基因,从病死水貂的脾脏中提取总RNA,RT-PCR扩增水貂α干扰素基因,获得了约564bp片段,将其克隆到pEasy-T1载体中,进行序列分析,证实该基因是水貂α干扰素基因。将测序结果与GenBank发表的水貂的IFN-α基因序列进行比较,核苷酸序列同源性为94.3%～95.5%,氨基酸序列同源性为89.3%～91.4%。同时将核苷酸序列、氨基酸序列与其他几种犬科动物进行遗传进化分析,其同源性分别在78.1%～99.3%之间和69.4%～100.0%之间。     

水貂12S rRNA基因的克隆

为探讨水貂的系统发育关系,对金州水貂的12S rRNA基因进行了克隆测序,序列长度为450 bp。结果表明,金洲水貂的12S rRNA基因与伶釉的同源性为92.48%,与林釉的同源性为91.83%,与北美水貂的同源性为90.99%,与獾的同源性为90.99%。     

陆川猪黑皮质激素受体4基因克隆及序列分析

试验旨在对陆川猪黑皮质激素受体4（melanocortin-4 receptor,MC4R）基因进行克隆及相关信息学分析。通过提取陆川猪背最长肌总RNA,采用RT-PCR、克隆等方法获得含目的基因MC4R的质粒pMD18-T-MC4R,经菌落PCR和测序鉴定正确后,应用相关生物信息学软件对陆川猪MC4R基因的理化性质、蛋白质的结构、修饰结构和亚细胞定位等进行预测分析。结果表明,MC4R基因CDS区长999 bp,编码332个氨基酸,与NCBI上公布的野猪MC4R基因序列中的CDS区存在4个碱基差异,其中175和906 bp处为同义突变,110和278 bp处为错义突变,分别引起第37位谷氨酸变为甘氨酸和第93位缬氨酸变为丙氨酸。同源性比对结果发现,MC4R基因在不同物种及进化的过程中具有较高的保守性。陆川猪MC4R蛋白有明显的疏水区域,不存在信号肽,但有7个跨膜结构域,其编码蛋白的二级结构元件有α-螺旋、延伸链、β-转角和无规则卷曲。修饰结构预测表明,MC4R蛋白存在多处N糖基化位点,但无O糖基化位点,可能主要分布于内质网和囊泡。本研究成功克隆了陆川猪MC4R基因,为更好地开发利用地方品种陆川猪及其繁育奠定理论基础。     

牛MC1R基因——新的SNP

本实验克隆测序了中国荷斯坦牛、鲁西黄牛和渤海黑牛三个品种的MC1R基因。运用Blastn工具对本实验得到的序列及所有发表的牛MC1R基因序列进行比对分析，发现牛MC1R基因编码区725bp处存在一新的单核苷酸多态性（SNP）。基于此SNP我们对现发表的所有牛MC1R基因做了总结。     

水貂多巴胺受体D2基因的克隆测序及外显子区多态性检测

以多巴胺受体D2基因(DRD2)作为候选基因,分析该基因对水貂自咬行为的影响。本试验采用聚合酶链式反应方法,首次从美洲黑貂脚部肌肉组织扩增出多巴胺受体D2基因的部分序列片段,并克隆测序,将该序列提交到Gene Bank上,已得到序列号为EU085471。通过序列比较,在第四外显子区域未发现碱基突变,在第5外显子区域发现在41位点处发生了(T→C)转换,采用单链构象多态性(PCR-SSCP)方法进行了多态性检测,结果表明:在不同个体中未检测到基因多态性。     

水貂和狐犬瘟热病毒F基因的克隆与序列分析

为探寻免疫失败的原因,对山东某养殖场免疫后的发病水貂和狐犬瘟热组织病料分别提取RNA进行RT-PCR扩增。将PCR得到的部分F基因克隆到pMD18-T载体上测序,并与疫苗株ND进行序列分析。结果表明,水貂和狐的CDV与OND的核苷酸同源性为98.6%9、8.6%,氨基酸同源性为98.0%9、8.0%。水貂和狐两者核苷酸同源性为98.0%,氨基酸同源性为95.9%。     

Association of single‐nucleotide polymorphism of melanocortin gene with feed intake in rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

The aim of the study was to investigate the association of two parts of melanocortin gene (MC4R‐1, MC4R‐2) and feed intake for V‐line rabbits. V‐line rabbits were grouped into high and low daily feed intake during the period from 30 to 63 days of age in order to identify MC4R SNPs useful for association study with feed intake. DNA from blood samples of each group was extracted to amplify the MC4R gene. The purified PCR products were sequenced in those had the highest and lowest feed intake. Alignment of sequence data from each group revealed that there is a variation detected in MC4R‐1 at nucleotide 35 (T‐G) (sense mutation) and another variation was detected in MC4R‐2 gene at nucleotide 19 (T‐C) (sense mutation) for high feed intake rabbits. These sense mutations lead to transform some amino acids and cause a significant change of the MC4R function. The results of average daily feed intake (ADFI) indicated that group (1) had significantly higher feed intake than group (2) of V‐line rabbits. The detected mutations and the analysis of daily feed intake means revealed a significant association between MC4R polymorphism and feed intake in rabbits.     

SCAR分子标记对水貂食毛症遗传病因的初步研究

本研究利用序列特异性扩增(SCAR)技术对健康和食毛水貂进行遗传分析,旨在从分子水平探讨水貂食毛症的发病原因.首先从126个随机引物中筛选出4个重复性好的标记引物,通过引物A20和S139的扩增在两群体中找到差异标记(A20-1000,S139-400),对其进行克隆、测序,并根据测序结果设计2对SCAR引物,回到原样本群体中扩增验证.结果,SA20-757在食毛和健康水貂群体的分布频率分别为86.88％和27.41％,差异极显著(P＜0.001);MS139-230在食毛和健康水貂群体的分布频率分别为94.21％和39.38％,差异极显著(P＜0.001).SA20-757与MS139-230联合分析表明,特异性条带在患病水貂群体的分布频率高达95.36％,均比单个SCAR特异引物的扩增比例要高.结果提示,SA20-757与MS139-230联合诊断分析,可以很好的区分健康与食毛水貂群体,可初步作为水貂食毛症早期诊断的分子生物学手段,为进一步研究水貂食毛症奠定基础.     

水貂肠炎细小病毒的分离鉴定及其VP2基因的序列分析

本试验从疑似细小病毒感染的病死水貂中分离到1株病毒。经PCR鉴定、细胞培养、蛋白质电泳鉴定最终确定为水貂肠炎细小病毒(MEV),命名为MEV-WFD。对该分离病毒的衣壳蛋白VP2基因进行克隆测序分析,结果表明此病毒VP2基因3处碱基发生点突变,其中一处的突变导致第328处氨基酸残基由疏水性丙氨酸(Ala)变为亲水性苏氨酸(Thr)。将此株病毒VP2基因与GenBank上公布的所有MEV的VP2基因碱基序列进行同源性比较及进化树分析,结果表明该病毒与ZYL-1、MEV/LN/-10和Manzhouli的VP2基因同源率最高,为99.8%;进化树构建结果表明,该病毒与6株已公布的病毒属于同一进化分支。     

家兔MC1R基因5'-侧翼序列的克隆及测序

毛色作为家兔的一种遗传标记,在品种特征、纯度鉴定及品种选育中均具有重要的作用。MC1R基因作为控制动物毛色的重要基因之一,其核苷酸序列多态性与多种动物的毛色表型相关。本试验根据GenBank中已知的兔MC1R基因核苷酸序列(登录号:AM180881)设计引物RMCR₁和RMCR₂,采用PCR-末端加尾法获得了兔MC1R基因5'端930 bp的未知序列,该序列与GenBank数据库中的已知序列同源性为99%。     

Pharmacological characterization of canine melancortin-4 receptor and its natural variant V213F

Dogs have become one of the most important companion animals in modern society. However, it is estimated that 20% to 40% of owned dogs are obese, suggesting that obesity has become one of the most important canine health problem. In addition, obesity in dogs also leads to type II diabetes. Because the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) has been shown to be essential in maintaining energy homeostasis in several different species, including rodents and humans, we initiated studies toward elucidating the roles of MC4R in obesity pathogenesis in dogs. Canine MC4R has been cloned, and a missense variant V213F was identified. We designed primers and successfully cloned canine MC4R and generated the variant V213F by site-directed mutagenesis. The objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacological properties of canine MC4R and its natural variant V213F. We measured ligand binding and signaling properties with the use of both natural and synthetic ligands. Human MC4R was also included in the experiments for comparison. Both wild-type canine MC4R and its natural variant V213F functioned normally in terms of binding and signaling. Of the ligands we used, [Nle⁴, D-Phe⁷]-α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone is the most potent ligand. We conclude that the cloned canine MC4R is a functional receptor, and the natural variant V213F does not have any functional defect and therefore is not likely to cause obesity in dogs.     

Genomic characterization of equine interleukin-4 receptor alpha-chain (IL4R)

Three overlapping fragments of the equine interleukin-4 receptor alpha chain gene (IL4R) were cloned and sequenced. The resulting 3553 bp cDNA sequence exhibited homology to human, murine and bovine IL4R. The equine IL4R exhibits many conserved features when compared to other species, including intron-exon boundary positions and amino acid sequence motifs characteristic of type I cytokine receptors. The IL4R gene was localized to horse chromosome ECA13 by synteny mapping on a somatic cell hybrid panel. Evidence for an alternative splice variant of IL4R was found in the genomic sequence and subsequently verified using RT-PCR on equine monocyte RNA. A polymorphism screen of the largest exon, homologous to exon 12 of the human IL4R gene, was performed using DNA from 60 horses of various breeds which yielded 11 coding-region single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 7 synonymous and 4 non-synonymous. Three of the four non-synonymous SNPs occur at high frequencies and are found very near a conserved tyrosine residue.