Ertragsbildung von getreidereichen Fruchtfolgen und Getreide-monokulturen in einem extensiven und intensiven Anbausystem

Yield formation in cereal-rich crop rotations and monocultures in an extensive and intensive crop-management system
In a long duration trial, conducted from 1979/80 to 1992 at TU-Munich's research station in Roggenstein, the performance of monocultures of winter wheat, winter barley and winter rye, as well as numerous cereal-crop rotations were compared in an extensive and intensive crop-management system. The results obtained can be summarized as follows.
Over the course of 13 years, the influence of the immediately preceding crop on the yield of the main crops was of much greater significance than the rotation as a whole. With winter wheat, no yield differences could be observed between monoculture and cereal crop rotation (if the rotation did not include oats). Oats, rape, field bean, pea, potato and maize as preceding crops, however, in crop management systems, led to, on average, an increase in yield of 13 dt/ha from the following wheat. Winter barley yields were not significantly different in monoculture, cereal crop rotations and crop rotations containing 66% cereals. Furthermore, winter rye yields were the same in monocultures and cereal crop rotations. With all cereals, intensification of fertilizing and chemical plant protection led to a considerable increase in yield, but did not diminish the effects of the preceding crop. Hence, even with the use of modern agronomical techniques it is impossible to compensate for yield losses due to crop rotation.     

不同施氮量对冬小麦光合生理指标及产量的影响

为了探索不同施氮量对冬小麦光合生理指标及产量的影响,在中国农业科学院作物科学研究所北京试验基地,以3个强筋冬小麦品种藁优2018（C1）、师栾02-1（C2）、石优20（C3）和1个中筋冬小麦品种济麦22（C4）为试验材料,设置0、180、210、240、270kg/hm ² 5个氮肥处理,分别用N0、N180、N210、N240、N270表示。结果表明：N240处理下不同冬小麦品种的旗叶净光合速率、SPAD值、旗叶长度、旗叶宽度,叶面积指数、归一化差值植被指数、籽粒产量及其构成因素等指标均达到最高值,且显著高于不施氮肥的处理,但与N270处理间无显著差异。综合考虑光合生理、植株性状、产量构成因素等指标,施氮量240kg/hm ²是充分发挥不同冬小麦品种植株光合性能及产量潜力的适宜施氮水平。     

Proteolysis in Flag Leaves of Wheat as Related to Different Levels and Timing of Nitrogen Supply

Senescence of wheat leaves is related to the increase of proteolytic activities and to lower photosynthetic performance. A good nitrogen fertilization management generally delays the senescence of the crop photosynthetic tissues; in environments without terminal water-stress this can improve crop yield and grain quality.
The effects of two N levels, 70 and 210 kg/ha and three side-dressing timings (at double ridge, stem elongation and anthesis) on proteolytic activities and carbon exchange rate (CER) in the flag leaf were investigated from anthesis to maturity; the cultivar was Saliente , a high quality, bread-making winter wheat and the site was near Udine, Northern Italy.
With high N level, endoprotease (pH 4.5) and carboxypeptidase (pH 5.5) activities increased up to the last sampling, while with low N these activities dropped earlier. Soluble protein decreased steadily, and its level was influenced by endoproteolytic activities. With high N, total chlorophyll content was degraded later if compared with low N treatment. The latest N side-dressing initially increased leaf chlorophyll and soluble protein contents, but they did not exceed the levels of second side-dressing timing. This was related to an increased auto-proteolytic activity. Leaf carbon exchange rate decreased after anthesis; comparing the two N levels, only at the last measurement the N210 level obtained higher values.     

抽穗后冬小麦旗叶光合特性的变化对产量的影响

为了探讨不同小麦品种之间的光合特性的差异及光合作用与经济产量的关系,本研究选取4个不同冬小麦品种分别在6个生育时期进行了光合特性的测定。结果表明：小麦旗叶6项光合特性指标随发育进程变化的趋势、变化程度基本相同,但不同品种在不同发育时期内光合特性指标的数值、变化程度不同;6项光合特性指标均与籽粒产量正相关;相关程度表现为绿叶面积>气孔导度>胞间CO₂浓度>净光合速率>叶绿素含量>蒸腾速率;不同时期光合特性与籽粒产量的相关性顺序为灌浆中期>灌浆前期>灌浆后期>开花期>抽穗期>灌浆末期;在开花期至灌浆后期,维持和提高旗叶的绿叶面积、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂是提高小麦产量的基础。因此,在开展小麦高光效育种时,对种质资源材料进行光合特性测定和比较对育种工作具有非常重要的参考价值和指导意义。     

追氮量对不同品质类型小麦产量及光合性能的影响

试验于2016-2017年在中国农业科学院作物科学研究所北京试验基地进行,采用二因素随机区组设计,以追氮量为调控因素,研究追氮量对不同品质类型小麦产量及生理指标的影响,为不同类型小麦品种稳产高效提供理论参考。供试材料分别为来源于黄淮冬麦区的中筋小麦品种中麦8号和中麦175,以及来源于长江中下游冬麦区的弱筋小麦品种扬麦22和扬麦15。结果表明,增加追氮量对小麦旗叶叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量均有提高效应,且更利于叶绿素b的形成,追氮量为135kg/hm²时效果最明显;各品种小麦旗叶净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和叶温均随着追氮量的增加而逐渐提高,且增长幅度也逐渐加大,以追氮量135kg/hm²最高;旗叶胞间CO₂浓度则随着追氮量的增加逐渐降低。中筋小麦籽粒产量显著高于弱筋小麦,在追氮量75~135kg/hm²时,各品种籽粒产量、穗数、穗粒数、千粒重及生物产量均随追氮量的增加而显著提高,以追氮量135kg/hm²最高。综上可知,拔节期追施氮肥有利于提高中筋和弱筋小麦旗叶叶绿素含量,改善光合性能,促进对氮素的吸收与积累,提高产量。     

长期定位施肥对小麦旗叶膜脂过氧化作用及GS活性的影响

在20年长期定位试验的基础上,选用徐州25、徐州26和烟2801三个小麦品种,研究了长期施肥对灌浆盛期小麦旗叶膜脂过氧化作用、谷氨酸合成酶（GS）及籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,有机、无机肥配合施用与单施无机肥相比,旗叶膜脂过氧化作用低,光合速率高,产量高;在各处理间,均随着无机肥种类的增多,旗叶膜脂过     

Die Ertragsentwicklung von Wintergetreide und Zuckerrüben bei dauerhafter Senkung des N-Düngungsniveaus

Effects of Long-term Fertilizer N Reduction on Winter Grain and Sugar Beet Yields
The results of recent field experiments concerning the effect of long-term N-reduction on the yield and quality of sugar beet, winter wheat and winter barley on plots which had previously had received ample amounts of N are studied in this paper.
The yield and quality of crops harvested on plots where N-dressings had been reduced for 6–8 years were similar to those of crops grown on plots where N-application had been reduced for only 1 year. Grain yield of winter wheat and winter barley grown without any N-application decreased to about 60 % of amounts normally harvested under local conditions with recommended N dressings, whereas the white sugar yield still remained at 90 %. The yields decreased slightly with an increase in the duration of the experiments. Yields of both cereals and beets remained constant within each level of fertilization, even 6 years after inition of trials with 50, 75 and 125 % of locally recommended N dressings.
On plots that did not receive nitrogen fertilization, N-contents of grain were between 1.5 and 1.7 % for winter wheat and 1.0 and 1.6 % N for winter barley. These contents remained constant over a trial period of 6 years. The amount of annual export of 55–91 kg N/ha also remained constant. Limited N availability causes a decrease in grain protein content rather than in grain yield.
Compared to winter grain species, sugar beet (with 74–117 kg N/ha in the beet body) could realize the highest annual export of nitrogen from the plot. Differences in annual N export existing between the various locations of the plots cannot be explained by differences in soil quality. Continuous high yields that were found even without any N-dressings may be explained by asymbiotic N-fixation, deposition of atmospheric N and a progressive decrease in soil N with 17–56 kg N/ha removed from soil resources annually.     

灌水对节水小麦“衡观35”产量、蛋白质含量及光合性能的影响

水分是限制小麦产量和品质提高的关键因素。为探究不同时期灌水对冬小麦产量、农艺性状、籽粒品质及光合性能的影响，在自动防雨水肥控制池中设置4个春季水分处理：不灌水(对照，W1)、仅拔节期灌水1050m³/hm²(W2)、仅开花期灌水1050m³/hm²(W3)和拔节期525m³/hm²⁺开花期525m³/hm²(W4)。结果表明，W1处理籽粒蛋白质含量最高，W2处理蛋白质产量最高，W3处理籽粒产量最高，W4处理光合性能最稳定。与W1处理相比，灌水影响小麦旗叶的光合性能，使其净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度和蒸腾速率增大；拔节期灌水可增加叶片叶绿素含量，促进植株干物质积累，提高籽粒蛋白质产量，通过增加单位面积穗数和穗粒数而增加生物产量；开花期灌水促进籽粒长、宽增大，增大库容量，通过增加粒重而提高籽粒产量。通过比较拔节期灌水后至开花期未灌水前W1、W4和W2处理发现，灌水使最大净光合速率和光饱和...     

种植密度对小麦石新828光合特性及产量的调控效应

本试验于大田条件下,研究了种植密度对冬小麦品种石新828在适晚播情况下生育后期旗叶光合特性及产量的调控效应。设置4个密度水平处理;利用CI-340光合测定系统和FMS-2型脉冲调制式荧光仪分别测定了光合特性的相关指标。试验结果表明,种植密度对石新828生育后期光合特性及产量的影响显著;每公顷基本苗330×104处理的旗叶叶绿素(Chl)含量、净光合速率(Pn)、PS II潜在活性(Fv/Fo)及其最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)均在生育后期始终表现出明显优势,且产量显著高于其他处理;每公顷基本苗210×104和270×104处理由于群体相对较小,表现出对轻度干旱逆境的脆弱性,390×104由于群体相对较大,封闭的小气候影响了个体的发育,最终均导致了产量的降低。小麦石新828在适晚播条件下,适宜种植密度为330×104基本苗/公顷。     

氮素水平对不同基因型小麦旗叶光合特性和子粒灌浆进程的影响

在池栽条件下，研究了不同施氮水平对强筋小麦8901和弱筋小麦1391生育后期旗叶叶绿素含量、光合速率、灌浆速率和产量的影响。结果表明，两品种表现为随施氮量的增加，叶绿素含量、光合速率都有增加的趋势，但是过量氮肥又使它们降低。在本试验条件下，两品种均以中氮处理(240kg／hm^2)光合速率大，灌浆进程合理，产量水平高。研究发现，强筋和弱筋小麦生育后期叶光合特性和子粒灌浆进程差异显著；旗叶光合速率和叶绿素含量及子粒产量呈正相关。     

前茬冬小麦栽培措施对后茬夏玉米光合特性及产量的影响

为了明确前茬冬小麦施氮和种植方式对后茬夏玉米光合特性及产量的影响,于2013-2015年华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区进行裂区试验。冬小麦施氮112.5 kg/hm2(N1)和225.0 kg/hm2(N2)为主处理,冬小麦等行距(U)改为夏玉米等行距(UR),20+40沟播(F)改为垄作(BP)的种植方式为副处理。结果表明,与UR和N1相比,BP和N2提高夏玉米叶面积指数(LAI)、叶绿素含量指数(CCI)、净光合速率(Pn)及干物质重(DM),且减缓LAI、CCI和Pn后期降低幅度。冬小麦季,与U相比,F种植方式增产3.1%、穗数提高6.9%、穗粒数提高2.4%。与N1相比,N2处理增产5.0%、穗数提高13.8%、穗粒数提高4.9%;夏玉米季,与UR比,夏玉米BP种植方式增产7.1%、穗粒数提高2.4%、收获指数提高5.9%。与N1相比,N2处理增产13.0%、穗粒数提高9.2%、收获指数提高11.9%。在华北冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区,冬小麦季施氮225.0 kg/hm2的条件下,氮肥后效明显,结合沟播冬小麦收获后在垄上直播夏玉米的种植方式是一种全程简化、高效、丰产的栽培措施,在华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区有很高的实践意义。     

灌水次数对杂种小麦冀矮1/C6-38旗叶光合特性和产量的影响

在大田中研究了灌2水（底水+冬水）、3水（底水+冬水+拔节水）和4水（底水+冬水+拔节水+开花水）3种灌水处理对杂种小麦旗叶光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明，随灌水次数增多，杂种及其亲本旗叶净光合速率（P_n）、叶绿素含量（Chl）、可溶性蛋白质含量（Pr）、气孔导度（g_s）和叶肉导度（g_m）升高，光合功能持续期（RSP和PAD）延长，叶源量（LSC）增加，籽粒产量和产量构成因素增加。杂种旗叶的P_n、Chl、Pr、g_s和 g_m对灌水次数的反应较亲本敏感。上述性状的离中优势（H_m）也随灌水次数的增多而增大。     

Mechanical control of clover improves nitrogen supply and growth of wheat in winter wheat/white clover intercropping

The major objective for clover in a winter wheat/white clover intercropping system is to supply nitrogen (N) for the wheat. A field experiment was repeated in 2 years on a loamy sand in Denmark to investigate the possibilities for increasing N supply to the winter wheat by cutting and mulching the clover between the wheat rows. The clover was cut with a weed brusher on three different dates in each year.Intercropped wheat with unbrushed clover had a lower grain yield than wheat as a sole crop. Brushing increased wheat N uptake and wheat grain yields. Intercropping with two or three brushing dates gave higher wheat yields than wheat as the sole crop. The largest increases in grain N uptake, 21–25 kg N ha⁻¹, were obtained for the brushings around wheat flag leaf emergence. The highest yield increases with a single brushing, 0.98–1.11 Mg DM ha⁻¹, were obtained when brushing was performed during the stem elongation phase. The largest grain yields for treatments with two brushings were obtained with a first brushing at start of stem elongation and a second around flag leaf emergence. The first brushing probably provided N to increase the wheat leaf area index and thus the light interception, while the second brushing provided N to sustain the leaf area during grain filling and reduced clover biomass and therefore competition for water. Intercropping wheat and clover increased grain N concentrations by 0.11–0.39%-point compared with wheat as a sole crop. Intercropping may thus offer possibilities for improving the bread-making quality of organically grown wheat.     

Einfluß langjähriger Winterweizen-Monokultur auf Ertragsbildung, Krankheitsbefall und Nematodenbesatz im Vergleich zum Winterweizenanbau in der Fruchtfolge

Influence of winter wheat grown continuously on grain yield, foot rot infection and nematodes compared with winter wheat in rotation
The field trial, started in 1968 at the experimental-station in Rauischholzhausen, was intended to give informations about winter wheat in continuous cultivation. The question was if intensification of growing culture enables monoculture wheat to yield as high as winter wheat in rotation (sugar-beet, winter wheat, spring barley). Influence of green manuring with additional nitrogen, straw manuring with additional nitrogen, straw burning and fungicid treatment against eyespot was investigated.
The following results have been obtained in the years 1969 to 1985:
1. In the 17 years average winter wheat in rotation yielded with 50.1 dt/ha a higher amount of grain dry weight than wheat in monoculture (43.6 dt/ha). Only in 3 years wheat in monoculture reaches the grain yield level of wheat in rotation.
2. The incidence of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides was in wheat after wheat about 10% higher than in wheat after sugar-beets.
3. The use of fungicides against culm base diseases caused in monoculture an increase in yield of about 2.7 dt/ha which was not higher than in rotation (+2.5 dt/ha).
4. The first 12 years indicated a decline-effect with continuously decreasing differences in the yield of wheat in monoculture compared with rotation. But until the 17th year of the trial grain yield differences were as high as in the beginning.
It is not possible either by means of intensification of fertilizing or chemical plant protection treatment to reach the grain yield level of winter wheat in rotation with winter wheat in monoculture. Even the use of modern agronomical methodes remains crop rotation as a central part of an effective plant culture.     

氮肥运筹对滴灌冬小麦叶片光合特性及产量的影响

为研究滴氮时期及滴氮比例对滴灌冬小麦旗叶生理特性及产量的影响。在总施纯氮300kg/hm ²条件下设置6个不同滴灌追氮量处理,分别用F1、F2、F3、F4、F5、F6表示,以不施氮肥为对照（F0）,研究不同追施氮量对冬小麦叶面积指数（LAI）、叶绿素含量（SPAD值）、旗叶光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明,不同处理滴灌冬小麦的LAI、SPAD值变化规律一致,均呈先增后降的变化规律,LAI以F4处理相对较大,处理间SPAD值差异规律不明显;开花期、花后10d旗叶净光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、气孔导度（G_s）均表现为F5>F1>F6>F4>F2>F3>F0。而各处理胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）与P_n、T_r、G_s的变化规律呈相反的趋势。籽粒产量以F5处理最高,为9 889.35kg/hm ²,分别较F0、F1、F2、F3、F4、F6处理增加23.70%、3.10%、6.52%、21.44%、7.94%、14.10%。综合分析可知,总施氮量300kg/hm ²条件下,冬小麦起身期追施123.3kg/hm ²,在孕穗期、开花期各追施41.1kg/hm ²时滴灌冬小麦的光合性能表现较好。     

低氮诱导小麦灌浆期旗叶衰老与膜脂的关系

小麦产量主要来自于小麦灌浆期旗叶的光合产物, 低氮造成的灌浆期旗叶早衰对小麦产量影响极大。本试验以小麦品种“长旱58”为试验材料, 在大田环境下设置低氮(120 kg hm ^-2)和正常氮(180 kg hm ^-2)处理, 研究低氮诱导的小麦旗叶衰老与膜脂的关系。结果表明, 开花14 d后, 低氮处理小麦旗叶的光合速率、叶绿素含量、旗叶总氮含量均显著降低; 旗叶中膜脂各组分含量均显著下降, DGDG/MGDG的比值升高; 以C18:3、C18:2为代表的不饱和脂肪酸含量显著下降, 以C16:0为代表的饱和脂肪酸含量显著增加, 不饱和双键指数显著降低; 此外类囊体蛋白质堆积密度也显著降低。综合分析认为低氮处理导致小麦灌浆期旗叶早衰, 早衰过程伴随着膜脂降解和组分改变, 降低了膜的流动性和通透性, 导致叶绿素降解, 使光合功能受损。同时, 植物通过调整DGDG/MGDG比例来响应低氮胁迫, 利用DGDG的双层特性来部分弥补其它双层膜脂的降解对膜功能造成的损伤。     

Optimizing nitrogen use efficiency in wheat and potatoes: interactions between genotypes and agronomic practices

One approach to decrease the environmental impact of crop production and reduce costs is to optimize agronomic practices and genotypes so that nutrients are used more efficiently. In this study the effects of agronomic practices (rotations, crop protection, fertilization) on yields, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and associated parameters were studied in an experiment using two winter wheat genotypes (Cordiale and Scaro) in one season and two potato genotypes (Sarpo Mira and Sante) in two seasons. The wheat showed no varietal differences in yield and NUE; instead the fertilization regime was the main factor affecting yield and NUE with higher values observed when conventional fertilization was used. The exception was for wheat grown after three years grass/clover ley when there was no added yield benefit from conventional fertilization of the organically bred variety (Scaro). This demonstrates the potential for N fixing crops to provide sufficient N to high yielding cereals if grown for long enough prior to planting. The greatest gains in NUE were achieved by combining an N efficient genotype with conventional crop management in an organic rotation. Fertilization and genotypic variation were the main factors affecting potato tuber yield and NUE, with the late maturing Sarpo Mira displaying elevated yields and NUE compared with the early maturing Sante. The use of organic fertility sources resulted in lower NUE, but N release from organic sources may increase NUE of future crops. This highlights the need for long-term nutrient balance and modelling studies to assess NUE at the crop rotation scale.     

花后渍水高温交互效应对冬小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响

渍水和高温是长江中下游麦区冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)生育中后期的主要气象灾害因子。2009—2011年连续2个生长季盆栽烟农19,在籽粒形成期(花后5~8 d)和乳熟期(花后15~18 d)分别设渍水(土表水层1 cm)、高温[昼(35±2)℃/夜(25±2)℃]和渍水+高温处理,探讨了渍水和高温双重胁迫对小麦开花后光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明,花后渍水、高温、渍水+高温逆境均显著降低旗叶净光合速率(P_n)、叶绿素含量(SPAD值)和气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r),增加胞间CO₂浓度(C_i);同时降低穗粒数、千粒重及产量,但对成穗数影响不显著。渍水和高温胁迫对旗叶光合作用的主要限制因素是非气孔因素。从产量平均相对受害率看,其影响为渍水+高温逆境(37.7%)>渍水逆境(21.1%)>高温逆境(17.6%),而胁迫时期的影响为籽粒形成期(30.8%)>乳熟期(20.1%)。渍水和高温的交互效应显著,且籽粒形成期逆境不良效应显著大于乳熟期。     

缺磷对不同穗型小麦光合生理特性和产量的影响

采用石英砂培养的方法，研究了拔节期和挑旗期缺磷对大穗型小麦CA9325和多穗型小麦晋麦2号（JM2）生长后期旗叶的净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Cs）、细胞间隙CO2浓度（Ci）和气孔限制值（Ls）等光合生理性状，光合产物积累和产量构成的影响。结果表明：（1）缺磷降低两品种旗叶的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔     

钾营养对冬小麦光合作用和衰老的影响

盆栽砂培和田间试验结果表明，供钾不足使小麦生育后期旗叶过氧化物酶活性和丙二醛含量增高，可溶性蛋白质、叶绿素含量和根系活力降低，旗叶光俣速率下降，加速衰老。