益生素及其在防治仔猪腹泻中的应用

抗生素的耐药性以及药物残留问题引发了人们对新型饲料添加剂的研究,益生素为人们解决这一问题带来了希望。文章就益生素及其对仔猪腹泻的防治进行了综述,首先阐述了益生素的特点、分类和组成成分以及作用机理,然后介绍了引起仔猪腹泻的各种因素,进而分析了益生素如何能够降低仔猪腹泻,维护仔猪肠道健康。     

益生素对犊牛大肠杆菌病的影响

<正>在现代畜牧养殖业中,益生素被作为一种"安全、绿色、生态"添加剂广泛应用于畜牧养殖业中。由于益生素含有丰富的蛋白质、维生素、麦角固醇、谷胱甘肽等多种营养物质能够提高动物免疫力,其含有的双歧杆菌、乳酸菌、酵母菌等多种有益菌,能够调整动物机体内微生态失调、保持微生态平衡,有效预防动物腹泻病的发生。为此,针对大厂县肉牛养殖实际,对益生素对犊牛大肠杆菌病的影响进行浅谈。1大肠杆菌病发病原因及影响因素犊牛大肠杆菌病又称犊牛白痢。是由大肠杆菌引起的一种急     

“广灵散”治疗犬腹泻疗效观察

目的:对“广灵散”这种以乳酸菌为主、配合中药制剂制成的复方制剂在犬腹泻治疗的临床效果进行探索。方法:随机将30例腹泻犬分成两组,一组以广灵散治疗,一组以抗生素治疗。结果:“广灵散”和抗生素都对犬腹泻有100%的有效率;广灵散组的治愈时间比抗生素组长;对腹泻犬的菌群检测结果表明,抗生素能有效杀死致病性大肠杆菌,但杀死致病性大肠杆菌的同时也致使肠道中益生菌(乳酸杆菌)数量减少的情况发生,无法很好解决肠道菌群的不平衡性。讨论:“广灵散”虽然比抗生素的治疗时间要长,但“广灵散”一方面能兼顾减少大肠杆菌数量,另一方面能增加肠道中益生菌(乳酸杆菌)的数量,对促进肠道菌群平衡的恢复有一定作用。     

益生素在肉鸡生产中替代抗生素的试验

选1日龄AA健康肉鸡600羽，随机分为3组，分别为对照组（空白）、抗生素组（3．3mg/kg硫酸粘杆菌素＋16．5mg/kg杆菌肽锌）、益生素组（添加0．1％益生素），每组设4个重复，每个重复50羽。试验结果表明：抗生素和益生素组分别比对照组提高增重4．17％和6．98％（P＜0．05），料肉比分别下降1．77％和2．60％（P＞0．05），益生素组比抗生素下降40％和43．3％（P＜0．05）。益生素组显著降低了肉鸡肠道内大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的数量（P＜0．05），显著提高了肠道内乳酸杆菌的数量（P＜0．05），而抗生素在显著降低大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌等有害菌数量的同时，也显著降低了有益菌乳酸杆菌的数量（P＜0．05）。无论从肉鸡生产性能、腹泻率还是经济效益结果分析，益生素可以作为抗生素的替代品应用于肉鸡生产中。     

健康仔猪肠道内抗逆性乳酸菌的选育

仔猪腹泻在兽医临床上十分普遍,它严重的影响和制约着仔猪的存活率及养殖者的经济收入.市场上治疗仔猪腹泻的药物很多,但存在药物残留问题.研究开发无毒、无副作用和无残留的益生菌制剂已成为热点课题.1998年美国动物饲粮管理协会(AAFC0)年鉴公布了43种可用作益生素的菌种,其中半数以上是乳酸菌(lactic acid bacite-ria)[1].因此,乳酸菌在益生菌制剂的研究和生产中扮演着重要的角色.本试验的目的是从健康仔猪的新鲜粪便中分离、选育出抗逆性(耐酸、耐胆盐)强的乳酸菌菌株,用于防治仔猪肠道疾病.     

“广灵散”治疗犬腹泻疗效观察

探索以乳酸菌为主、配合中药制剂制成复方制剂——广灵散治疗犬腹泻的临床效果。将30例腹泻犬随机分成广灵散治疗组和抗生素治疗组。结果表明,各药物对犬腹泻的有效率达到100%;抗生素组治愈时间较广灵散组短;肠道菌群检测结果显示,抗生素在杀灭致病性大肠杆菌的同时也使肠道中益生菌(乳酸杆菌)的数量减少,肠道菌群的不平衡性仍没有解决。而广灵散组虽然在治疗时间上比抗生素组长,但广灵散不仅能减少大肠杆菌的数量,而且能增加肠道中益生菌(乳酸杆菌)的数量,使肠道菌群恢复平衡。     

乳酸菌微生态制剂防治犊牛腹泻应用研究

本研究利用乳酸菌制剂对犊牛腹泻进行防治研究。结果显示,168头新生健康犊牛经15d饲喂试验,乳酸菌制剂组犊牛腹泻率为14.29%,而对照组腹泻率大于试验组2倍(29.76%)。乳酸菌制剂组腹泻犊牛无死亡现象,而对照组腹泻犊牛死亡率为3.57%;27头腹泻犊牛饲喂乳酸菌制剂治疗5d后腹泻率由100%下降为3.70%,腹泻治愈率达到85.19%;及早饲喂新生犊牛乳酸菌制剂可有效防治犊牛腹泻。结果表明,乳酸菌制剂可有效防治犊牛腹泻,避免犊牛因腹泻而死亡,可作为防治犊牛腹泻的微生态制剂推广应用。     

痢康灵对仔猪黄白痢及腹泻的治疗试验

乳酸菌作为动物消化道中的一种重要微生物，因其高效、安全无毒副作用和特有的营养保健功能，近年来受到了广泛的关注。本研究采用痢康灵活性乳酸菌制剂对仔猪进行腹泻治疗试验。结果表明，连续4天灌服痢康灵活菌制剂的仔猪腹泻治疗率达到95％以上。     

复合酸化剂和益生素对仔猪腹泻防治效果研究

仔猪腹泻是猪场的常发疾病。选择32-33 d,均重8.2 kg的仔猪35头,在配合饲料中分别添加0.5%复合酸、1.5%益生素、0.5%复合酸＋1.5%益生素进行了对比试验。结果发现,添加1.5%益生素可显著提高仔猪采食量（P〈0.05）,分别单独添加复合酸和益生素仔猪末重最佳（P〈0.05）。两种添加剂均可显著降低腹泻率（P〈0.05）。未发现添加复合酸和益生素对生产性能的加性效应,可能与该添加剂的使用剂量有关。     

卵黄免疫球蛋白治疗仔猪大肠杆菌性腹泻的效果研究

为了分析和探讨卵黄免疫球蛋白治疗仔猪大肠杆菌性腹泻的效果,本试验从2017年9月起至2019年9月止,从某猪场选取66头患大肠杆菌性腹泻的仔猪,随后随机将它们分为对照组(33头)和试验组(33头)。对照组仔猪用常规抗生素治疗,试验组仔猪用卵黄免疫球蛋白治疗,对比两组仔猪的治疗效果以及症状缓解时间。结果显示,试验组的总有效率高于对照组的,症状缓解时间短于对照组的(P<0.05)。由此证明,卵黄免疫球蛋白不仅对仔猪大肠杆菌性腹泻有显著的治疗效果,还能够缩短症状缓解时间,因而适合在临床上实施和推广。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.