Study on the Activity Estimation Methods of Recombinant Chicken Interferon-α/Interleukin-2 Fusion Protein in vitro

In order to establish a stable,simple and rapid detection method to estimate the activities of the recombinant chicken interferon-α/interleukin-2 fusion protein (rChIFN-α-Linker-ChIL-2,recombinant fusion protein) in vitro,the activities of rChIFN-α-Linker-ChIL-2 were estimated by detecting its specific immune response to monoclonal antibody (MAb) against ChIFN-α and ChIL-2 by ELISA assay.The antiviral activities of rChIFN-α-Linker-ChIL-2 protein were tested by inhibiting the 50% appearance of cytopathic effect (CPE) of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) on the passage cell lines DF1.The promoting proliferation activities of lymphocytes in the chicken peripheral blood and spleen of recombinant fusion protein were tested by MTS method.The results showed that rChIFN-α-Linker-ChIL-2 protein had the ability of specific immune response to anti-ChIFN-α MAb and anti-ChIL-2 MAb,respectively.The antiviral activity of rChIFN-α-Linker-ChIL-2 protein inhibiting the reproduction of VSV on DF1 cell line was higher than IBDV,and both of the antiviral activities of recombinant fusion protein against VSV and IBDV were much higher than the recombinant ChIFN-α protein (rChIFN-α) control.The recombinant fusion protein had apparent promoting proliferation activity of lymphocytes in the chicken peripheral blood and spleen,which were much higher than that of the rChIFN-α control.The study suggested that the activities detection and estimation methods of the recombinant fusion protein in vitro were successfully established,which laid the foundation for the further study of the synergy activity of recombinant fusion protein in vivo.     

重组鸡α干扰素/白细胞介素-2融合蛋白体外活性评价方法研究

为建立稳定、便捷的重组鸡α干扰素/白细胞介素-2融合蛋白(rChIFN-α-Linker-ChIL-2蛋白,重组融合蛋白)体外活性评价方法,本研究分别采用ChIFN-α和ChIL-2 ELISA方法检测重组融合蛋白与抗ChIFN-α单抗和抗ChIL-2单抗发生特异性免疫反应的活性;采用细胞病变抑制法检测重组融合蛋白在DF1细胞上抑制水疱性口炎病毒(VSV)和传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)增殖活性;采用MTS法分别测定重组融合蛋白促鸡外周血T淋巴细胞(PBLC)和脾淋巴细胞增殖活性。结果表明,重组融合蛋白可以与抗ChIFN-α单抗和抗ChIL-2单抗发生特异性免疫反应;重组融合蛋白在DF1细胞上具有明显抗病毒活性,其抗VSV活性高于抗IBDV活性,且均明显高于rChIFN-α蛋白对照;不同浓度的重组融合蛋白均具有明显的促鸡PBLC和脾淋巴细胞增殖活性,且其促增殖活性明显高于rChIFN-α蛋白对照。本研究成功建立了重组融合蛋白体外活性检测评价方法,为进一步探究重组融合蛋白在鸡体内协同作用奠定基础。     

Evaluation of cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of recombinant human interferon alfa-2a and recombinant human interferon alfa-B/D hybrid against bovine viral diarrhea virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus in vitro

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of recombinant human interferon alfa-2a and recombinant human interferon alfa-B/D hybrid against cytopathic and noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV), and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in vitro. SAMPLE POPULATION: Primary bovine testicular cells and Mardin Darby bovine kidney cells. PROCEDURES: To evaluate cytotoxicity, cells were added to serial dilutions of each interferon. To evaluate antiviral activity of each interferon, interferons were serially diluted 1:10, and tissue culture cells were added; virus was then added at 3 time points. Prevention of viral infection by interferon was defined as failure to induce cytopathologic effect for VSV, IBRV, and cytopathic BVDV and failure to detect virus immunohistochemically for cytopathic and noncytopathic BVDV. RESULTS: No evidence of cytotoxicity in either cell line was detected after incubation with interferon alfa-2a or interferon alfa-B/D. However, reduced growth rates of tissue culture cells were detected for each interferon when undiluted interferon was tested. Comparable and profound antiviral activities against cytopathic and noncytopathic BVDV were evident for each interferon. Interferon alfa-2a and interferon a-B/D had comparable antiviral activities against VSV. Neither interferon had antiviral activity against IBRV. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The safety and marked in vitro antiviral activity against noncytopathic BVDV, cytopathic BVDV, and VSV suggest that interferons alfa-2a and alfa-B/D may be useful for treatment of natural disease after infection with these viruses.     

水泡性口炎病毒单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

将水泡性口炎病毒（VSV）经差速离心和蔗糖密度梯度离心法进行纯化后,以纯化的VSV作为免疫原免疫8～10周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠,取其脾细胞与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞进行融合,经间接ELISA方法筛选能稳定分泌抗VSV单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,并对制备出的抗VSV单抗的特异性、抗体亚类等生物学特性进行鉴定。结果显示,试验成功筛选出2株能稳定分泌抗VSV单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,分别命名为1A2、4C3。ELISA鉴定结果表明,2株单抗均能特异性地与VSV结合,而与口蹄疫病毒（FMDV）、猪水泡病病毒（SVDV）均不发生交叉反应;诱生小鼠腹水产生的抗体效价可达1∶25 600～1∶51 200。杂交瘤细胞染色体核型鉴定结果显示,杂交瘤细胞染色体数为95～105,均高于2个亲本细胞的染色体数目,说明这2株细胞是两者的杂交产物。抗体亚类鉴定结果显示,所获得2株单抗1A2、4C3均为IgG1。Western blot分析结果表明,1A2可识别VSV G蛋白。2株抗VSV单克隆抗体的成功制备将为VSV快速检测方法的建立以及检测试剂的研制等奠定基础。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒VP2蛋白GFP融合分子在COS7细胞内的表达

将鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒（IBDV）VP2蛋白基因插入增强型绿色荧光表达载体pEGFP-C1中,构建了真核表达载体pEGFP-VP2。PCR与酶切鉴定结果表明VP2基因成功插入到表达载体pEGFP-C1中。脂质体法转染COS7细胞后,荧光显微镜检测到了GFP-VP2融合蛋白的表达。用200 μg/ml的G418成功筛选到了稳定表达GFP-VP2融合蛋白的细胞系,表达蛋白经镍亲和柱得到了纯化。     

Antigen presentation in vaccine development

A variety of microorganisms, nutrients or toxins are generally intrude our body through mucosal tissues or skin, where equipment for both preventing their invasions and catching their information to activate internal immune systems for adapting surroundings is arranged. Among the equipment, cells in charge of innate immunity, particularly dendritic cells (DCs), having an excellent capacity for prompt recognition of invaded pathogens via toll-like receptors (TLRs) to alert B and T cells for establishing aquired/adaptive immunity by presenting their processed antigenic fragments, have been paid great attention. These TLR-activated, antigen captured DCs are divided into two groups; one is pathogen-retaining unit and the other is pathogen-controlling unit. The latter DCs present processed antigenic molecules from the pathogens to competent β T cells together with special containers, such as class I, class II MHC and CD1 to generate specific cellular immunity. The former two MHC molecules can present processed peptide antigens, whereas the last CD1 molecule can present glycolipid/lipid antigens. In contrast, B lymphocytes that captured antigens via their specific immunoglobulin (Ig) receptors present digested peptide fragments with their class II MHC to stimulate suitable CD4⁺ helper T cells which in turn secrete various cytokines to efficiently expand and maintain antibody production from that partner B cells to establish humoral immunity. These β T cells and antibodies, recognize either processed antigenic peptide or glycolipid fragments, and thus, identification of these epitopes enables us to generate artificial pathogen-specific vaccines. Based on the recent findings about precise mechanisms of antigen processing and presentation orchestrated at the surface compartment, future development of vaccines against various pathogens are discussed.     

Experimental vesicular stomatitis virus infection of swine: Extent of infection and immunological response

Swine, a natural host species for infection by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), were infected with VSV-New Jersey (VSV-NJ) serotype virus obtained from a recent field isolate. Tissues collected from the infected pigs were examined for the presence of infective virus, for viral antigens, and/or for viral nucleic acid. Infective virus could be recovered from tissues near the site of infection for as long as 6 days after the primary infection with VSV. However, no infective virus was recovered following hypothermia induced 11 weeks after infection, or following a secondary challenge with virus 22 weeks after initial infection. Immunofluorescence tests for viral antigens and nucleic acid hybridization assays failed to detect viral antigens or nucleic acids in tissues from which no infective virus could be recovered. Titers of serum-neutralizing antibody peaked 3–5 weeks after infection and then fell slightly until the secondary infection which caused a rapid anamnestic response. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) tested 3, 5, 8 or 18 weeks after primary infection all produced readily detectable antigen-specific proliferative responses when cultured with VSV. Thus, although direct tests failed to demonstrate persistence of virus after infection, the humoral and cellular immune response remained elevated for months. Infective VSV was not required to stimulate the proliferative response since UV-inactivated VSV was immunogenic in these in vitro tests. Following primary infection, antigen-specific proliferative responses could be stimulated by several strains of VSV-NJ, but not by VSV-Indiana (VSV-Ind) serotype virus. Secondary infection had relatively little effect on the proliferative response to VSV-NJ strains, but it did cause the PBM to gain responsiveness to VSV-Ind.     

Isolation and biological properties of virulent subpopulations from lentogenic Newcastle disease virus strains

From each of two lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains of the type LaSota and Hitchner B1 a virulent subpopulation could be obtained. The two subpopulations were—in comparison to the two parent viruses—more resistant to the lipid solvent chloroform and more stable against thermal degradation. Also, the glycoproteins haemagglutinin and F (fusion) were more stable against thermal inactivation. Electron microscopic observations revealed in terms of size and morphology all of the characteristics of NDV. Both subpopulations possessed, however, the same elution kinetics as their respective parent strains. The intracerebral and intravenous pathogenicity indices as well as the mean death times of the two subpopulations allow to classify these viruses as virulent Newcastle disease viruses.     

Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to vesicular stomatitis virus in cattle in an enzootic region of Mexico.

An ELISA was compared with the plaque-reduction serum neutralization (PRSN) test, for detection of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) antibodies in cattle in a vesicular stomatitis enzootic region of Mexico. A total of 325 bovine serum samples were screened for VSV antibodies. The PRSN test was performed, using Vero cells. The ELISA contained gradient-purified VSV Indiana (Lab strain) and VSV New Jersey (Hazelhurst) as the antigens. Regression analysis and weighted kappa statistic were used to estimate measures of agreement between the 2 assays for detection of VSV antibodies. The ELISA method proved useful for serodiagnosis of vesicular stomatitis. The ELISA and PRSN test results were highly correlated for detection of VSV antibodies.     

哺乳动物线粒体动力学和氧化磷酸化研究进展

线粒体是一种存在于大多数细胞中具有双层膜结构和流动性的细胞器,是细胞进行有氧呼吸的主要场所,为细胞增殖、迁移和生存提供能量,被称为"能量工厂".线粒体在细胞死亡、细胞衰老、自噬、脂质合成、钙稳态以及铁平衡等生物过程中均发挥着重要作用,其功能主要由线粒体融合和分裂调节.线粒体融合将有助于ATP的产生,主要由线粒体融合蛋白...     

Comparison of persistence of seven bovine viruses on bovine embryos following in vitro exposure

The ability of seven cytopathic strains of bovine viruses to adhere to the zona pellucida of six-to-eight day-old bovine embryos were compared. Embryos were exposed to virus by placing them either in virus suspensions or by culturing them on infected bovine turbinate cultures for 18-24 h. After exposure to bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBV), bluetongue virus (BTV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), parainfluenza 3 virus (PI3), or bovine enterovirus virus (BEV), the embryos were tested for virus by culture in bovine turbinate cells and by morphological examination using electron microscopy (EM). A special technique to minimize loss of embryos processed for EM was developed. More embryos had viral particles on the surface of the zona pellucida after exposure to 18-24 hour infected cell cultures than did embryos exposed to viral culture suspensions. The most dramatic finding was that BTV adhered in large numbers to the surface of the zona pellucida of exposed embryos. IBRV, PRV, and VSV comprised an intermediate group, with virions occasionally detected on the surface of exposed embryos after 5 washes. Therefore, extensive washing is required. The PI3 and BEV were easily removed from embryo-exposed virus by washing. BVD was difficult to identify morphologically, making assessment by EM unreliable. There was no evidence that any one of the seven viruses penetrated the intact zona pellucida. Using a micromanipulator, 42 embryos were also directly inoculated through the zona pellucida with +/- 50 picoliters of virus inoculum or medium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

鸡全胚成纤维细胞在鸡痘细胞活疫苗生产中的应用

采用鸡胚全部组织(全胚法)制备鸡胚成纤维单层细胞和采用鸡胚部分组织(常规法)制备鸡胚成纤维单层细胞生产了鸡痘细胞活疫苗,接毒后均产生大量的感染多核细胞和典型细胞融合性病变(胡椒粒样).鸡胚效价检测表明,鸡痘细胞苗和鸡痘组织苗均可引起鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜水肿、增厚或痘斑,但鸡痘细胞苗产生痘斑数量明显高于鸡痘组织苗.鸡体刺种结果表明,鸡痘细胞苗诱发的免疫反应(发痘)好于鸡痘组织苗;与常规法相比,全胚成纤维单层细胞制备方法可提高鸡胚利用率2倍以上.全胚法也可应用于制备其他鸡成纤维细胞疫苗.     

猪Ⅰ型干扰素融合表达及其抗病毒活性检测

采用重叠延伸PCR(splicing by overlap extension PCR,SOE-PCR)技术将猪I型干扰素PoIFN-α和PoIFN-β成熟肽基因进行连接,构建表达载体pET30a-PoIFN-α/β进行融合表达,利用细胞病变抑制试验检测融合干扰素rPoIFN-α/β抗病毒活性,并与非融合干扰素rPoIFN-α和rPoIFN-β进行比较分析。结果表明,在PK-15细胞上,融合干扰素rPoIFN-α/β表现出较强的抗病毒活性,其对VSV、PRRSV、CSFV、PRV、PPV、PASTV、PEDV和TGEV的抗病毒活性明显高于非融合干扰素,体现了一定的叠加效应,可以用于猪病毒性疾病的防治。     

Effects of pseudorabies virus infection upon cytotoxicity and antiviral activities of porcine alveolar macrophages

Alveolar macrophages (AM) infected with Pseudorabies virus (PRV) were compared to noninfected AM for cytotoxicity against foreign or transformed cells and production of interferon (IFN). Five PRV strains were used to infect AM including strains that are known to be highly virulent for pigs, i.e. strain 4892 and strain S-62 as well as strains that are regarded as mild or nonvirulent, i.e. BUK and Bartha. The multiplicity of infection ranged from 0.005 to 0.05 TCID₅₀/cell. The target cells in the cytotoxicity assays were either chicken red blood cells, PRV-infected vero cells, or human myeloblastoma cells (K562 cell line). For the producton of IFN, AM cultures were treated with polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) diluted in tissue culture media at a concentration of 5 μg/10⁶ cells. Culture supernatants were collected at various times poststimulation and tested for antiviral activity using the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus replication inhibition test. Swine AM were able to lyse chicken red blood cells in an antibody-independent way but not in an antibody-dependent way, whereas lysis of PRV-infected vero cells was accomplished both ways. The cytotoxicity against chicken red blood cells was reduced in the PRV-infected AM as compared to noninfected cells, particularly in AM infected with virulent PRV strains. Specific ⁵¹Cr release values for AM infected with S-62 and 4892 strains were 14 and 19, while the noninfected AM had values of 36. Similarly, in the antibody-dependent cytotoxicity assay against PRV-infected vero cells there was no activity of AM against K562 cells. The production of IFN was readily stimulated with Poly I:C. The optimal time for supernatant collection was between 12 and 16h poststimulation. The antiviral activity was abrogated by treatment of the supernatant with antiserum against human leukocyte IFN; it was therefore considered to be due to interferon-alpha (IFN) released from the macrophages. The antiviral activity present in supernatants of PRV-infected AM was reduced compared to noninfected AM. The difference between AM cultures infected with virulent strains of PRV and noninfected AM cultures was statistically significant at P 0.025. The results provide support to the premise that the role of AM in lung defense can be compromised by PRV infection.     

Stability and inactivation of vesicular stomatitis virus,a prototype rhabdovirus

Viruses may remain infectious outside the host cell for considerable time and represent a source of accidental infection if not properly inactivated. In this study, the survival of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in suspension and dried on surfaces was analyzed. In addition, the sensitivity of VSV to disinfectants and physicochemical changes was investigated. VSV showed a notable stability in suspension at 4 °C with virus titers remaining high over several weeks. The presence of serum proteins had a stabilizing effect on virus infectivity, whereas elevated temperatures reduced survival times. VSV dried on polystyrene, glass or stainless steel surfaces remained infectious for at least 6 days at ambient temperature. VSV showed a remarkable resistance to extreme pH in particular in the alkaline range, but could be rapidly inactivated by heating at 55 °C or higher. The virus was highly sensitive to inactivation by commonly used disinfectants such as aldehydes, alcohols, and detergents. The high stability of VSV on surfaces and in suspension may facilitate dissemination of the virus in livestock by contaminated feeding and water troughs, hands, and milking equipment. This knowledge on the sensitivity of VSV to disinfectants will help to set up appropriate hygiene measures.     

禽白血病病毒跨膜蛋白在膜融合及免疫抑制中的作用

禽白血病病毒（Avian leukosis virus,ALV）入侵宿主细胞的关键是病毒裳膜与宿主细胞膜的融合,AI。V在此过程中采用病毒一宿主细胞膜融合机制,这一机制的关键是病毒与细胞受体结合后跨膜蛋白一系列构象的变化。此外,ALV入侵宿主细胞后会引起严重的免疫抑制,继而引发肿瘤的产生。在对一些与ALV有相同感染机制的病毒的研究中发现,引起免疫抑制的关键区也是跨膜蛋白。因此进一步在分子水平上深入研究跨膜蛋白有助于正确认识病毒侵染的本质,做到更为有效的预防与治疗ALV感染。     

Polymorphisms and the antiviral property of porcine Mx1 protein

We determined the cDNA sequences of the type I interferon-inducible proteins, pig Mx1 from PK(15) and LLC-PK1 cells, and compared the antiviral activities of both Mx proteins, including Mx1 polymorphisms against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Mx1 cDNA derived from PK(15) cells had an 11 bp-deletion in the 3' end of the coding region, and was estimated to encode 8 amino acid substitutions and a 23 amino acid extension compared to that from LLC-PK1 cells. VSV replication was inhibited in the 3T3 cells expressing Mx1 mRNA after the cDNA was transfected. However, the efficiency of this inhibition was not different between the cells expressing Mx1 mRNA from both PK and LLC. These results indicate that pig Mx1 protein confers resistance to VSV.     

Porcine parvovirus: frequency of naturally occurring transplacental infection and viral contamination of fetal porcine kidney cell cultures.

The frequency of naturally occurring transplacental infection of swine with porcine parvovirus (PPV) and one of the possible consequences of such infection--the presence of PPV in cell cultures prepared from fetal tissues--were investigated. Transplacental infection was indicated by the presence of high titers of hemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibody for PPV in serums of 0-day-old, hysterectomy-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs of 3 of 82 litters. All letters were farm-raised dams. Moreover, cell cultures prepared from 3 of 49 lots of fetal porcine kidneys (FPK) collected from an abattoir during an interval of 14 months were found contaminated with PPV. Because each lot was usually comprised of kidneys from 2 litters, the latter finding suggests that 3 of approximately 98 litters were infected. Prior infection of FPK cell cultures with PPV resulted in only slight interference of replication of other selected viruses; i.e., porcine enterovirus (PEV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), and hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV). Moreover, PPV and HEV were propagated in the same cell cultures during 5 serial passages of the viruses. In contrast, when copropagation of PPV and VSV was attempted, PPV was not detected after the 2nd serial passage.     

H9N2亚型流感病毒光动力失活的超微结构

使用H9N2亚型流感病毒作为系统模型,用不同浓度(2,4 μmol/L)的光敏剂经激光照射(12 J/cm2,20 min),使病毒颗粒失活后,使用透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察病毒粒子形态,并对病毒的感染性进行测定.结果显示,低浓度光敏剂处理组的病毒粒子膜结构虽然保持完整性,但表面糖蛋白缺失,同时丧失了对MDCK细胞的...     

In vitro antiviral activity of dehydroepiandrosterone and its synthetic derivatives against vesicular stomatitis virus

In this work the antiviral activity of 20 dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) analogs with different substituents at positions C-3, C-15, C-16 and C-17 were evaluated against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in Vero cell cultures. The selectivity indexes (SI) obtained with DHEA and epiandrosterone (EA) were 50 and 72.6, respectively. The work showed that the compounds 21-norpregna-5,17(20)-dien-3β,16α-diyl-diacetate, 17,17-ethylendioxyandrostan-5,15-dien-3β-ol and 3β-hydroxypregn-17(20)-en-16-one had higher SI values than ribavirin, which was used as a reference drug. The antiviral mode of action of DHEA was also investigated against VSV replication in Vero cells, and time of addition experiments showed that DHEA mainly affected a late event in the virus growth cycle. Analysis of RNA and protein synthesis indicated that DHEA adversely affected positive strand RNA synthesis and viral mature particle formation.