纤维素降解细菌的分离鉴定和筛选方法的研究

[目的]探索有效筛选纤维素降解细菌的方法。[方法]采用CMC-Na平板分离筛选具有高纤维素酶活性的细菌菌株并通过分子生物学手段对其进行鉴定。[结果]从秸秆和土壤中分离筛选获得了2株具有较高纤维素酶活性的细菌菌株xg1和h10,通过总DNA提取、PCR扩增,经16S rDNA测序及序列分析初步鉴定它们分别为枯草芽胞杆菌和蜡状芽胞杆菌。设计了一种根据水解透明圈直径的大小以初步确定菌株产酶活力高低的方法,发现菌株产酶酶活与透明圈直径之间呈现一定的函数关系。[结论]用CMC-Na平板筛选方法,可避免大量的盲目无效劳动,大大提高获得纤维素酶高产菌株的机率,是较好的筛选纤维素分解菌的方法。     

土壤中产壳聚糖酶菌株的筛选、鉴定及抑菌活性研究

采用透明圈法,通过大量筛选得到9株产壳聚糖酶的野生菌株,对其中产壳聚糖酶酶活最高的菌株BS-0409的菌株形态特征和生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列进行了测定分析,并对该菌的酶解产物壳寡糖进行了抑菌试验。结果表明,该菌株呈短杆状,革兰氏染色阴性,端生鞭毛。经16SrDNA序列分析表明,BS-0409菌株为巨大芽孢杆菌,该菌的酶解产物壳寡糖对17种植物病原真菌都有较强的抑制作用,抑制率为29.6%～100.0%。     

多滞量的反应扩散方程的分支环（Ⅱ）—分支环的存在性定理

一文研究一类定义在单位圆周上带有两个滞量的纯量反应扩散方程，继续文[９]的讨论，并借助于文[２]中的Ｂｉｒｋｈｏｆｆ规范型理论，给出了二维不变环的存在性结果。     

适用变性梯度凝胶电泳分析的石油污染土壤微生物DNA模板制备的研究

[目的]为了快速、简便和经济地获得理化性质不同的石油污染土壤中微生物总DNA,以用于后续微生物群落结构分析及动态监测。[方法]采用3种提取方法对石油污染土壤中细菌总DNA进行提取,并通过DNA产量、纯度、片段大小、基因组完整性等对提取得到的DNA质量进行评价;并对16S rDNAV3可变区的PCR扩增产物进行DGGE分析。[结果]采用3种方法均能从石油污染土壤中提取得到相应的细菌DNA片段,且针对同一种提取方法,土壤理化性质的差异对DNA提取效果影响不明显,但不同方法提取得到的DNA在浓度和纯度上存在明显差异。采用3种方法提取得到的DNA量分别可达98.3、79.9和43.8 ng/μl。[结论]选取方法1提取基因组DNA并进一步纯化,纯化后的DNA分别采用引物F27/R1492和F357/R518进行16S rDNA及116S rDNAV3可变区的扩增,获得了条带清晰、浓度高、无污染的DNA目的片段;对其PCR扩增产物进行DGGE分析,得到的DGGE图谱可直观反应石油污染土壤中微生物的多样性及优势种群。     

"夏光"、"早夏16"甘蓝杂交种DNA指纹图谱的构建

用SDS法提取甘蓝(Brassica oleraceavar.capitata)杂交种“夏光”、“早夏16”及其各自亲本的基因组DNA,通过SSR、RAPD两种分子标记方法构建其DNA指纹图谱用于纯度鉴定。利用30对甘蓝SSR引物和50个适用于甘蓝的RAPD引物,以各杂交种及其亲本的基因组DNA为模板组合进行筛选,结果显示:多数SSR引物对两组合扩增带型一致,未能建立SSR指纹图谱;通过RAPD标记方法筛选出能鉴定两杂交种纯度的引物分别为S15、S42、S147和S42、S78、S88,其中引物S42对两组合均能扩增出特异的RAPD指纹图谱,并将RAPD指纹图谱转变为相应的数字指纹。     

Multienzyme systems of DNA replication

Replication is accomplished by multienzyme systems whose operations are usefully considered in respect to three stages of the process: initiation, elongation, anid termination. 1) Initiation entails synthesis of a short RNA fragment that serves as primer for the elongation step of DNA synthesis. This stage, probed by SS phage DNA templates, reveals three distinctive and highly specific systems in E. coli. The Ml3 DNA utilizes RNA polymerase in a manner that may reflect how plasmid elements are replicated in the cell. The ?X174 DNA does not rely on RNA-polymerase, but requires instead five distinctive proteins which may belong to an apparatus for initiating a host chromosome replication cycle at the origin. The G4 DNA, also independent of RNA polymerase, needs simply the dnaG protein for its distinctive initiation and may thus resemble the system that initiates the replication fragments at the nascent growing fork. In each case it is essential that in vitro the DNA-unwinding protein coat the viral DNA and influence its structure. 2) Elongation is achieved in every case by the multisubunit, holoenzyme form of DNA polymerase III. Copolymerase III, which is an enzyme subunit, and adenosine triphosphate are required to form a proper complex with the primer template but appear dispensable for the ensuing chain growth by DNA polymerase (33). 3) Termination requires excision of the RNA priming fragment, filling of gaps and sealing of interruptions to produce a covalently intact phosphodiester backbone. DNA polymerase I has the capacity for excision and gapfilling and DNA ligase is required for sealing. What once appeared to be a simple DNA polymerase-mediated conversion of a single-strand to a duplex circle (34) is now seen as a complex series of events in which diverse multienzyme systems function. Annoyance with the difficulties in resolving and reconstituting these systems is tempered by the conviction that these are the very systems used ,by the cell in replicating its chromosome and extrachromosomal elements. Thus, understanding of the regulation of replication events in the cell, their localization at membrane surfaces and integration with cell division, and their coordination with phage DNA maturation and particle assembly will all be advanced by knowledge of the components of the replicative machinery.     

Failure to phosphorylate the retinoblastoma gene product in senescent human fibroblasts

Heterokaryon studies suggest that senescent and quiescent human diploid fibroblasts (HDF) contain a common inhibitor of entry into S phase. DNA synthesis can be induced in senescent and quiescent HDF by fusing them with cells containing DNA viral oncogenes such as SV40 T antigen, adenovirus E1A, or human papillomavirus E7. Both senescent and quiescent HDF contained the unphosphorylated form (p110Rb) of the retinoblastoma protein, a putative inhibitor of proliferation. After serum stimulation, senescent HDF did not phosphorylate p110Rb and did not enter S phase, whereas quiescent HDF phosphorylated p110Rb and entered S phase. These findings, combined with the observations that T antigen, E1A, and E7 form complexes with, and presumably inactivate, unphosphorylated p110Rb, suggest that failure to phosphorylate p110Rb may be an immediate cause of failure to enter S phase in senescent HDF.     

枣疯病植原体的分子检测与同源性鉴定

[目的]采用植原体16S通用引物建立枣疯病植原体PCR检测体系.[方法]采用植原体16S rDNA通用引物R16mF1/R16mR1,对陕西和山西具有枣疯病的枣树植株总DNA进行PCR扩增,获得了相关的枣疯病植原体序列.采用DNAMAN软件分析其同源性,绘制系统进化树.运用pDRAW32软件对17种具有16S rDNA分组的典型的限制性内切酶进行计算机模拟RFLP,确定枣疯病植原体同源性关系.[结果]从陕西和山西的枣疯病的植株中,分别得到1 433 bp和1 432 bp的条带,与已报道的枣疯病植原体比较,同源性达到99;以上,而与其他植物的植原体16S rDNA同源性多低于93;,并且与16S rDNA V-B组的遗传距离最近.pDRAW32软件模拟RFLP结果表明它们和已报道的JWB的RFLP图谱相似.[结论]枣疯病植原体归属于16SrDNA V-B,为枣疯病植原体PCR检测体系提供了理论基础.RFLP分析进一步验证了枣疯病植原体属于16SrDNA V-B,具有随地域变异性较小的特性,这将有利于不同地区枣疯病检测技术的建立.     

丝瓜ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立

以丝瓜为试材,研究了ISSR-PCR反应体系的主要成分及退火温度、循环次数对丝瓜ISSR扩增结果的影响。结果表明:在20μl的反应体系中,Mg2+的用量为2 mmol/L,dNTPs浓度为0.2 mmol/L,引物的浓度为0.6μmol/L,TaqDNA聚合酶的用量为1 U,模板DNA的用量为30 ng,在适当的退火温度下,35个循环能得到清晰、多态性高的ISSR带谱。     

阿城市水源特征的均匀性分析

提出了面状和线状水源的点化方法,点化后的水源称为水源单位。在对阿城市全部河流、水库构造了水源单位后,计算其独占圆,每一个水源单位的独占圆代表该水源单位管辖(服务)的空间范围,独占圆越大,它管辖(服务)的范围也越大,说明水源需求量大;反之则说明水源需求量小。根据独占圆可求出阿城市水源均匀度,并对水源单位的格局进行检验,其结果为集聚格局,该格局可能是由阿城市的地形异质性造成的。根据水源单位独占圆可以判断出阿城市水源少的区域,利用2-1原理在缺水区域寻求新的水源单位,使水源均匀度增加,从而使水源分布均匀。     

Replicating form of a single-stranded DNA virus: isolation and properties

The replicating form of single-stranded DNA virus has been isolated in pure form by chromatography on columns of methylated albumin. Its buoyant density in CsCl and "melting temperature" are characteristic of a double stranded DNA structure containing 43 percent guanine-cytosine. The nearest neighbors to uridylate were compared in the RNA synthesized when replicating-form DNA and mature single-stranded DNA were employed as templates in an in vitro system. The mature DNA component of the replicating duplex does not serve as the sole source of complementary RNA. The results agree best with the assumption that both strands of the replicating form function as templates. It is important to note that this is contrary to the situation found in the intact cell where only one of the two strands appears to be transcribed into message.     

Est1p as a cell cycle-regulated activator of telomere-bound telomerase

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the telomerase components Est2p, TLC1 RNA, Est1p, and Est3p are thought to form a complex that acts late during chromosome replication (S phase) upon recruitment by Cdc13p, a telomeric DNA binding protein. Consistent with this model, we show that Est1p, Est2p, and Cdc13p are telomere-associated at this time. However, Est2p, but not Est1p, also binds telomeres before late S phase. The cdc13-2 allele has been proposed to be defective in recruitment, yet Est1p and Est2p telomere association persists in cdc13-2 cells. These findings suggest a model in which Est1p binds telomeres late in S phase and interacts with Cdc13p to convert inactive, telomere-bound Est2p to an active form.     

不同年份采收的豇豆种子的RAPD研究

ＲＡＰＤ是一种建立在ＰＣＲ基础之上的新的分子标记技术,利用ＲＡＰＤ技术对不同年份采收的豇豆种子进行了研究从豇豆干种子中直接提取的基因组ＤＮＡ可以用于ＲＡＰＤ分析在２０种１０ｂｐ随机引物中筛选出Ｓ２０７和Ｓ２０８２种引物,并获得了豇豆基因组ＤＮＡ的指纹图谱筛选出的２种引物均只在１９９７年采收的豇豆种子的基因组ＤＮＡ上扩增出１条ＤＮＡ带研究结果表明,不同年份采收的豇豆种子在遗传性上相当一致,而豇豆种子的基因组ＤＮＡ在贮藏过程中会受到损伤     

基于免培养技术的食用菌病害微生物rDNA测序及初步分析

采用CTAB结合DNA凝胶回收试剂盒法提取四种主要食用菌病害组织样品的宏基因组DNA,用16S rDNA和18S rDNA通用引物分别对样品的基因组DNA进行PCR扩增、连接、转化并进行单克隆测序。每对引物随机挑取20个阳性克隆的rDNA序列进行比对,并对病害微生物的亲缘关系进行了初步分析,结果表明四种病害样品中两种为细菌性病害,两种为真菌性病害。     

刺果甘草种子发芽试验初报

进行刺果甘草种子发芽试验。结果表明:选用的激素及其浓度、处理时间对发芽率无影响;种子类型对发芽率有显著影响,扁型种子发芽率为87.6%,圆型种子发芽率为7.5%;并对种子形态特征进行了测量分析。     

从福尔马林保存的牙鲆中克隆的18S rDNA进行系统发育分析的可靠性

从福尔马林保存的牙鲆和活体牙鲆肌肉组织中，利用基因拼接的方法首次克隆到1205bp和1295bp的长片段序列。福尔马林保存标本与活体标本DNA序列的同源率为82％；和活体标本的18S rDNA序列相比，标本DNA的碱基缺失率为7％，碱基替换比例为11％。利用福尔马林标本的18S rDNA同源性高的区域进行系统发育分析，表明其结果是可信的。     

从福尔马林保存的牙鲆中克隆的18S rDNA进行系统发育分析的可靠性

从福尔马林保存的牙鲆和活体牙鲆肌肉组织中，利用基因拼接的方法首次克隆到1205bp和1295bp的长片段序列。福尔马林保存标本与活体标本DNA序列的同源率为82％；和活体标本的18S rDNA序列相比，标本DNA的碱基缺失率为7％，碱基替换比例为11％。利用福尔马林标本的18S rDNA同源性高的区域进行系统发育分析，表明其结果是可信的。     

DNA ligase: structure, mechanism, and function

DNA ligase of E. coli is a polypeptide of molecular weight 75,000. The comparable T4-induced enzyme is somewhat smaller (63,000 to 68,000). Both enzymes catalyze the synthesis of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent 5'-phosphoryl and 3'-hydroxyl groups in nicked duplex DNA, coupled to the cleavage of the pyrophosphate bond of DPN (E. coli) or ATP (T4). Phosphodiester bond synthesis catalyzed by both enzymes occurs in a series of these discrete steps and involves the participation of two covalent intermediates (Fig. 1). A steady state kinetic analysis of the reaction-catalyzed E. coli ligase supports this mechanism, and further demonstrates that enzyme-adenylate and DNA-adenylate are kinetically significant intermediates on the direct path of phosphodiester bond synthesis. A strain of E. coli with a mutation in the structural gene for DNA ligase which results in the synthesis of an abnormally thermolabile enzyme is inviable at 42 degrees C. Although able to grow at 30 degrees C, the mutant is still defective at this temperature in its ability to repair damage to its DNA caused by ultraviolet irradiation and by alkylating agents. At 42 degrees C, all the newly replicated DNA is in the form of short 10S "Okazaki fragments," an indication that the reason for the mutant's failure to survive under these conditions is its inability to sustain the ligation step that is essential for the discontinuous synthesis of the E. coli chromosome. DNA ligase is therefore an essential enzyme required for normal DNA replication and repair in E. coli. Purified DNA ligases have proved to be useful reagents in the construction in vitro of recombinant DNA molecules.     

奥利亚罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼核型及DNA含量的比较研究

采用ＰＨＡ体内培养法，取鱼体肾细胞用空气干燥法制备奥利亚罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼的染色体，经核型分析，奥利亚罗非鱼为２ｎ＝４４，６ｓｍ＋２４ｓｔ＋１４ｔ；ＮＦ＝５０。尼罗罗非鱼为２ｎ＝４４，６ｓｍ＋２４ｓｔ＋１４ｔ；ＮＦ＝５０。经流式细胞仪测量外周血红血球的ＤＮＡ含量，奥利亚罗非鱼为２Ｃ＝２．２２ｐｇ（２．２２ｐｇ／Ｎｕｃｌ）；尼罗罗非鱼为２Ｃ＝２．２７ｐｇ（２．２７ｐｇ／Ｎｕｃｌ）。经对比分析，两种鱼