拟盘多毛孢属的分类学研究进展

从拟盘多毛孢属及相关属的建立、属的界定特征、属内种的传统鉴定方法、拟盘多毛孢属有性阶段的形态特征等方面的叙述,展示了以形态学和分子系统学相结合建立的拟盘多毛孢属与近缘属关系的分类检索表,指出了以形态学和分子特征相结合将是拟盘多毛孢属分类命名的未来趋势。     

根据形态学和分子系统学特征界定拟盘多毛孢属的种

以拟盘多毛孢属108个ITS（内转录间区）序列建立了分子系统树,探讨拟盘多毛孢属的形态特征与分子系统树的相互关系.结果表明,拟盘多毛孢属首先按照分生孢子有色胞的颜色区分为暗色和淡色（同色）2个分支,暗色组再分成2个亚分支--同色亚分支和异色亚分支,淡色分支内进一步根据顶端附属丝特征和基部附属丝的有无区分为7个亚分支.寄主植物的某个分类单元在拟盘多毛孢属的分子系统树上并未形成特定的分支.通过对形态特征与分子系统树结合分析,重新界定小孢拟盘多毛孢（Pestalotiopsis microspora）、异色拟盘多毛孢（P.versicolor）和茶拟盘多毛孢（P.theae）.     

中国拟盘多毛孢属的新组合种(Ⅵ)

首次报道中国拟盘多毛孢属5个不同的新组合种。这5个新组合种是:虾仔花拟盘多毛孢P esta lo-tiop sis w oodf ord iae、鳞秕泽米铁拟盘多毛孢P.betazam iae、日本枇杷拟盘多毛孢P.eriobotryae-jap on icae、黄兰拟盘多毛孢P.m icheliae、秋枫拟盘多毛孢P.bischof iae。     

中国拟盘多毛孢属的新组合种(Ⅴ)

首次报道中国拟盘多毛孢属5个不同的新组合种.这5个新组合种是:虾仔花拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis woodfordiae、鳞秕泽米铁拟盘多毛孢P.betazamiae、日本枇杷拟盘多毛孢P.eriobotrya-ejaponicae、黄兰拟盘多毛孢P.micheliae、秋枫拟盘多毛孢P.bischofiae.     

中国拟盘多毛孢属的三个新种

本文报道拟盘多毛孢属的3个新种，它们是橄榄拟盘多毛孢、瓜栗拟盘多毛孢和鹤顶兰拟盘多毛孢。新种的模式标本保藏在广西大学农学院植保系标本室。     

中国拟盘多毛孢属的新组合种(Ⅰ)

按近代 Steyaert(1949年)和 Sutton(1969,1975,1980年)有关拟盘多毛孢属(Pestalotiopsis)类真菌的分类体系及有关鉴定性状,将原归隶 Guba(1961)广义的盘多毛孢属(Pestalotia)内的17个种,进行重新组合,归入拟盘多毛孢属内,并作了重新描述。这17个新组合种是:1.寄生在芒果上的疏毛拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis pauciseta(Sacc.)Y.X.Chencomb.nov.);2.寄生在竹节海棠上的地肥拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis elephants(Car.)Y.X.Chen comb.nov.);3.寄生在咖啡上的咖啡拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis coffeae(Zimm)Y.X.Chen comb.nov.);4.寄生在紫玉盘和半枫荷叶部上的复红色拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis fuch-siae(Thuem)Y.X.Chen comb.nov.);5.寄生在毛柿上的萨卡度拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsissaccardens(Guba)Y.X.Chen comb.nov.);6.寄生在人心果上的肿瘤状拟盘多毛孢(Pestalo-tiopsis scirrofaciens(N.A.Brown)Y.X.Chen comb.nov.);7.寄生在海棠果上的海棠拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis calophylli(P.Henn)Y.X.Chen comb.nov.);8.寄生在菝葜上的近小球状拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis sphaerelloides(Ell.& Langl)Y.X.Chen comb.nov.);9.寄生在棕榈、海枣及油梨上的鲜红拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis phoenicis(Vize)Y.X.Chencomb.nov.);10.寄生在龙眼和酸藤果叶部上的巴拉圭拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis paraguarien-sis(Maubl)Y.X.Chen comb.nov.);11.寄生在紫金牛叶部上的夷兰拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiop-sis canangae(Koord)Y.X.Chen comb.nov.);12.奇生在杨梅上的爪哇拟盘多毛孢(Pestalo-tiopsis javanica(Guba)Y.X.Chen comb.nov.);13.寄生在石南叶部上的石南拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis photiniae(Thuem)Y.X.Chen comb.nov.);14.寄生在大化紫薇叶部上的大花紫薇拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis lagerstromiae(Mahaiskar)Y.X.Chen comb.nov);15.寄生于川挂、广西玉桂和黄樟上的驼背拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis gibberosa(Sacc.)Y.X.Chencomb.nov.);16.寄生在枇杷叶部上的稠李拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis laurocerasi(Westd)Y.X.Chen comb.nov.);17.寄生在紫荆叶片上的长角状拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis siliquastri(Thuem)Y.X.Chen comb.nov.)。     

中国拟盘多毛孢属的新组合种(Ⅲ)

本文为中国拟盘多毛孢属新组合种（Ⅰ）、（Ⅱ）的续篇，报道１１个不同的新组合种。这１１个新组合种是：３６．寄生在柑桔和黄皮树叶部的柑桔拟盘多毛孢（Ｐｅｓｔａｌｏｔｉｏｐｓｉｓｃｉｔｒｉ（Ｍｕｎｄｋ＆Ｋｈｅｓｗａｌａ）Ｙ．Ｘ．Ｃｈｅｎｃｏｍｂ．ｎｏｖ）；３７．寄生在忍冬科荚艹迷属植物的叶部的双纤毛拟盘多毛孢（Ｐｅｓｔａｌｏｔｉｏｐｓｉｓｂｉｃｉｌｉａ（Ｄｅａｒｎ＆Ｂｉｓｂｙ）Ｙ．Ｘ．Ｃｈｅｎｃｏｍｂ．ｍｏｖ．）；３８．寄生在腰果树叶部的异角状的拟盘多毛孢（Ｐｅｓｔａｌｏｔｉｏｐｓｉｓｈｅｔｅｒｏｃｏｒｎｉｓ（Ｇｕｂａ）Ｙ．Ｘ．Ｃｈｅｎｃｏｍｂ．ｎｏｖ．）；３９．寄生在月桂的叶部的孢子器型拟盘多毛孢（Ｐｅｓｔａｌｏｔｉｏｐｓｉｓｐｙｃｎｏｉｄｅｓ（Ａｌｍ．＆Ｃａｍａｒａ）Ｙ．Ｘ．Ｃｈｅｎｃｏｍｂ．ｎｏｖ．）；４０．寄生在杜鹃花科的白珠树叶部的白珠树拟盘多毛孢（ＰｅｓｔａｌｏｔｉｏｐｓｉｓｇａｕｔｈｅｒｉａｅＤｅａｒｎ＆Ｈｏｕｓｅ）Ｙ．Ｘ．Ｃｈｅｎｃｏｍｂ．ｎｏｖ．）；４１．寄生在雀梅藤和鼠李叶部的鼠李拟盘多毛孢（Ｐｅｓｔａｌｏｔｉｏｐｓｉｓｒｈａｍａｎｉ（Ｃｅｌｏｔｉ）Ｙ．Ｘ．Ｃｈｅｎｃｏｍｂ．ｎｏｖ．）；４２．     

中国拟盘多毛孢属的新组合种（Ⅱ）

本文为中国拟盘多毛孢属的新组合种（Ｉ）的继篇，报导了１８个不同的新组合种。这１８个新组合种是：１８．寄生在中粒种咖啡和黄檀树叶部的白斑拟盘多毛孢（Ｐｅｓｔａｌｏｔｉｏｐｓｉｓａｌｂｏ－ｍａｃｕｌａｎｓ（Ｐ．Ｈｅｎｎ）Ｙ．Ｘ．Ｃｈｅｎｃｏｍｂ．ｎｏｖ．）；１９．寄生在槭树属的鸡爪槭、樟叶槭、五角槭、三角槭、五裂槭和三裂槭等多种植物上的槭树拟盘多毛孢（Ｐｅｓｔａｌｏｔｉｏｐｓｉｓａｃｅｒｉｓ（Ｐ．Ｈｅｎｎ）Ｙ．Ｘ．Ｃｈｅｎｃｏｍｂ．ｎｏｖ．）；２０．寄生在悬钩子属的越南悬钩子、宜昌悬钩子、扇叶悬钩子、粗叶悬钩子和悬钩子上的触角形拟盘多毛孢（Ｐｅｓｔａｌｏｔｉｏｐｓｉｓａｎｔｅｎｎａｅｆｏｒｍｉｓ（Ｂ．Ｊ．Ｍｕｒｒｒａｙ）Ｙ．Ｘ．Ｃｈｅｎｃｏｍｂ．ｎｏｖ．）；２１．寄生在卫茅属的金星卫茅和卫茅及假卫茅上的卡罗列那拟盘多毛孢（Ｐｅｓｔａｌｏｌｉｏｐｓｉｓｃａｒｏｌｉｎｉａｎａ（Ｏｕｂａ）Ｙ．Ｘ．Ｃｈｅｎｃｏｍｂ．ｎｏｖ．）；２２．寄生在樟树上的樟树拟盘多毛孢（Ｐｅｓｔａｌｏｔｉｏｐｓｉｓｃｉｎｎａｍｏｍｉ（Ｂ．ｄｅＨａａｎ）Ｙ．Ｘ．Ｃｈｅｎｃｏｍｂ．ｎｏｖ．）；２３．寄生在棕榈科的　棕和西谷棕上的刚果拟盘多毛孢（Ｐ     

中国拟盘多毛孢属的新组合种(Ⅳ)

按近代 Steyaert(1 95 3年 )和 Sutton(1 980年 )有关拟盘多毛孢属 (Pestalotiopsis)的分类体系和有关鉴定性状 ,本文首次报道中国拟盘多毛孢属 8个不同的新组合种。这 8个新组合种是 :(1 )寄生在石榴叶部的石榴拟盘多毛孢 Pestalotiopsispunicae(Husei) Y.X.Chen et Z.W.Wang comb.nov.;(2 )寄生在草莓叶部的阿寇东拟盘多毛孢 Pestalotiopsis jeolikotonis(S.K.Bose) Y.X.Chen et G.Wei comb.nov.;(3 )寄生在山楂叶片、幼苗、枝条与主干等部位的山楂拟盘多毛孢 Pestalotiopsis crataegine(Ell. &EV.Bull)Y.X.Chen et Z.W.Wang comb.nov.;(4 )寄生在木菠萝叶部和果实等部位的木菠萝拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis artocarpi(Nag Raj&Kendric) Y.X.Chen et G.Weicomb.nov.;(5 )寄生在酸藤果叶部的酸藤果拟盘多毛孢 Pestalotiopsis embeliae (M.S.Patil &Theite) Y.X.Chen et G.Weicomb.nov.;(6)寄生在海葡萄叶部的海葡萄拟盘多毛孢 Pestalotiopsiscoccolobae(Ell.et EV.Bull) Y.X.Chen et G.Wei comb.nov.;(7)寄生在华榛叶部的华榛拟盘多毛孢 Pestalotiopsiscoryli(Roster) Y.X.Chen et G.Weicomb.nov.;(8)寄生在荔枝叶部的荔枝拟盘多毛孢 Pestalotiopsislitchii (Sawada) Y.X.Chen et G.Wei comb.nov.     

ITS鉴定真菌病原：一例司法鉴定研究实例

本研究选择一例疑似空气污染物伤害松树的司法鉴定案作为研究实例,在现场勘察和初步形态鉴定的基础上,应用ITS序列分析鉴定了对疑似空气污染物伤害松树的病原做了分子鉴定。我们对委托鉴定的疑似空气污染物伤害松树的地及周边地区进行了勘查,现场勘查结果并不支持空气污染物伤害松树的看法。为明确松树枯死的原因,对取样病枝上的疑似病原物进行了显微镜观察和培养性状观察,根据显微镜下孢子的形态和病原菌的培养性状,初步判断导致马尾松枯死的病原可能为拟盘多毛孢属（Pestalotipsis）真菌。为进一步确定病原种类,我们应用分子生物学技术对危害马尾松的病原物进行了ITS分子鉴定。测定了疑似真菌的ITS序列,并进行了比对和系统发育分析。研究结果表明,导致松树枯死的病原菌系韦司梅拟盘多毛孢（Pestalotipsis vismiae）。在本研究案例中,利用真菌ITS序列的系统发育分析,快速、准确地鉴定了真正导致松树枯死的病原,为今后类似司法鉴定案件审理提供了证据鉴定的新手段。     

Distribution and phylogeny of Potamophila parviflora R.Br. a wild relative of rice from eastern Australia

Potamophila parviflora is a wild relative of rice from Eastern Australia. The species was found in the Richmond, Clarence, Macleay and Hastings River systems of northern New South Wales. Existing populations had wider leaves (10–15 mM) than those previously reported (4–6 mM). This species and North American wild rice, Zizania palustris were investigated as genetic resource for rice improvement. Both species, Potamophila , and Zizania , occur in colder climates than rice (Oryza sativa). Sequencing of the ITS1 of the ribosomal genes of these two species indicated that Zizania and Potamophila were more closely related to each other than either was to Oryza sativa. Potamophila has a similar number of chromosomes (n=12) and a greater sequence homology to rice and may thus be a better source of useful genes for rice improvement.     

Phylogenetic relationships among species of Citrullus and the placement of C. rehmii De Winter as determined by Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequence heterogeneity

The internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) of the 18S-25S nuclear ribosomal DNA from the four recognized species of Citrullus (C. lanatus var. lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai., C. lanatus var. citroides (Bailey) Mansf., C. colocynthis (L.) Schrad., C. ecirrhosus Cogn., and C. rehmii De Winter) and Acanthosicycos naudinianus (Sond.) C. Jeffrey were amplified by PCR, and direct sequenced. Within the taxa examined, the length of ITS1 varied from 216 bp to 219 bp, and ITS2 varied from 239 bp to 249 bp. The average %CG content ranged from 59 to 64% and from 62 to 66% for ITS1 and ITS2, respectively. The greater length variation observed in ITS2 was primarily attributable to the occurrence of a (CC)_n microsatellite. Cladistic (PAUP) and phenetic (MEGA) analyses resulted in highly resolutive trees. ITS sequence analysis placed the recently described C. rehmii adjacent to the cultivated watermelon and supported the validity of the species classification of this taxa.     

秤锤树叶片内生真菌的分离鉴定及其对植株生长的影响

本研究从秤锤树叶片中分离内生菌进行分子鉴定,并接种到无菌组培苗中研究其对植株生长的影响。研究结果显示,从秤锤树叶片中共分离获得7株真菌。扩增出的6个菌株经ITS测序,在NCBI网站上进行基因序列比对,鉴定出其中5株菌株均属于球毛壳菌（Chaetomium globosum）,1株属于子囊菌（As-comycete）。进一步实验表明：分离的菌株多数对组培苗的株高生长影响不大,可初步鉴定其为内生菌,其中的属于球毛壳菌的F和H菌株对无菌苗的株高有明显的促进作用。     

Intragenomic variation in the internal transcribed spacer regions between 16S–23S rRNA genes among the three copies of Sinorhizobium fredii strains

The soybean-nodulating Sinorhizobium fredii strain has been reported to possess three copies of rRNA gene operons. In the present study, we investigated the diversity of the 16S–23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of S. fredii strains. Based on the sequences of the ITS regions, we divided the sequences of the S.   fredii strains into two groups, type A and type B. A dot-matrix analysis indicated that the region flanked by tRNA-Ile and tRNA-Ala is longer in type A than in type B, whereas type B sequences possess longer regions upstream of tRNA-Ile and downstream of tRNA-Ala than those of the type A sequence. Restriction fragment length polymorphism of polymerase chain reaction product (PCR-RFLP) of the ITS region in the cloned plasmids as templates could reconstruct the PCR-RFLP pattern from the total DNA as a template. The results of Southern hybridization using the insert sequence between tRNA-Ile and tRNA-Ala in type A as a probe indicated differences in the copy numbers of the type A ITS regions among the strains tested. These results indicated that S. fredii strains possess the type A and type B sequences of the ITS regions at ratios of 3:0, 2:1, 1:2 or 0:3. These S. fredii strains may be useful biological materials for the study of intraspecific variations.     

基于试验和分子动力学模拟的海藻多糖热解机理

该文选取海藻内2种主要的多糖分子:条浒苔硫酸多糖和羊栖菜褐藻糖胶,采用Py-GC/MS、TG-MS宏观试验和微观分子动力学模拟的方法研究海藻多糖热解过程及其热解主要产物的形成机理,Py-GC/MS试验表明条浒苔多糖的热解产物以呋喃类物质为主,典型产物为5-甲基-糠醛,而羊栖菜多糖的热解产物以酸酯类物质为主。对海藻多糖模型化合物的热解过程进行分子动力学模拟发现热解过程主要发生在中温阶段,温度升高到420 K时,开始有羟基断裂;温度升高到500 K时,糖苷键开始断裂,环状单体内部化学键相继分解成各种分子碎片,由于其成分差异,热解产物也不尽相同,模拟分析的热解规律与试验结果基本一致。该文还结合TG-MS试验结果推导其热解过程中主要气体产物H2O、CO2、SO2的形成机理。     

基于分子模拟分析的紫贻贝体内重金属Cd2+脱除机制

采用海水中添加制备的蛋白水解肽-Fe~(2+)配合物(TPH-Fe~(2+))暂养处理紫贻贝,结合分子同源模建、动力学模拟及相互作用能分析技术,探索TPH-Fe~(2+)对紫贻贝体内Cd~(2+)的脱除作用机制。结果显示,添加40 mg/L TPH-Fe~(2+)净化处理15 d后,紫贻贝体内Cd~(2+)质量分数由47.099μg/g降低至24.221μg/g,脱除效率显著(P0.05)。进而以老鼠金属硫蛋白(metallothionein from rat,记为1DFT)为模板,同源模建出紫贻贝金属硫蛋白中β-结构域(metallothionein,MT)的三维结构,通过MT-Cd~(2+)、MT-Fe~(2+)、MT-Cd~(2+)+水解肽、MT-Fe~(2+)+水解肽等体系分子动力学模拟及半经验量子力学计算发现,紫贻贝体内Cd~(2+)脱除机制可能为水解肽携带Fe~(2+)到达机体靶向器官或位点遇到MT-Cd~(2+)复合物后,降低了MT与Cd~(2+)间的结合力,便于MT解脱Cd~(2+)并恢复活性,同时释放的Fe~(2+)可与Cd~(2+)竞争性结合MT,从而起到协助脱除Cd~(2+)的效果。研究表明,蛋白水解肽-Fe~(2+)配合物有效脱除贻贝体内Cd残留,可作为一种双壳贝类养殖饲料添加剂加以应用。     

Phylogenetic relationships of Actinidia and related genera based on micromorphological characters of foliar trichomes

The phylogenetic relationships within the genus Actinidia and among 3 allied genera Clematoclethra, Saurauia, and Sladenia have been very controversial. In order to understand the systematic implication of foliar trichomes in those genera, the micromorphological characteristics of foliar trichomes from 34 taxa were examined by means of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The observed micromorphological characteristics were classified into eight main types. A phylogenetic analysis of Actinidia and related genera based on 15 micromorphological characters of foliar trichomes was conducted using Wagner parsimony method and Sladenia celastrifolia, Rhododendron hybridum and R. simsii as a complex outgroup. In the resulting phylogenetic tree, Actinidia is shown to be a monophyletic group, and Clematoclethra and Saurauia form another monophyletic group. This study also presents the phylogenetic relationships among 4 sections within the genus Actinidia: the monophyly of sect. Leiocarpae and of sect. Strigosae, and polyphyly of sect. Maculatae and of sect. Stellatae.