二化螟抗药性监测和对三唑磷抗性的遗传分析

采用点滴法测定了2001~2002年浙、苏、皖、赣等4省水稻二化螟4龄幼虫对氟虫腈、阿维菌素、三唑磷及杀虫单等的抗性;用三唑磷高抗种群经室内筛选纯化后与室内敏感种群进行正反交、回交,对三唑磷抗性进行了初步遗传分析。结果表明：(1) 通过对4省7个种群的检测,发现浙江瑞安种群对氟虫腈有低水平抗性（抗性倍数为6.5倍）,其他种群虽存在敏感度差异（1.0~1.6倍）,但均属敏感范围;(2) 浙、苏、皖三省6个不同种群对阿维菌素的敏感度变化小于2.3倍,未检测到明显抗药性;(3) 4省10个种群对三唑磷敏感度变化很大（LD50值为有效成分0.0052~1.0114 μg/头）,其中瑞安种群具有高水平抗性（163.1倍）,温州种群为中等水平抗性（18.2倍）,常熟、锡山和金坛3种群为低水平抗性（6.7~9.7倍）,新洋农场、楚州、连云港、宜丰和太湖5种群为敏感（0.8~2.9倍）;(4) 4省9个种群对杀虫单均有不同程度抗药性,瑞安和宜丰种群达高水平抗性（113.7和57.6倍）,温州、常熟、金坛和太湖4种群为中等水平抗性（11.0~29.7倍）,新洋农场和锡山种群为低水平抗性（6.7和7.5倍）,灌云种群抗性最低,为3.7倍;(5)瑞安种群对三唑磷抗性属单个主基因控制的不完全显性性状,但不排除微效修饰基因的存在。     

抗氰戊菊酯甜菜夜蛾品系的交互抗性及相对适合度

用氰戊菊酯对采自福建福州的甜菜夜蛾[Spodoptera exigua (Hubner)]进行抗性品系的选育.经连续10代的室内抗性选育,获得抗性倍数达698.5倍的抗性品系(Fen-R),与起始种群相比抗性提高了27.6倍.Fen-R抗性品系对溴氰菊酯具有7.3倍的交互抗性,对三氟氯氰菊酯、毒死蜱、灭多威、氟啶脲和虫螨腈不存在交互抗性.通过构建Fen-R抗性品系、敏感品系(S)的实验种群生命表,比较了一系列生长发育和繁殖特征,并采用净增殖率(R0)来确定其相对适合度.结果表明,Fen-R抗性品系与S品系相比,存在明显的生长发育和繁殖不利性,表现为幼虫发育历期延长、蛹重下降、产卵量和卵孵化率降低,Fen-R抗性品系的适合度为0.53.     

花生四个产量性状的不完全双列杂交分析

用8个花生品系及其组配的16个不完全双列杂交组合的F1～F4代，研究了单株果重、饱果数、百果重、出仁率4个产量性状的配合力、杂种优势和遗传力。结果表明：①4个性状在F1～F4各世代的配合力变异都极显著，且在F1代变异最小，单株果重和百果重在不同世代的配合力不一致；②杂种优势在出仁率上表现为负向优势，且世代间差异较小，在其他3个性状上则表现为正向优势，且在各世代表现不一致，F2、F3、F4代较F1代有不同程度的衰退；③单株果重遗传力较弱，各世代遗传力最大为0．4860（h^2 2,3），饱果数、百果重和出仁率遗传力较强，均达到显著或极显著，各世代遗传力最大分别为0．7416（h^2 2,3）、0．9359（h^2 3,4）和0．8693（h^2 3,4）。     

SDS沉淀值在小麦亲本选配及后代选择上的应用

为了给优质小麦新品种选育提供理论依据，利用4个“中筋（SDS沉淀值中等）／强筋（高SDS沉淀值）”或“中筋（SDS沉淀值中等）／中筋（SDS沉淀值中等）／／强筋（高SDS沉淀值）”杂交组合的5个F2衍生系统群在选择进程中杂种后代SDS沉淀值的分离表现．研究了杂种后代SDS沉淀值的遗传分离特点和选择方法，结果表明：（1）SDS沉淀值呈数量性状遗传，具有很高的遗传力。F1表型值从正负两个方向接近两亲中值，在分离中出现明显的超亲遗传。在99209、99190、99236、99201共4个杂交组合的杂种后代中，选育出SDS沉淀值比高值亲本辽眷10号（SDS沉淀值52．7）分别高出6．23、13．13、8．18和5．90mL的高代品系；（2）早代选择有效且重要，选择的关键世代是F3和F4代；（3）在杂种早期世代中，高SDS沉淀值的选株，后代容易分离出稳定的高SDS沉淀值品系，低SDS沉淀值的选株，后代一般不再分离出稳定的高SDS沉淀值品系；（4）在杂种后代选择进程中，高SDS沉淀值的遗传性稳定品系一般出现在F5～F7代。在杂种后代选择中，要重视早代选择，F2代可采用微量SDS沉淀值测定法．特别要注意F3、F4关键世代的选择。     

灰飞虱对氟虫腈抗性风险评估、遗传分析及杀虫剂敏感性研究

 在室内采用稻茎浸渍法进行了灰飞虱对氟虫腈抗性风险评估、抗性遗传分析和杀虫剂的敏感性研究。于2005年采自无锡麦田的灰飞虱种群在室内饲养43代期间用氟虫腈筛选了41代,结果此灰飞虱种群的抗性从8.4倍上升到2305倍。根据Tabashnik介绍的方法计算,现实遗传力(h2)分别为0.0388(1~31代)、0.2636(32~43代)和0.1113(1~43代), 表明灰飞虱对氟虫腈具有一定的抗性风险。采用稻茎浸渍法测定了2007-2008年江苏无锡和浙江长兴两地灰飞虱种群对15种杀虫剂的敏感性, 结果表明,苯基吡唑类杀虫剂氟虫腈、丁烯氟虫腈和乙虫腈的毒力最高(LC50=0.2~1.7 mg/L),其次为烯啶虫胺、噻虫嗪、毒死蜱、吡蚜酮(LC50=1.7~9.7 mg/L),其余杀虫剂的毒力较低;按照年度间敏感性变化,发现2008年无锡灰飞虱种群对氟虫腈和乙虫腈的敏感性比2007年降低了1.1倍。近年来氟虫腈已广泛用于防治这种害虫,但乙虫腈几乎没有使用。因此,对氟虫腈敏感性降低的大田灰飞虱种群似乎对乙虫腈存在交互抗性。通过抗(R)、感(S)亲本、正反交(F1、 F1′)、自交(F2)及回交(BC)后代对氟虫腈的剂量反应研究了灰飞虱对氟虫腈的抗性遗传特性,结果表明,其抗性为常染色体的不完全显性遗传\[D(F1)=0.20, D(F1′)=0.38\],抗性由2个或2个以上等位基因控制。还对灰飞虱的抗性治理进行了讨论。     

苦瓜白粉病抗性的主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析

通过统计苦瓜白粉病的病情指数,研究白粉病抗性的遗传规律。采用主基因+多基因混合遗传分离分析法对抗病品系04-17-3和感病品系25-1杂交组合的P1、P2、F1、F2、B1和B2共6个世代群体抗白粉病遗传进行研究。结果表明：苦瓜对白粉病的抗性遗传符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型（E-1）,抗病对感病为不完全隐性;2对主基因的加性效应值均为-12.00;2对主基因分别具有正向部分显性和正向超显性作用,加性效应值均大于其显性效应值,上位性效应值（i+jab+jba+l）为负值。从遗传率上看,回交世代和F2的主基因的值分别为55.14％、43.56％和95.22％,多基因的值分别为16.10％、26.57％和0,环境变异在4.78％~29.87％间。主基因和多基因共同决定了苦瓜对白粉病的抗性,以主基因遗传为主,同时还受到环境变异的部分影响。在白粉病抗性育种过程中,应注意利用加性效应,选用白粉病抗性基因较多的材料作为亲本,并在早代进行选择,尤其是F2代主基因选择效率最高。     

小麦抗梭条花叶病品种的田间筛选及抗性遗传研究初报

对3931份中间材料、163份品种（系）20份区试新品系进行了梭条花叶病的抗性鉴定，筛选出683份抗病中间材料、32份抗病品种（系）4份区试品系，说明目前生产上应用面积比较大的品种和发挥重要作用的骨干亲本中抗源比较丰富。初步研究了梭条花叶病对小麦产量及构成因子的影响和抗性遗传。结果表明，小麦发生病害后，穗粒数、千粒重、有效穗，株高一般发生降低或减少，产量损失10％－30％；抗病特性为细胞核遗传，抗性基因为显性，属多基因控制。     

利用Wx和fgr基因双功能性标记高效选育优质水稻保持系

 对选取的13份籼型保持系进行直链淀粉含量和香味测定及分子标记（484/485和fgr 1F/1R）检测,筛选出宜香1B作为试验用分子育种优质供体亲本。配组Ⅱ 32B/宜香1B,F2代进行该双标记分离分析,结果表明,不仅F2单株间特异性谱带差别明显便于鉴别,且呈现出两对独立遗传基因分离模式。选取F2代 484/485和fgr 1F/1R呈Ⅰ型（与宜香B相同的带型）和Ⅲ型（杂合带型）的优良单株,经F3~F6加代,并结合农艺性状（株型、播抽历期等）和稻米品质性状（粒型、垩白度、透明度等）鉴定和选择,在F6再利用484/485和fgr 1F/1R分子标记进行复测和验证,从而获得了一批株系内性状基本稳定、株型好、直链淀粉含量中等、具有香味、外观和蒸煮食用品质优良的高世代株系。经测交鉴定,发现其保持系株系比例约占75.5%。表明利用Wx和fgr基因功能性分子标记的早世代检测和辅助选择,结合常规优质保持系鉴定和选育方法,可以快速获得直链淀粉含量中等、香味、长粒型、透明、低垩白、较易糊化等综合性状较优的保持系。     

中国小麦农家品种抗条锈性评价及抗病品种的遗传分析

为了解小麦抗病品种的基因背景和遗传特点,采用中国目前的条锈菌优势小种对60个小麦农家品种进行了苗期和成株期抗条锈病鉴定。苗期鉴定发现,有13个品种对8个条锈菌优势小种中的4个或4个以上小种表现抗病,其中白老芒麦（甘地806）、圆籽糙（豫327）、大籽糙（豫331）、疙瘩糙（豫398）对6～7个小种表现出抗病,而且多表现免疫～高抗;成株期鉴定发现有38个农家品种对所有小种表现抗病,并且病情指数低于10,很多苗期感病的品种在成株期表现抗病。在抗务锈鉴定的基础上对抗病性较好的品种圆籽糙（豫327）和疙瘩糙（豫398）进行了抗条锈性遗传分析。对亲本、F1、F2、BC1代接种条锈菌优势小种,根据F1代的抗性表现和F2代、BC1代的抗感分离情况,初步明确圆籽糙对条中29号的抗性由两对显性基因互补作用控制,疙瘩糙对条中32号的抗性由一对隐性基因控制。     

小麦抗白粉病基因 Pm4的分子标记辅助育种研究

Pm4是我国目前有效的小麦抗白粉病基因之一,该基因对陕西关中当前流行的白粉病菌系关中4号表现高抗。本研究利用与Pm4基因紧密连锁的STS470分子标记对7个小麦品种间的6个杂交组合F3代单株进行分子标记检测并结合田间抗性鉴定筛选出抗病单株14个。对由这14个单株衍生出的64个F5代品系进行分子检测和田间抗性鉴定,发现53个品系表现抗病,占总品系的82.81%,其中51个抗病品系可以检测到与Pm4基因紧密连锁的STS470特异带,占总品系的79.69%。本研究结果表明,STS470是Pm4基因的可靠标记,可有效的用于分子标记辅助育种。     

水稻稻瘟病田间抗性的遗传与选种

 1982～1985年在辽宁省丹东市前阳水稻试验站对用三个田间抗性亲本配成的六个组合(银河/蒙古稻、蒙古稻/银河、誉锦/蒙古稻、蒙古稻/黎明、银河/水原300粒和银河/京越1号)的F_1、F+2和F_3代的表现做了调查。试验结果表明,单位叶面积上的侵染点数和感病病斑数、病斑在单位时间内的扩展速度、发病叶面积百分率(DLA)以及穗颈瘟百分率在F_2和F_3的分布都为连续正态或偏态分布,变异位于双亲之间,很少有超亲现象,证明这种田间抗性为多基因控制的数量性状,广义遗传力(平均)和狭义遗传力(平均)分别以单位叶面积上的感病病斑数(h_B~2=79.5%)和穗颈瘟百分率(h_N~2=65.3%)最高。各性状的亲子相关都达显著水平。文中提出,育种中田间抗性的选择,低世代(2—4代)以DLA为指标,高世代(5代以后)以感病病斑数和病斑扩展速度为指标。对叶瘟和穗瘟抗性的选择应分别进行。     

High level of metaflumizone resistance and multiple insecticide resistance in field populations of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Guangdong Province,China

Spodoptera exigua is a phytophagous pest that causes critical economic losses in vegetable crops, and insecticides are commonly used against it in vegetable growing areas. However, excessive and frequent applications of insecticides cause resistance in S. exigua. The current resistance in field populations of S. exigua collected from Huizhou, Guangdong Province, China to 12 insecticides was investigated. S. exiguahad developed very high resistance to lambda cyhalothrin (2925- to 3449-fold), chlorpyrifos (>1786-fold), emamectin benzoate (174- to 867-fold), and metaflumizone (60.3- to 942-fold). High resistance to tebufenozide (51.5- to 75.4-fold) and chlorfluazuron (60.4- to 63.0-fold) was also found. Synergism assays revealed that the resistance to metaflumizone and lambda cyhalothrin was associated with esterase and microsomal oxidases, respectively. The resistance to emamectin benzoate was not affected by detoxification enzymes inhibitors and might be conferred by other mechanisms. The selection of the field population by metaflumizone for 10generations in the laboratory resulted in a 6.1-fold increase in metaflumizone resistance but did not lead to increases in resistance to other insecticides. After metaflumizone selection, susceptibilities to spinosad and endosulfan did not change, and the susceptibilities to indoxacarb, methomyl, pyridalyl, tebufenozide, chlorfluazuron, emamectin benzoate and lambda cyhalothrin decreased slightly. However, no statistically significant differences in the resistance levels were observed among the selected population, its starting strain and the unselected strain. The resistance to chlorantraniliprole noticeably decreased in unselected strain and the strain subjected to selection for 10 generations compared with their starting strains. Lack of cross-resistance to tested insecticides suggested the involvement of multiple mechanisms of resistance and the need for wise application of these insecticides for the management of S. exigua.     

Resistance of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to profenofos: Relative fitness and cross resistance

Profenofos, an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor insecticide, has been used for the management of various lepidopteron pests of many crops in Pakistan. In the present study, we investigated the impact of insecticide resistance on fitness cost in Spodoptera litura, and evaluated cross resistance to other insecticides. The effect of profenofos on different life history parameters including survival rate, female ratio, fecundity and hatchability, intrinsic rate of population increase and biotic potential was determined. Significant differences associated with fitness costs were revealed. A field collected S. litura strain was selected by exposure to profenofos in the laboratory (Profen-SEL) and after 14 generations of selection it developed a 52-fold resistance to this insecticide. The Profen-SEL strain showed high cross-resistance to chlorpyrifos (62-fold), but very low to no cross resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin (2.34-fold) or methomyl (0.80-fold), respectively. The resistant strain had a relative fitness of 0.38 with a low larval survival rate, longer larval duration, longer male pupal duration, longer development time, low emergence rate of healthy adults, fecundity and hatchability compared with an unselected strain. The intrinsic rate of natural population increase, mean relative growth rate and biotic potential were lower for the selected strain compared with an unselected strain. Development of resistance may cause fitness costs for the resistant strain. This study provided important information for understanding profenofos resistance and facilitating a better strategy for the management of resistance.     

Laboratory selection for resistance with phenthoate and fenvalerate in the diamond-back moth,Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae)

Diamond-back moth was tested for resistance to phenthoate and fenvalerate. The Okinawa (OKR) strain had decreased in insecticide resistance to all insecticides tested, except methomyl, and this species and the Osaka susceptible (OSS) strain of the diamond-back moth were selected for resistance to phenthoate utilizing the spraying method. High levels of resistance to phenthoate could be obtained after eight selections during nine generations. At LD₅₀ and LD₉₅ levels, the OKR-selected (OKR-R) strain exhibited 172- and 287-fold resistance to phenthoate, while the OSS-selected (OSS-R) strain exhibited 194- and 289-fold resistance, respectively. No significant difference in the rate of development of phenthoate resistance between the OKR-R and OSS-R strains was observed. On the other hand, selection for resistance with fenvalerate in the OKR strain was limited: only slight resistance could be obtained after 16 selection treatments for 23 generations.     

防治褐飞虱的高毒农药替代药剂的室内筛选及交互抗性研究

为了筛选防治褐飞虱的高毒农药的替代药剂,于2005-2006年, 采用稻茎浸渍法测定了6类20余种杀虫剂对广西南宁、桂林,湖南常德和江苏南京褐飞虱种群的室内毒力。结果表明,噻嗪酮、氟虫腈、噻虫嗪、烯啶虫胺、毒死蜱、异丙威、猛杀威、丁硫克百威等8种药剂对褐飞虱具有较高的毒力,可作为替代高毒药剂的候选品种。采用稻茎浸渍法对1个室内褐飞虱种群用吡虫啉筛选23代后,褐飞虱对吡虫啉的抗性从筛选前的200.1倍上升至筛选后的1298.5倍（上升了5.5倍）;高抗吡虫啉的褐飞虱种群对氯噻啉、噻虫啉和啶虫脒表现出明显的交互抗性,而对呋虫胺、噻虫嗪和烯啶虫胺则无明显的交互抗性。 还讨论了褐飞虱的抗性治理策略。     

褐飞虱对吡虫啉敏感性的时空变化及现实遗传力

为科学用药,采用稻茎浸渍法测定了我国7省（区）42个田间褐飞虱种群对吡虫啉的敏感性时空变化。结果表明,在1996－2003年,除了1997年广西桂林种群为低水平抗性（6.3倍）外,苏、皖、桂3省13个种群对吡虫啉为敏感至敏感性下降（<5倍）;然而,2005年苏、浙、皖、赣、湘、桂6省（区）16个大田种群对吡虫啉的抗性迅速上升,达高水平至极高水平抗性（79～811倍）;2006年,除江苏通州大田种群的抗性为627倍外,苏、浙、皖、赣、湘、桂、闽7省（区）11个种群的抗性为150～322倍,比2005年有一定程度下降,这可能与暂停使用吡虫啉有关。室内用吡虫啉对褐飞虱筛选18代,其抗性由筛选前的208.3倍上升到筛选后的1110.8倍,抗性现实遗传力（h2）为0.1414。这暗示褐飞虱对吡虫啉产生高水平抗性后,如继续使用吡虫啉防治,其抗性可能会进一步上升。还讨论了稻褐飞虱抗药性的治理策略。     

Selection,mechanism, cross resistance and stability of spinosad resistance in Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Spodoptera litura is one of the most destructive pests in Pakistan and in many other regions of the world. A field collected population of S. litura was selected with spinosad for eleven generations under controlled laboratory conditions to study the cross resistance, mechanism and stability of spinosad resistance in S. litura. The resistance to spinosad in S. litura increased 3921-fold (after eleven generations of selection with spinosad) as compared to a susceptible population of S. litura. No cross resistance between spinosad and emamectin benzoate, methoxyfenozide, fipronil, indoxacarb, profenofos, lufenuron or deltamethrin was found in the spinosad-selected population of S. litura. To find the possible mechanism of spinosad resistance in S. litura two synergists, Piperonyl butoxide (PBO), S, S, S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) were tested on the susceptible and resistant strains and on the un-selected field population. The values of the synergism ratios of PBO and DEF were 2.33 and 1.06 for the spinosad-selected strain, 1.36 and 1.06 for the un-selected field population and 1.14 and 1.00 for the susceptible strain, respectively. As high PBO ratio indicates the role of microsomal O-demethylase in causing spinosad resistance in S. litura. The spinosad-resistant and field populations of S. litura were reared without any selection pressure from the 12th to the 16th generation (G₁₂–G₁₆). The spinosad resistance decreased from 3921 to 678-fold in the spinosad-resistant population and from 31.1 to 15.1-fold in the un-selected population of S. litura as compared to the susceptible strain. Spinosad resistance in S. litura has a high reversion rate (−0.15) which indicates that spinosad resistance in S. litura is unstable and can be easily managed by switching off the selection pressure for a few generations or alternating with insecticides having different modes of action.     

通过油菜与播娘蒿远缘杂交获得黄籽油菜种质

对双低甘蓝型油菜(NJ5280)与播娘蒿远缘杂种自交后代进行选择和品质鉴定,在F3代群体中得到13份黄籽材料,其中有4份黄籽双低高油油菜新种质,其品质符合含油量大于45%、硫苷低于30μmol/g、芥酸小于0.5%的双低高油标准。在F4代群体中又得到24份黄籽材料,其中有8份黄籽双低高油甘蓝型油菜新种质。因此,通过甘蓝型油菜与播娘蒿远缘杂种的选择,可获得黄籽双低高油油菜优异种质。