我国小麦叶锈菌鉴别寄主抗性基因的推导

本研究用40个小麦叶锈菌的单孢培养物和21个已知Lr单基因系对我国新旧沿用的16个叶锈菌鉴别寄主的抗性基因进行了推导。结果指出这些鉴别寄主含有Lr1、3、13、14a和26等抗性基因。 基因分析表明,原用鉴别寄主鉴定小种的结果不能反映抗性基因信息,建议用已知Lr基因系(品种)作为鉴别寄主,以基因鉴定代替小种鉴定,本文讨论了基因稳定的复杂性和选用鉴别寄主问题。     

我国小麦叶锈菌鉴别寄主抗性基因的推导

 本研究用40个小麦叶锈菌的单孢培养物和21个已知Lr单基因系对我国新旧沿用的16个叶锈菌鉴别寄主的抗性基因进行了推导。结果指出这些鉴别寄主含有Lr1、3、13、14a和26等抗性基因。基因分析表明,原用鉴别寄主鉴定小种的结果不能反映抗性基因信息,建议用已知Lr基因系(品种)作为鉴别寄主,以基因鉴定代替小种鉴定,本文讨论了基因稳定的复杂性和选用鉴别寄主问题。     

1999年我国小麦叶锈菌毒性监测

采用国际通用的小麦叶锈菌鉴别寄主和辅助鉴别寄主分析了来自1999年我国不同地区小麦叶锈菌的毒性基因,479个叶锈菌株共划分为162个毒性类型,其中23个为主要毒性类型.毒性类型中出现频率最高的为FHB、PHT、FHG、THT,它们对抗叶锈基因Lr2a、Lr2b、Lr3、Lr10、Lr14b、Lr16、 Lr26的平均毒性频率高于80%,而对Lr3ka、Lr25、Lr19、Lr24、Lr30、Lr15、Lr35的平均毒性频率低于30%;发现对Lr35有毒力的菌株,出现频率为1.04%;至今尚未发现对Lr38、Lr45抗性基因有毒力的菌株.研究同时发现,不同地区小麦叶锈菌的毒性类型不同,毒性频率存在一定的差异.Lr9、Lr15、Lr19、Lr24、Lr35、Lr38、Lr45为小麦抗叶锈育种可利用的有效抗病基因.     

2019—2020年苏浙皖三省小麦叶锈菌群体的致病类型鉴定及毒性结构分析

为持续控制小麦叶锈病及促进小麦的抗叶锈病育种工作,2019—2020年自江苏、浙江和安徽3个省采集自然感叶锈病的小麦病叶,经分离获得小麦叶锈菌单孢分离物,利用43个小麦叶锈病鉴别寄主材料对其致病类型进行鉴定,并对其毒性结构进行分析。结果显示,从170份小麦叶锈菌单孢分离物中共鉴定出67个致病类型,主要致病类型为THS、SHJ、PHS和SHS,出现频率分别为8.8%、7.6%、5.9%和5.9%。江苏、浙江和安徽3个省的单孢分离物对携带抗叶锈基因Lr10、Lr12、Lr22a、Lr22b、Lr29、Lr33、Lr35和Lr36的鉴别寄主材料的苗期毒性频率均超过90.0%,而对携带抗叶锈基因Lr9、Lr24、Lr25、Lr28、Lr38、Lr40、Lr41、Lr42、Lr43和Lr13+3ka的鉴别寄主材料的苗期毒性频率均小于10.0%。卡方检验及Fisher精确检验显示,3个省小麦叶锈菌群体对抗叶锈基因Lr1、Lr2a、Lr3、Lr14b、Lr18、Lr21、Lr26、Lr27+31、Lr32和Lr37的毒力存在显著分化。浙江省小麦叶锈菌群体具有较少的毒性因子（4.73）和毒性值（600...     

三十九个小麦品种(系)抗小麦叶锈菌基因分析

 分析了39个小麦品种(系)与17个抗小麦叶锈菌近等基因系对21个叶锈菌培养物的反应。确定了9个品种可能含有的抗小麦叶锈菌的Lr基因。这些基因分别是Lr1,Lr3,Lr10,Lr14a,Lr14b,Lr16,Lr17,Lr18,Lr21和Lr26。     

小麦条锈菌鉴别寄主和小种命名现状

 中国是世界上小麦条锈病最大的流行区之一,也是限制中国小麦生产的最严重病害之一,特别是当条件适于其发生时会造成巨大的产量损失.小麦条锈菌小种生理专化性研究及小种监测是掌握小麦条锈菌及其毒性变化动态、抗病基因有效性及病害流行预测预报的重要依据,是治理由此病原菌引起的小麦条锈病的基本环节之一.由于地域、条锈菌群体结构、研究水平和历史等的差异,目前国际上不同国家和地区采用相应的小麦条锈菌鉴别寄主和小种命名方法.中国、美国和印度均使用了各自不同的小麦条锈菌鉴别寄主,并采用了相应的小种命名体系,例如从1957至2002年,中国利用10多个鉴别寄主已鉴定和命名了32个小种和30多个致病类型,美国利用10多个鉴别寄主已鉴定和命名了80个小种;另一类是采用1972年Johnson提出的二进制国际小种命名法,这种体系包括了国际鉴别寄主和欧洲鉴别寄主,象一套鉴别寄主被整体使用,欧洲、中东、亚洲、非洲和南美国家及澳大利亚和新西兰均采用此体系监测小麦条锈菌变化,是一套被最为广泛接受和使用的小麦条锈菌小种鉴别方法和命名系统,但随着研究深入和各国实际情况差异等原因,不同研究人员加入了不同的辅助鉴别寄主,以更能准确和实际地反映本国和地区的现实情况,为生产服务,本文对此现状进行了分析和比较.由于此病菌具有长距离气传和扩散的特点(地区间、国家间和洲际间),因而也讨论了未来小麦条锈菌鉴别寄主组成、小种命名方法和研究结果的交流和比较等实际问题.     

40个Lr基因在河北省抗病育种中的可用性研究

 本试验采用相对严重度的比较方法,对40个Lr基因系(品种)在河北省抗病育种中的可用性进行了研究。结果表明,Lr2d,Lr3等7个基因的相对严重度值高于82.35%,对叶锈病的抗性很差。Lr9,Lr19等7个基因抗性虽强,但能否转育在我国生产中应用不得而知。Lr1,Lr2a,Lr26等16个基因的相对严重度值为19 03-74.74%,在我国不少品种中已含有其中许多基因,它们的利用价值值得进一步研究。遗传背景对某些基因的表达有很大影响,在利用已知基因来推导品种中的未知基因以及在基因的转育时都要考虑到遗传背景的复杂性。基因组合可以提高对叶锈菌群体的抗性,应加强对基因间相互作用的研究。本研究根据已知基因在我国小麦品种中存在的情况,各基因的抗性效应,抗性类型以及对温度的敏感性等性状进行了综合分析,提出可考虑用Lr1,Lr2a,Lr2c,Lr3Bg,Lr10,Lr14ab,Lr15,Lr17,Lr21,Lr23,Lr26和Lr30等12个基因系作为叶锈菌的鉴别寄主,使我国叶锈菌生理分化研究能逐渐以基因鉴定代替小种鉴定。     

在小麦叶锈菌生理分化研究中以基因鉴定代替小种鉴定

 本研究初步提生一套用于小麦叶锈菌无性世代毒力组合的鉴别寄主系统,以基因鉴定代替小种鉴定.根据我国叶锈菌毒力组合的实际选择基本鉴别寄主为TC Lrl.2a.2c.3.10.11.14a.14ob.14b.15.16.17.18.26和30。     

中国三麦区小麦抗叶锈基因部署研究

 利用已知抗叶锈基因的小麦近等基因系(或单基因系),推导了来自中国3大麦区(东北春麦区、华北平原冬麦区、江淮半冬麦区)的主要小麦品种,待推广品种(系)和抗源材料中可能含有的抗叶锈基因,分析了3大麦区小麦叶锈菌群体的毒性基因。研究结果表明,东北春麦区的小麦品种可能含有的抗叶锈基因主要有Lr16、Lr20、Lr17等11个;华北平原冬麦区的小麦品种,可能含有的抗叶锈基因主要是Lr26等7个,江淮麦区的小麦品种可能含有的抗叶锈基因主要是Lr3Bg、Lr10、Lr26等9个。对3大麦区小麦叶锈菌群体的毒性基因分析表明,V1、V2d、V3、V10、V26、V33等13个基因是3大麦区的优势毒性基因,但个别毒性基因在3大麦区的出现频率仍有较大差别。根据基因对基因概念,在基因部署上建议,东北麦区减少含单个无效抗病基因的品种如90-05744、91-1179、东农88-5797等的种植面积,适当控制含Lr20、17、15、30、3Ka的品种,增加沈免系统及小冰麦系统的种植面积;华北麦区增加含Lr14a、14ab、15的品种的种植面积,如CA9069、CA8646、CA9070、C₄⁸⁹和冀87-5108等,减少含单个Lr26的品种的种植面积,江淮麦区适当减少肖农12(Lr3Bg)、偃师9号(Lr26)、8870(Lr26)等含单个无效抗病基因的品种,适当增加含Lr2b、3Ka、30的品种如内乡5号、宁8931等的种植面积。本文初步讨论了不同生态区小麦叶锈菌的基因鉴定系统。     

小麦条锈菌中国鉴别寄主阿勃抗条锈病基因遗传分析

阿勃是中国小麦条锈菌重要鉴别寄主之一,该研究采用经典遗传分析、单体分析等方法,通过不同条锈菌系鉴定,系统分析了阿勃抗条锈性的遗传基础及抗性特点.结果表明,在常温条件下,阿勃在苗期对中国小麦条锈菌系水源致病类型1(Su-1)和印度菌系79009的抗性均由2对抗条锈病基因控制,属细胞核遗传,抗79009茵系的2对基因分别定位在3B和7B染色体上,是与已知抗条锈病基因不同的未知新基因,分别暂定名为YrAbb1和YrAbb2.     

2011-2012年度中国六省小麦叶锈菌群体毒性分析

 为明确2011-2012年度云南、四川、青海、陕西、甘肃和河南小麦叶锈菌的毒性特点,用31个近等基因系或已知抗病基因品种为鉴别寄主,对从六省采集的180份小麦叶锈菌标样进行了苗期毒性分析,共鉴定出62个致病类型,主要包括SHJ(10%)、THT(8.9%)、PHK(6.1%)、SHN(5%)、PHT(4.4%)、SHD(4.4%)、PCH(3.9%)、THP(3.3%)和THK(3.3%)。其中对Lr2c、Lr10、Lr14a、Lr14b、Lr33和Lr36的毒性频率均超过75%,说明这些抗病基因的利用价值已经不大;对Lr9、Lr19、Lr24、Lr25、Lr28、Lr29、Lr38和Lr42的毒性频率低于30%,说明其在生产中仍然有效;对Lr2a、Lr3、Lr3bg、Lr20、Lr30和Lr32的毒性频率在六省中差异较大。毒性多态性结果表明云南和四川的小麦叶锈菌群体毒性多态性较高,其次为河南、甘肃和陕西,青海的毒性多态性最低。     

Virulence of Puccinia triticina in Turkey and leaf rust resistance in Turkish wheat cultivars

Leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina is a common disease on wheat in the coastal regions of Turkey. Collections of P. triticina from infected wheat leaves were obtained from the main wheat production zones of Turkey in 2009 and 2010. A total of 104 single uredinial isolates were tested for virulence on 20 lines of Thatcher wheat that differ for single leaf rust resistance genes. Forty-four different virulence phenotypes were identified over both years. Four phenotypes were found in both years. Phenotype FHPTQ found in 2009, with virulence to genes Lr2c, Lr3, Lr16, Lr26, Lr3ka, Lr17a, Lr30, LrB, Lr10, Lr14a, Lr18, Lr3bg, and Lr14b, was the most common phenotype at 15.4 % of the total isolates. Forty-three winter and spring wheat cultivars from Turkey were tested as seedlings with 13 different P. triticina virulence phenotypes from Canada, the US and Turkey. The infection types on the cultivars were compared with infection types on the Thatcher near isogenic lines to postulate the presence of seedling leaf rust resistance genes in the cultivars. Resistance genes Lr1, Lr3a, Lr10, Lr14a, Lr17a, Lr20, Lr23, and Lr26 were postulated to be present in the Turkish wheat cultivars. DNA of the wheat cultivars was tested with PCR markers to determine the presence of the adult plant resistance genes Lr34 and Lr37. Marker data indicated the presence of Lr34 in 20 cultivars and Lr37 in three cultivars. Field plot evaluations of the wheat cultivars indicated that no single Lr gene conditioned highly effective leaf rust resistance. Resistant cultivars varied for combinations of seedling and adult plant resistance genes.     

Diversity in Puccinia triticina detected on wheat from 2008 to 2010 and the impact of new races on South African wheat germplasm

Samples of wheat and triticale infected with leaf rust were collected from 2008 to 2010 in South Africa to identify Puccinia triticina races. Races were identified based on their virulence profile on standard differential lines. Eight races were identified from 362 isolates. The dominant races were 3SA133 (syn. PDRS) in 2008 (78 %) and 2009 (34 %), and 3SA145 (47 %) in 2010. Race 3SA145 (CCPS) identified in 2009 was a new race in South Africa with virulence for the adult plant resistance gene Lr37. Another new race, 3SA146 (MCDS), was identified in 2010. Race 3SA146 is also virulent for Lr37 but unlike 3SA145, it is virulent for Lr1 and Lr23 and avirulent for Lr3ka and Lr30. Microsatellite analysis showed that 3SA145 and 3SA146 shared 70 % genetic similarity with each other, but only 30 % similarity with other races in South Africa, suggesting that both represent foreign introductions. In seedling tests of 98 South African winter and spring cultivars and advanced breeding lines, 27 % were susceptible to 3SA145 and 3SA146 but resistant to 3SA133. In greenhouse studies of 59 spring wheat adult plants, 19 % of breeding lines and 46 % of cultivars were susceptible to 3SA145, whereas 29 % of the lines and 53 % of cultivars were susceptible to 3SA146. The cssfr6 gene-specific DNA marker confirmed the presence of Lr34 gene for leaf rust resistance in a homozygous condition in 28 wheat entries. Five entries were heterogeneous for Lr34. Several entries which were susceptible as seedlings to the new races carried Lr34. These lines are expected to show lower levels of leaf rust as adult plants. Results of these studies indicate a continued vulnerability of South African wheat cultivars to new races and emphasise the importance of regular rust monitoring and the need to incorporate genes for durable resistance.     

116个小麦品种（系）抗叶锈基因Lr9-Lr26、Lr19-Lr20的复合PCR检测

[目的]建立简单、快速、有效的小麦抗叶锈基因复合PCR体系,从而提高分子标记辅助选择效率。[方法]以28个‘Thatcher’为背景的近等基因系和16个已知基因载体品系作为试材,测试了小麦抗叶锈病基因Lr9、Lr26、Lr19和Lr20的STS标记特异性,通过优化PCR反应体系和循环条件,构建了抗叶锈基因Lr9-Lr26和Lr19-Lr20的复合PCR检测体系。对116个小麦品种(系)所含有的抗叶锈病基因进行了分子检测。[结果]供试品种均不含有Lr9和Lr20,47个品种含有Lr26(基因频率为40.5%),‘中梁22’含有Lr19。经反复验证,Lr9-Lr26和Lr19-Lr20复合PCR技术检测结果可靠,且与上述单个分子标记检测结果一致。[结论]建立的Lr9-Lr26和Lr19-Lr20的复合PCR检测体系可以准确、稳定、高效地检测小麦抗叶锈基因Lr9、Lr26、Lr19和Lr20。     

江苏省重要小麦品种抗叶锈病和秆锈病基因初步分析

作者分别选用15个具不同毒性基因组合的叶锈菌系和10个具不同毒性基因组合的秆锈菌系推导分析了江苏省26个重要小麦品种(系)所携带的抗叶锈病和抗秆锈病基因。在供试的39个已知抗叶锈病基因(或基因组合)和44个已知抗秆锈病基因中,推导出了Lr1、Lr10、Lr13、Lr16、Lr26、Lt13 3Ka等6个抗叶锈病基因(或基因组合)和Sr5、Sr6、Sr7b、Sr8a、Sr9e、Sr10、Sr13、Sr14、Sr15、Sr17、Sr20、Sr23、Sr27、Sr28、Sr29、Sr31、SrTmp等17个抗秆锈病基因,以单基因或基因组合的形式分别分布在20和24个小麦品种(系)中,其中Lr16、Lr26和Sr5、Sr23、Sr31是供试材料的主要已知抗叶、秆锈病基因。初步发现一些品种(系)携带有Lr13和Sr31等已知持久抗锈基因(或基因组合)及不同于本研究所用的已知基因的未知基因。     

Physiological specialization and pathotype distribution of Puccinia recondita in western Europe, 1995

A pathogenicity survey of Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici ( Prt ) was conducted in western Europe in 1995. Random urediospore isolates (850) of Prt were collected from the air by means of a jet spore sampler in wheat-growing regions of Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, northern Italy, Switzerland and the UK. Pathogenicity of the isolates was determined in tests of detached primary leaf segments maintained on water agar supplemented with benzimidazole (35 p.p.m.). The differential genotypes used were Thatcher, 20 near-isogenic Thatcher lines each with a single leaf rust resistance gene, and five cultivars/lines with additional resistance genes. All isolates were avirulent for the genes Lr9, Lr19, Lr21, Lr24, Lr25 and Lr29 , and both virulence and avirulence were detected for the remaining 19 genes. Fifty-three pathotypes were identified, four of which predominated (64% of isolates) and were widespread throughout western Europe. Three of the four predominant pathotypes were also identified in collections of wheat leaf rust collected in Poland, Hungary, Estonia and Finland. One pathotype, which comprised 35% of isolates in the south of France, was not detected in any other region. This pathotype was indistinguishable from several isolates obtained from Morocco, which suggested that it may have originated from northern Africa. Comparisons with previously published data suggested that the four predominant pathotypes were very similar and possibly the same as pathotypes present in the former Czechoslovakia for up to 20 years. The results obtained provide evidence of migration of Prt over considerable distances in western Europe, stressing the need for a co-ordinated approach for genetical control of the disease in this region.