Screening of Photoinsensitive Summer Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes for Ratoon Cropping

Of the 24 genotypes screened for ratooning ability and ratoon grain yield, only ten showed regeneration. RP 1664-4461 had the highest regeneration. Ratoon growth duration varied from 49–61 days. Ratoon grain yield was highest (1.7 t/ha) for RP 1664-4461 and the lowest (0.8 t/ha) for IET 7613. Productivity per day in the ratoon crop was comparable to that of the main crop. Based on grain yield and per day productivity of main and ratoon crops, cultures CR 222 MW 10, Rasi, RP 1664-4461, RP 1165-132-1 and CR 215-55-54-1 appeared promising for ratoon cropping.     

周年秸秆还田量对南方双季稻生长及产量的影响

为探究适合南方双季稻高产稳产的秸秆还田量,连续2年(2016—2017)通过大田试验研究不同秸秆还田量对早稻和晚稻分蘖、株高、干物质积累量及产量构成的影响。试验设置5个不同比例秸秆还田量:CK:秸秆不还田;S1:25%早、晚稻秸秆量还田;S2:50%早、晚稻秸秆量还田;S3:75%早、晚稻秸秆量还田;S4:100%早、晚稻秸秆量还田。结果表明:全量秸秆还田抑制早稻分蘖而显著促进晚稻分蘖,25%、50%及75%量还田对早、晚稻生长前期的分蘖促进效果不显著,在中后期促进作用显现;75%量还田及全量还田较CK显著促进晚稻株高增长,平均提高了8.15 cm;不同秸秆还田量较不还田处理均提高了早、晚稻成熟期的干物质累积量,且半量还田在早稻季差异达显著性水平(P<0.05),较CK提高了8.0%,50%、75%及100%量还田在晚稻季差异达显著性水平,平均提高了13.3%,但不同还田量之间差异不显著(P>0.05);早、晚稻产量在不同秸秆还田量下均高于秸秆不还田,半量还田促进早稻产量方面的效果最显著,与不还田处理相比差异达显著水平(P<0.05),增产6.92%;50%、75%及...     

农田施用水葫芦对水稻产量形成的影响

以粳稻品种运2645为供试材料,设计农田施用水葫芦（将晒干水葫芦按4 500 kg/hm2农田施用）、不施用水葫芦处理和施N量为120 kg/hm2（LN）、240 kg/hm2（NN）处理,研究其对水稻产量形成的影响。结果表明：（1）农田施用水葫芦使水稻成熟期株高略有增加;（2）农田施用水葫芦使水稻产量平均比对照增加8.6%,其中：LN处理、NN处理条件下分别比对照增产7.5%、9.5%,处理间的差异达到极显著水平;（3）农田施用水葫芦使水稻单位面积穗数、每穗颖花数、结实率和千粒重平均比对照增加5.0%、1.6%、1.2%、和0.5%,其中单位面积穗数和结实率,处理间的差异达到显著水平;（4）农田施用水葫芦使水稻生物量平均比对照增加9.0%,使水稻的经济系数平均比对照下降0.5%,生物量的增加是农田施用水葫芦水稻产量增加的主要原因。（5）农田施用水葫芦能显著提高水稻抽穗期叶片叶绿素含量;水稻抽穗期叶片叶绿素含量与产量呈极显著正相关关系。说明农田施用水葫芦能够显著提高水稻产量、生物产量以及水稻抽穗期叶片叶绿素含量。     

水稻突变体的创制

为功能基因组学研究提供较好的基础材料,利用0.75%甲基磺酸乙酯溶液和γ射线双重诱变处理‘晋恢21’M1、‘中花11’、LR001种子进行研究。结果表明,经过M2筛选,获得716份叶、茎、穗、粒等性状变异的突变体,突变频率较高,达1.79%,还获得一些如不分蘖、多分蘖、白化苗、mini-plant、稀粒、花器官等极具研究价值的突变类型。双重诱变可以获得各种类型的突变体,所有的突变类型在3种材料中均有出现,说明该技术可为功能基因组研究提供大量的实物材料。     

秸秆还田对双季稻产量和土壤钾素平衡的影响

探究秸秆还田对水稻产量和土壤钾素平衡的效应,为安徽双季稻区秸秆还田和钾素合理利用提供科学依据。本试验于2013—2015年在安徽省桐城市进行,试验共设置5个处理,分别为:不施肥(CK)、不施肥+秸秆还田(CK+S)、氮磷钾(NPK)、氮磷钾+秸秆还田(NPK+S)、氮磷+80%钾+秸秆还田(NP+80%K+S)。结果显示:无论是在施肥和不施肥条件下,秸秆还田对水稻产量都没有显著负效应,而且秸秆还田替代20%化学钾肥不会减少水稻产量;CK+S、NPK和NPK+S处理的钾素表观平衡系数分别为0.90、0.48、1.40,说明单施化肥不能减缓作物对土壤钾素的消耗,秸秆还田可以显著提高土壤速效钾含量,有利于土壤钾素的收支平衡,对维持当地土壤钾素水平具有重要意义。     

Effect of Prohexadione Calcium on Growth Components and Endogenous Gibberellins Contents of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Prohexadione calcium (Pro‐Ca) is a novel plant growth regulator that inhibits the late stages of gibberellins (GAs) biosynthesis in plants, thus reducing the vegetative growth of the plant. Pro‐Ca was applied to field‐grown rice cultivar Ilpumbyeo to evaluate its effect on growth and yield components and endogenous GAs, when applied at different rates and timings. This study illustrated that Pro‐Ca application decreased the internode length, stem length, panicle length, shoots fresh weight and stem lodging index, while stem breaking force was increased in all treatments. The effect of Pro‐Ca was more pronounced in 20 ppm concentration than 10 ppm. The number of panicles m⁻², ripened grain ratio and 1000 grain weight and milled rice yield parameters, increased with the application of Pro‐Ca, though the number of grains per panicle decreased insignificantly. The endogenous bioactive GA₁ contents significantly decreased with the application of Pro‐Ca, as the GA biosynthesis was interrupted at later stages, when GA₂₀ conversion to GA₁ was blocked, thus drastically reducing GA₁ and GA₈ levels, but only insignificant changes were observed for intermediates from GA₁₂ to GA₂₀. The levels of the endogenous GAs in rice shoots were measured by GC‐MS‐SIM using ²H₂‐labelled GAs as internal standards. Present results also illustrated that early application of Pro‐Ca was more effective than its late application for effective control of different growth parameters and thus reducing lodging in rice plants.     

水稻营养生长发育阶段系统的划分

文章综述了水稻营养器官（根、茎、叶）生长阶段的系统划分。在以往形态学和解剖学阶段划分的基础上,整合了近年来分子遗传学的研究进展,突变体的发现使发育阶段的划分更加准确和完善。从分子水平搞清水稻的结构及发育阶段可以为水稻的高产和稳产提供理论基础。     

秸秆还田对豆-稻-菜循环耕作模式下作物产量和土壤肥力的影响

豆-稻-菜循环耕作模式是中国南方地区最重要的轮作模式之一,但秸秆还田对该耕作制度下作物产量和土壤肥力的影响尚不明确。通过连续7年的田间定位试验（2009—2015年）,研究秸秆还田对豆-稻-菜循环耕作模式下作物产量和土壤养分状况的影响。结果表明：秸秆还田对浙江省豆-稻-菜轮作模式下作物产量的影响显著：与单施化肥相比,秸秆还田有效提高了水稻和小萝卜的产量,且水稻和小萝卜年均增产10%以上;此外,秸秆还田对豆-稻-菜循环种植区域土壤肥力也有较大影响：提高了土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量和土壤pH值,此外,秸秆还田区域土壤全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量呈逐年增加趋势。由此可见,多熟制耕作制度下秸秆还田仍具有作物增产和土壤培肥作用,可作为耕地质量提升的有效手段长期实施。     

Effect of Zinc and Iron Supply on Production Potential of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

A field experiment was performed to study the effect of zinc and iron supply on grain yield in four promising varieties of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) viz. IR-20, Jaya, Pusa 2–21, and IET-1444. Three doses of ZnSO₄ or FeSO₄ (0, 20 or 40 kg ha⁻¹) along with all possible combinations were investigated. The varietal differences were significant in grain yield ha⁻¹. The grain yield increased with the dose of zinc and Jaya but not significantly in IR-20. The increase in grain yield was more significant and dose dependent in IET-1444 than in Jaya in response to iron application.     

Ratoon Growth and Development in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Under Various Temperature Regimes

Plants exhibited differential response for ratoon growth and development under different temperature regimes before and after main crop harvest. Low temperature (23°/20 °C) before cutting induced ratooning whereas similar temperature after cutting delayed and reduced ratoon tillering. Ratoon grain yield and its attributes were significantly affected under various temperature regimes. Ratoon grain yield under low temperature regime before cutting did not differ from that of the control. Ratoon growth duration was maximum under low temperature regime after cutting. High temperature (37°/27 °C) after main crop cutting resulted in high spikelet sterility in the ratoon crop.     

影响籼稻品种产量水平的主要根系性状

2001和2002年，在群体水培条件下分别以国内外不同年代育成的籼稻代表品种（品系）88个和122个为供试材料，抽穗期测定12个有关根系形态性状和根系活力，成熟期测定产量、冠根比等，采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法对供试籼稻品种的产量进行聚类，研究不同产量类型籼稻品种根系有关性状的差异以及影响籼稻品种产量水平的主     

籼稻米粒延伸性的遗传研究

采用包括遗传主效应和基因型与环境互作效应的三倍体遗传模型，分析了两环境下籼稻米粒延伸性的遗传基础。结果表明，米粒延伸性及其相关性状(米粒长和饭粒长)，主要受制于遗传主效应，但也受到基因型与环境互作效应的控制。在遗传主效应中又以种子基因加性效应为主，其次是母体植株的基因效应。米粒长和饭粒长的狭义遗传率都     

冠菌素对早稻和水稻幼苗形态及生理指标的影响

用不同浓度的冠菌素对旱稻297和水稻越富进行浸种处理。研究冠菌素对旱稻和水稻幼苗的形态指标（干物重、株高、根长、根表面积、根系体积及侧根发生量）和生理指标（根系活力和叶绿素含量）的影响。结果表明：高浓度（≥10^-5mol／L）的冠菌素处理后旱稻和水稻幼苗的株高、根系生长、根系活力、干物质积累量及叶绿素含量均明显降低：而较低浓度（10^-8-10^-7mol／L）的冠菌素处理却促进了旱稻幼苗根系生长。提高了根系活力。促进了干物质的积累,对水稻幼苗根系生长（侧根发生）也有一定的促进作用：初步认为用低浓度的冠菌素浸种培育健壮幼苗是可行的。     

Physiological Analysis of Growth, Yield Development and Grain Quality of Some Deep-water Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars

A field experiment was conducted with 10 deep‐water rice varieties (nine traditional and one improved), viz. Amona, Maguri, Rangoli, Kakua, Panikakua, Deoribao, Moimonsingia, Duatkalam, Dalbao and PJNB‐96‐10, to study their physiological performance, grain‐quality characters and yield. Among the cultivars, significant variations were recorded in plant height, root length, number of internode, tiller number, number of ear‐bearing tillers, panicle length, panicle weight, number of spikelets per panicle and filled grain percentage. The highest number of spikelets per panicle (199), filled grain percentage (95 %) and grain yield (4.32 t ha^?1) were recorded in Maguribao. The highest grain length was recorded in PNJB‐96‐10 (9.5 mm), whereas highest grain thickness was observed in Duatkalam (2.8 mm). Glutelin was the most dominant fraction of protein in all the tested cultivars. Maguribao showed the highest glutelin content (26.7 mg g^?1 dry weight), whereas Panikakua showed the highest amylose (24.45 %) and crude fat (4.64 %) content. Differences were also recorded among cultivars in fibre, ash and iron content in grain. Maguribao was found to have superior physiological traits for growth and hence may be considered for inclusion in deep‐water rice breeding programmes.     

Effect of Integration of Fertilizer and Green Manure Nitrogen on Yield Attributes, Nitrogen Uptake and Yield of Lowland Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Field experiments were conducted at Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai, India, during the wet seasons of 1992 and 1993 to study the effect of full and partial substitution of fertiliser N with green manure N (Sesbania rostrata) on nitrogen uptake, yield attributes and yield of rice. The experiment consisted of eight treatments with two levels of N (100 and 200 kg ha⁻¹) and three sources of N application viz., fertilizer, integrated (1:1 fertilizer and green manure N) and green manure N compared to the recommended practice (150 kg fertilizer plus 6.25 t ha⁻¹ (72 kg N) green manure) and a no N control. Nitrogen application markedly increased the N uptake. Combined use of the two N sources at 200 and 222 kg N ha⁻¹ and of single fertilizer N at 200 kg N ha⁻¹ recorded the maximum N uptake, increased the yield attributes such as number of panicles per unit area, weight per panicle, number of total and filled grains per panicle and test weight. At 200 kg N ha⁻¹ full substitution of N by green manure reduced the grain yield but only partial substitution of N by green manure resulted in almost similar yield as single fertilizer N. Thus 200 kg N ha⁻¹ applied in equal proportions of fertilizer and green manure N can be recommended for medium duration rice cultivars.     

稻草还田条件下基施有机肥对小麦产量及生长的影响

为了研究稻草还田条件下高效氮肥运筹,笔者利用小区试验研究了稻草还田条件下基肥有机肥对小麦产量及生长的影响,结果表明：（1）基肥有机肥替代无机氮肥可以实现小麦增产,在有机肥替代25%无机氮肥条件下,小麦增产最大;（2）有机肥替代无机氮肥施用提高了小麦成穗率;（3）基肥有机肥替代无机氮肥对小麦株高、穗重、小穗数、不育小穗数、每穗粒数、千粒重影响不大。稻草还田条件下,基施有机肥可以使小麦增产,尤其是在有机肥替代25%无机氮肥条件下,小麦实现增产,基施有机肥使小麦增产的途径是提高了小麦有效穗数。     

Components of Seed and Straw Yield in Common Vetch (Vicia sativa L.)

178 common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) strains were tested for 2 years under dryland conditions in Bursa, Turkey. Broad-sense heritability of the traits was calculated for each trait. Phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients between seed and straw yield, with several morphological and reproductive traits, were obtained. Broad-sense heritability estimates were high for 1000-seed weight and number of seeds per pod. Heritability values for both seed and straw yield were small and insignificant. Harvest index, 1000-seed weight and spring vigour showed significant positive correlations with seed yield, but days to flower correlated negatively with seed yield. Spring vigour, plant height and number of leaflets per leaf correlated positively, while harvest index, seeds per pod and seeds per plant correlated negatively with straw yield. Correlations between seed and straw yield were both positive and significant.     

农田施用水葫芦对水稻钾素吸收利用的影响

以粳稻品种‘运2645’为供试材料,设计农田施用水葫芦（将晒干水葫芦按4500 kg/hm2农田施用）、不施用水葫芦处理和施N量为120 kg/hm2（LN）、240 kg/hm2（NN）处理,研究其对水稻不同生育时期K素含量、K素吸收、K素分配和K素利用效率的影响。结果表明：（1）农田施用水葫芦使水稻不同生育时期植株含K率显著提高,增加幅度从够苗期逐渐下降,到抽穗后又逐渐增加;使各生育时期吸K量显著提高;（2）农田施用水葫芦对水稻不同生育时期K素在茎鞘、叶片中分配比例多无显著影响,使成熟期K素在穗中分配比例显著降低;（3）农田施用水葫芦使水稻不同生育时期K素干物质生产效率均显著或极显著降低,使K素籽粒效率和K素收获指数均显著降低;（4）增施N肥,使水稻不同生育时期的植株K素含量和吸K量均得到极显著的增加,使K素干物质生产效率和K素籽粒生产效率均显著或极显著下降;（5）水葫芦 × N对稻株K素吸收利用多无显著互作效应。农田施用水葫芦使水稻植株含K率、K素吸收量显著提高,使K素干物质生产效率和K素籽粒生产效率显著降低。     

粳稻杂种优势遗传基础剖析

为了解控制粳稻产量相关性状及其中亲优势的基因作用类型, 利用秀堡RIL群体及其2个回交(BCF₁)群体对株高、生育期、单株有效穗数、穗长、每穗颖花数、结实率、一次枝梗数和二次枝梗数8个性状及其中亲杂种优势进行QTL定位。共检测到58个显著的主效QTL (M-QTL), 单个M-QTL的贡献率变幅为3.3%~41.9%。77.6%的M-QTL表现为加性效应, 15.5%的M-QTL表现为部分或完全显性效应, 6.9%的M-QTL表现为超显性效应。共检测到90对显著的双基因上位性QTL(E-QTL)。在RIL群体中检测到44对E-QTL, 单对E-QTL的贡献率变幅为1.7%~8.0%, 平均3.7%。在XSBCF₁群体中检测到27对E-QTL, 其中利用BCF₁表型值检测到16对E-QTL, 单对E-QTL的贡献率变幅为12.7%~78.5%, 平均29.2%; 利用中亲优势值检测到11对E-QTL, 单对E-QTL的贡献率变幅为15.0%~71.8%, 平均40.1%。在CBBCF₁群体中检测到19对E-QTL, 其中利用BCF₁表型值检测到12对E-QTL, 单对E-QTL的贡献率变幅为2.7%~64.4%, 平均30.1%; 利用中亲优势值检测到9对E-QTL, 单对E-QTL的贡献率变幅为21.7%~64.1%, 平均40.0%。在CBBCF₁群体中, 利用BCF₁表型值和中亲优势值都检测到的E-QTL有2对。上述结果表明上位性效应是粳稻秀堡组合杂种优势的主要遗传基础。     

FACE对水稻根系及产量的影响

2002－2003年利用我国惟一的农田开放式空气CO2浓度增高(FACE)研究平台,以武香粳14为供试品种,设施Ｎ量150 kg·hm-2(LN)、250 kg·hm-2 (NN)、350 kg·hm-2 (HN) 3个处理,研究了大气CO2浓度比对照高200 μmol·mol-1的FACE处理对水稻根系形态性状、根系活性和产量的影响。结果表明,(1) FACE使LN、NN、HN处理水稻抽穗期的