Response of Growth and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa) to Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide in the Subhumid Zone of Sri Lanka

Increasing atmospheric CO₂ is recognized as a major aspect of global climate change that would have a significant impact on the productivity of major agricultural crops. Two field experiments were done, with the objective of quantifying the response of a short‐duration rice (Oryza sativa) variety (BG‐300) to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide, in the low elevation, subhumid zone of Sri Lanka. The experiment contained three treatments. In the elevated CO₂ treatment, rice was grown at a CO₂ concentration of 570 µmol/mol within open top chambers (OTC s). The ambient CO₂ treatment included crops grown within OTC s, but maintained at the ambient CO₂ concentration of 370 µmol/mol. The third treatment was a crop grown in the open field under ambient CO₂ concentration. Grain yields of rice crops grown under elevated CO₂ were 24 % and 39 % greater than the respective ambient treatments in the maha (January – March 2001) and yala (May – August, 2001) seasons. Significant increases in total biomass at harvest (23 % and 39 %, respectively, in maha and yala) were more responsible for the above yield increases than the slight increases in the harvest index (4 % and 2 %). Yields of the ambient and open field treatments did not differ significantly. Among the yield components, the number of panicles per hill was significantly higher in the elevated treatment and showed significant positive correlations with grain yield in both seasons. In addition, grain yield showed significant positive correlations with the percentage of filled grains in maha and the number of grains per panicle in yala. Significant increases in the number of tillers per hill under elevated CO₂ were responsible for its greater leaf area index and the greater numbers of panicles per hill. Crops under elevated CO₂ accumulated biomass faster than those grown under ambient CO₂ during the vegetative and grain‐filling stages. The results of this study demonstrate that elevated CO₂ causes significant yield increases in rice, even when it is grown in warm, subhumid tropical climates.     

施石灰和秸秆还田对双季稻产量和氮素吸收的互作效应

红壤稻田面临土壤酸化和肥力偏低的双重挑战。施石灰和秸秆还田分别是稻田土壤酸化改良和培肥的有效措施,但二者的互作效应尚不清楚。本研究连续4年(2015—2018年)在江西省开展施石灰和秸秆还田双因素田间定位试验,旨在探明施石灰和秸秆还田对红壤双季稻田水稻产量和氮素吸收的互作效应。结果表明,施石灰和秸秆还田均显著提高了早、晚稻的产量和氮素吸收,且二者具显著的协同促进效应。秸秆还田下,施石灰使早稻产量和氮素吸收分别增加10.7%和15.5%;而在秸秆不还田下,增幅仅分别为4.4%和9.7%。秸秆还田下,石灰使晚稻产量和氮素吸收分别提高18.7%和24.6%;但在秸秆不还田下,增幅则分别为10.5%和5.7%。施石灰对早、晚稻产量和氮素吸收的促进效应随试验年限的增加而减弱。石灰对土壤pH值的提升效应随试验年限的延长显著降低。试验4年后,石灰对土壤有机质和全氮含量均无显著影响;秸秆还田显著提高了土壤有机质含量,而对全氮含量无显著影响。因此,秸秆还田配施石灰能够协同实现双季稻增产、土壤酸化改良与培肥。本研究表明在此酸性的红壤双季稻田上每4年左右施用一次石灰为宜。     

Mulching Improves Water Productivity,Yield and Quality of Fine Rice under Water‐saving Rice Production Systems

Water‐saving rice production systems are inevitable in the wake of severe water shortage in rice‐growing regions of the world. Mulches can improve water productivity, yield and quality of rice through increase in water retention. Studies were conducted for two consecutive years to assess the potential role of mulches (plastic and straw) in improving the performance of water‐saving rice production systems in comparison with no mulch used and conventionally irrigated transplanted rice. Water‐saving rice production systems in this study comprise aerobic rice and transplanted rice with intermittent irrigation. These systems saved water (18–27 %) with improved water productivity more than the conventional system. However, these systems caused a yield penalty of 22–37 %; nevertheless, these yield losses were compensated with the application of mulches under water‐saving rice production systems. Both plastic and straw mulches were helpful in improving moisture retention and water productivity (0.18–0.25 kg grain m^?3 water) relative to non‐mulch treatments (0.19–0.29 kg grain m^?3 water). Mulch application was also helpful in reducing the number of non‐productive tillers and sterile spikelets, and improving the productive tillers, kernel number and size, and kernel quality. Plastic mulch was more effective than straw mulch in improving water retention, water productivity and reducing spikelet sterility. In conclusion, the mulching improved the soil moisture retention, and thus enhanced the rice water productivity, spikelet fertility, paddy yield and quality of rice. This signifies the importance of mulching in water‐saving rice production systems.     

麦秸还田与实地氮肥管理对直播水稻生长的影响

大田直播粳稻品种扬粳9538,设置麦秸还田与不还田、不施氮肥、习惯施肥法(FFP)和基于叶绿素仪(SPAD)测定值的实地氮肥管理(SSNM)处理。结果表明,SSNM的氮肥施用量较FFP减少30.0%~31.3%,产量较FFP平均增加7.61%,施氮区秸秆还田的产量较秸秆未还田的平均增加2.65%。与秸秆未还田或FFP相比,秸秆还田和SSNM降低生育前期的分蘖数、叶面积指数和干物质积累,但抽穗及以后各处理间差异较小。秸秆还田增加了叶片中有机酸含量,增大了田间昼夜温湿度差;秸秆还田和SSNM处理提高了茎蘖成穗率与ATP酶活性,增加了结实期叶片的光合速率以及根系活力,有利于直播水稻生育后期群体的光合生产和提高物质生产效率。对秸秆还田和SSNM的产量和生育特性进行了讨论。     

麦秸还田及氮肥管理技术对水稻产量的影响

以水稻武香粳14和扬粳9538为材,大田设麦秸还田与不还田、不施氮肥、习惯施肥法（FFP）和基于叶绿素仪(SPAD)测定值的氮肥管理(SSNM)等处理。结果表明,SSNM较FFP氮肥施用量减少40.0%~41.7%,而产量平均增加3.81%。秸秆还田的较秸秆未还田的产量平均增加2.49%。氮肥的农学利用率、吸收利用率和生理利用率均以秸秆还田高于秸秆不还田处理。与秸秆未还田或FFP相比,秸秆还田和SSNM降低了生育前期的分蘖数、叶面积指数和干物质积累（但抽穗及以后差异较小）;提高了茎蘖成穗率、结实期叶片光合速率和根系活力。说明秸秆还田和SSNM有利于生育后期群体光合生产和提高物质生产效率。秸秆还田和实地氮肥管理提高了氮收获指数和氮肥利用效率。对秸秆还田和SSNM的产量、生育特性及氮肥利用效率进行了讨论。     

Straw management, crop rotation, and nitrogen source effect on wheat grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency

Nitrogen fertilizer management from different sources and annual crop rotations are important components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production systems, especially where air and soil quality issues have prompted a search for alternatives to wheat straw burning. This study examined the effects of two different wheat straw management options (burning and incorporation by tillage), three crop rotations [wheat-sesbania (Sesbania spp.), wheat–maize (Zea mays L.), and wheat-clean fallow] and three N sources (urea, chicken manure, and urea plus chicken manure) on wheat grain yield and N use efficiency. The experiment was conducted as split–split plot treatment arrangement with three replications for eight wheat cropping seasons in the state of Sonora, Mexico. Results indicated that both wheat grain yield and N use efficiency were higher with burning than incorporation of wheat straw and with fertilization with urea or urea plus chicken manure than chicken manure alone. As shown by the crop rotation-by-straw management interaction, planting sesbania following incorporation of the straw by tillage produced comparable grain yields to straw burning treatment. In contrast, wheat in annual rotation with maize produced the lowest wheat grain yield and N use efficiency irrespective of the wheat straw management and N source applied.     

机收稻草全量还田减施化肥对双季晚稻养分吸收利用及产量的影响

稻草还田替代部分化肥对推进化肥零增长行动具有重要的意义。研究等量氮磷钾养分条件下连续稻草还田减施化肥对双季晚稻产量及养分吸收利用的影响, 可为南方稻区稻草资源的合理利用和水稻高产、养分高效管理提供参考。本试验基于江西温圳国家级耕地质量监测点双季稻稻草还田定位试验, 以超级杂交晚稻五丰优T025为试材, 设稻草还田减施化肥(SI+NPK)、稻草烧灰还田减施化肥(SB+NPK)和单施化肥(NPK)等处理, 以稻草不还田不施化肥(CK)为对照, 施肥处理中氮磷钾养分用量相等。研究了不同处理对双季晚稻产量、氮磷钾素养分吸收利用的影响。结果表明, 在等量氮磷钾养分施用条件下, 连续6年早稻稻草还田处理有利于协调双季晚稻穗粒结构, 协同维持晚稻产量稳定, 保持与其余施肥处理产量基本持平。与NPK相比, SI+NPK处理植株各器官中N、P、K含量及总吸收量在生育前期均较低, 生育后期较高, 且P、K养分吸收量差异显著; SI+NPK可显著提高水稻N、P、K养分收获指数、农学效率、回收率和养分偏生产力, 而SB+NPK只比NPK显著提高了K养分收获指数、农学效率、回收率和养分偏生产力。此外, SI+NPK也比SB+NPK提高了氮、磷、钾养分收获指数、农学效率、回收率及偏生产力。总之, 早稻稻草还田替代部分化肥可稳定晚稻产量水平及提高养分利用效率, 实现南方稻区土壤养分资源的高效利用。     

水稻强化栽培下协优9308的产量及穗粒结构研究

超级杂交稻协优9308应用水稻强化栽培,移栽密度为15.3株/m2到6.9株/m2。产量以密度15.3株/m2最高,比对照增产10%,主要表现在增粒增产。移栽密度显著影响产量和每穗实粒数(R12=0.9917**,R32 = 0.9339**)。水稻强化栽培各处理密度之间比较,产量随移栽密度的下降而下降,主要是由于单株分蘖和有效穗的增加,导致平均穗型变小。单株最高苗数和有效穗数与移栽密度成显著的相关（R82 = 0.9594**,R92 = 0.9506**）。因此,在推广水稻强化栽培时应重视适宜移栽密度的选择及综合技术配套。     

不同栽培方式和秸秆还田对水稻产量和营养品质的影响

为阐明水稻产量和营养品质在不同栽培方式和秸秆还田条件下的表现特性, 以两优培九(籼稻)为材料, 常规水作(CFC)为对照, 通过长期定位试验(2001—2010年)研究了覆膜旱作(PFMC)、裸地旱作(NMC)和秸秆还田对水稻产量、精米中蛋白质和氨基酸、糙米中铁和锌含量的影响。2008—2010三年试验结果(平均值)表明, 与CFC相比, PFMC能显著增加水稻产量, 增产幅度达8.0%, 精米中总氨基酸含量下降3.5%, 精米中蛋白质, 糙米中铁锌含量与CFC处理差异不显著; NMC处理产量显著下降5.1%, 蛋白质、总氨基酸和铁含量分别下降4.4%、9.3%和11.9%。秸秆还田较不还田处理, CFC条件下, 产量增加了113.6 kg hm^-2; NMC条件下, 产量增加142.6 kg hm^-2; PFMC条件下, 产量增加522.1 kg hm^-2; 三种栽培方式产量平均增加3.3%, 糙米中的铁和锌含量平均增加3.1%和6.4%, 精米中蛋白质和总氨基酸含量差异不显著。本试验结果表明, PFMC能显著提高水稻产量, 秸秆还田能显著提高水稻产量和稻米中铁、锌含量。     

氮肥基追比对机插稻产量和氮肥利用效率的影响

以特优7571为材料进行田间试验,设置6:3:1（N1）、5:3:2（N2）、4:3:3（N3）3个基:蘖:穗肥比,研究了相同施氮素水平不同基追比例对机插稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,N3处理产量和氮肥吸收效率明显高于N2和N1处理,与N2差异显著。N3处理的千粒重、结实率、干物质积累量、叶面积指数和穗部氮素积累量均高于其他2个施氮处理,但茎蘖数和有效穗数相对重施基肥处理（N1）略低。因此,提高分蘖肥和穗肥比例可以提高机插水稻中后期氮素和干物质积累量,从而获得高产。     

The Effect of Mulching,Tillage and Rotation on Yield in Non‐flooded Compared with Flooded Rice Production

Non‐flooded rice cultivation has been proven to be an effective measure to reduce water consumption in drought areas of Southeast China. However, rice cultivation under non‐flooded conditions leads to less stable productivity and lower grain yield. The objectives of this study were (1) to compare crop performance and yields among flooded and non‐flooded rice over several seasons, (2) to identify the yield performed in non‐flooded rice systems over seasons and whether the options which included no‐tillage, straw mulching and wet‐dry rotation system can narrow the grain yield gap between non‐flooded and traditional flooded condition. The results showed the difference between flooded rice (F) and non‐flooded rice (NF) with straw mulching was much lower than the difference between F and NF without straw mulching. Within late seasons, the difference of aboveground total biomass between non‐flooded rice without mulching and flooded rice gradually widened as the number of cropping seasons increased. Compared with the non‐flooded rice without mulching, straw mulching can reduce the decline of aboveground total biomass and grain yield. The yield difference between F and NF treatments became smaller in no‐tillage plots than complete tillage plots. It suggested that no‐tillage can keep the crop production more stable. In comparison with continuously non‐flooded cultivation, our study indicated that the wet‐dry rotation system can reduce the yield decline under non‐flooded condition.     

Seed Priming Enhances the Performance of Late Sown Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by Improving Chilling Tolerance

In rice–wheat systems, late sowing of wheat is the major reason of low yield. This yield reduction is principally due to lower and erratic germination, and poor crop establishment because of low temperature prevailing. The present study was conducted to explore the possibility of improving late sown wheat performance by seed priming techniques. Seed priming strategies were: on‐farm seed priming, hydropriming for 24 h, seed hardening for 12 h and osmohardening with KCl or CaCl₂ for 12 h. Seed priming improved emergence, stand establishment, tiller numbers, allometry, grain and straw yield, and harvest index. However, seed priming techniques did not affect plant height, number of spikelets, number of grains and 1000 grain weight. Osmohardening with CaCl₂ gave more grain and straw yield and harvest index compared with control and other priming treatments, followed by osmohardening with KCl and on‐farm seed priming. Improved yield was attributed principally to better stand establishment and improved number of fertile tillers. Seed priming techniques can be effectively used to improve the performance of late sown wheat.     

Effect of Incorporation and Unincorporation of Azolla Biofertilizer on the Grain Yield of Rice

Azolla pinnata R. Brown was used as a biofertilizer for rice crop in early and late wet seasons of 1985–86. Azolla as dual crop with rice increased the grain yield significantly over uninoculated control. Incorporation of Azolla increased the yield components and grain yield higher than leaving Azolla on water surface without incorporation. Azolla incorporation with 90 kg nitrogen/ha recorded the highest plant height, tiller numbers/ hill, panicles/m² and 1000 grain weight and grain yield of rice.     

秸秆膨化还田对水稻产量、品质及土壤养分的影响

为提高水稻栽培过程中秸秆资源的高效利用,将膨化技术与秸秆还田相结合,以水稻品种垦粳8号为试验材料,进行盆栽试验,探讨秸秆膨化和未膨化2种还田形态在25%、50%、75%和100%还田量下对水稻产量、品质及土壤养分的影响。结果表明,与秸秆不还田（CK）相比,分蘖期秸秆还田虽抑制了水稻叶面积、干物质积累量以及根系性状,但膨化还田抑制小于未膨化还田,膨化还田水稻齐穗期叶面积指数和干物质积累量均高于其他处理,灌浆期水稻叶面积指数和干物质积累量呈膨化还田>未膨化还田>CK的趋势;2种还田处理对水稻产量均有促进作用,穗数和结实率的增加是其增产的主要原因。同时,膨化还田增加了稻米的精米率、钙和铁含量,降低了垩白粒率、垩白度和蛋白质含量,提高了稻米的食味;2种还田方式均提高了土壤中有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量,膨化还田和未膨化还田分别以100%和75%还田量提升效果最佳。总体来说,膨化还田对水稻前期生长抑制较小,有利于提高水稻后期产量、改善食味品质以及提高土壤养分含量。     

Optimum Seed Rate and Nitrogen Fertilizer Requirement of Rice Under Semi-deepwater Ecosystem

The effect of varying seed rates (100–1000 seeds m⁻²) and nitrogen fertilizer (0–60 kg N ha_-1) applied either in a single basal dose or in splits was investigated on a tall elongating, photosensitive rice variety, Nalini, under semi-deepwater conditions (0–100cm) during 1993 and 1994 at Cuttack, India. Seedling emergence was higher in 1993 (53.9 %) than in 1994 (44.1 %) and it increased proportionately with increasing seed rate, Increase in the number of tillers and panicles m⁻² at higher seed rates was associated with a corresponding decrease in panicle weight. Regression analysis indicated a decrease of 0.91–1.28g in panicle weight for an increase of 100 panicles m⁻². The grain yield of rice was significantly higher at 400 seeds m⁻² in 1993 and at 600 seeds m⁻² in 1994 than at low seed rates but further increase in seed rate did not increase the yield. Application of N fertilizer increased the panicle number and thereby grain yield significantly. The effect of basal and split applied N at active or maximum tillering stages as well as between 30 and 60 kg N ha⁻¹ was not significant on the grain yield. The results suggest that a basal dose of 30kg N ha⁻¹ and seeding density of 400–600 seeds m⁻², resulting in 40–50 % seedling emergence and 150–200 panicles m⁻², each with 2.0–2.5 g weight, may be adequate for optimum productivity of rice under semideepwater conditions.     

Integrated Nitrogen Management with Green Manures in Rice-Chickpea Cropping System

A field experiment was conducted during wet and dry seasons of 1987–88 and 1988–89 to evaluate the performance of green manures with and without fertilizer nitrogen in lowland rice and their residual effect on succeeding crop of chickpea grown under rice-chickpea cropping system. Incorporation of Ipomea carnea (green leaves), Cassia tora and Parthenium hysterophorus (green young plants) ca. 5 t/ha fresh weight significantly improved yield and yield components namely panicles per hill, panicle length, grains per panicle and test weight of transplanted rice. The results showed that at least 20 kg/ha fertilizer nitrogen applied to rice could be replaced by incorporation of 5 t/ha fresh weight green manure. Supplementation of 60 kg N/ha through urea to the green manures treated plots proved to be the best in respect of grain yield and was comparable to the yield obtained under 80 kg N/ha as urea alone. Plant N-uptake followed the similar pattern of rice grain yield. Residual fertility in terms of available nitrogen increased under the green manure treatments, whereas urea nitrogen alone made no impact on fertility build-up. Green manures showed significantly higher residual response than fertilizer N alone to seed yield and N uptake of chickpea.     

盐胁迫下粳稻品种南粳9108分蘖特性及其与群体生产力的关系

旨在明确盐胁迫下水稻分蘖发生与成穗规律及其优势叶位,为沿海滩涂水稻高产栽培的分蘖合理利用与调控提供依据。以江苏沿海滩涂大面积种植的常规粳稻南粳9108为试材,设置对照(盐浓度0)、中盐(盐浓度0.15%)和高盐(盐浓度0.3%)环境,比较研究盐逆境下水稻分蘖发生与成穗特性及其对群体产量的贡献。结果表明,对照、中盐和高盐处理的两年平均产量(t hm–2)分别为9.7、7.4和4.2;中盐和高盐处理的穗数、每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重均显著低于对照。与对照相比,中盐和高盐处理下拔节、抽穗和成熟期群体茎蘖数和成穗率均较低。对照的分蘖利用以一次分蘖和二次分蘖为主,一次分蘖发生在第3至第7叶位,第4至第6叶位是分蘖发生与成穗的优势叶位,二次分蘖则以1/4和1/5蘖位优势较强;盐胁迫的分蘖利用以一次分蘖为主,第4至第6叶位是分蘖发生与成穗的优势叶位。盐胁迫下各蘖位的穗长、每穗粒数、着粒密度、一次枝粳数及粒数、二次枝粳数及粒数均低于对照。与对照相比,盐胁迫下水稻单株成穗数少、个体和群体生长协调性差、穗型小,最终单株和群体产量低。     

起身肥对水稻分蘖和氮素吸收利用的影响

以宁粳2号为材料, 通过塑盘穴播育秧,带土、带肥移栽,研究了起身肥对水稻分蘖的发生、氮素积累量、氮肥利用率和产量的影响。结果表明,移栽后17 d,基蘖肥水平相同条件下,起身肥处理 (N-100%) 群体茎蘖数比非起身肥处理 (CK) 高3´105 hm-2。有效分蘖临界叶龄期N-100%处理中,>3叶龄分蘖比率显著高于CK。与CK相比,N-100%处理多施5.55 kg N hm-2,而分蘖成穗率、有效穗数、氮素积累量、氮肥利用率和产量均显著提高。N-75%处理 (施起身肥,基蘖肥施量为常规的75%) 中,总施肥量比CK低32.4 kg N hm-2,而氮素积累量和氮肥利用率均高于CK。N-50%处理 (施起身肥,基蘖肥施量为常规的50%) 基蘖肥水平过低,影响分蘖的发生与生长,与CK相比,氮肥利用率和产量都显著降低。因此,适量的起身肥可以促进分蘖的早生快发,提高水稻的分蘖成穗率,减少基蘖氮肥的施用量,促进水稻对氮肥的吸收和利用,提高氮素积累量和氮肥利用率。     

Effect of Lentil Residues on the Yield and Response of Succeeding Rice to Nitrogen

A field experiment was conducted at the Division of Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during 1983-84 and 1984-85 to study the effect of lentil residues on the yield and response of succeeding rice to nitrogen. Lentil residues benefitted the succeeding rice and gave longer and heavier panicles, more grains per panicle, higher 1000-grain weight and higher grain and straw yield of rice as compared to fallow. Rice responded well to applied nitrogen both in the absence and presence of lentil residues. The effect of lentil root residues and root residues plus incorporation of lentil straw was equivalent to 11 and 33 kg N ha⁻¹ when 60 kg N ha⁻¹ was applied to rice; the corresponding values being 54 and 60 kg N ha⁻¹ when 120 kg N ha⁻¹ was applied to rice.     

川东南冬水田杂交中稻进一步高产的栽培策略

以18个杂交中稻组合为材料,研究了川东南冬水田杂交中稻进一步高产的策略及其栽培技术。结果表明,根据该地区日照条件差的生态特点,采用稀植足肥促进扩“库”增“源”的高产栽培策略,即通过超稀植降低苗峰,改善群体光照条件,提高成穗率,适当降低有效穗数,大幅度提高每穗着粒数,在保持高产适宜叶面积指数条件下扩大库容量;增施氮肥补充光合源,保证在高粒叶比情况下有较好的籽粒充实度。核心技术是栽秧9.0万穴 hm^-2、施氮210 kg。2004年、2005年生产示范分别比传统高产栽培技术增产11.86%~18.31%和14.32%~17.76%,其中超高产田经四川省科技厅组织同行专家现场验收,产量高达10.81~11.05 t hm^-2,创该生态区杂交中稻高产历史纪录。