青春双歧杆菌ATCC15703I型Sec途径分泌蛋白的预测和功能分析

[目的]对青春双歧杆菌分泌蛋白进行预测和功能分析,为分析该菌胞外蛋白的分泌机制和功能打下基础.[方法]以青春双歧杆菌代表菌株ATCC15703基因组编码蛋白序列为研究对象,采用 SignalP 4.0和TMHMM 2.0 软件分析该菌株的I型Sec途径分泌蛋白,同时采用COG功能数据库(Cluster of Orthologous Groups of proteins)对预测的这类分泌蛋白进行功能分析.[结果]青春双歧杆菌ATCC15703的1 648个蛋白中有91个被I 型(Spase I)信号肽酶识别的I型Sec途径分泌蛋白,分泌蛋白的信号肽长度最大的有54个氨基酸,最小的有11个氨基酸.I 型Sec途径分泌蛋白的功能分析结果显示,分泌蛋白主要参与碳水化合物代谢与转运,氨基酸代谢与转运,复制、重组和修复,以及无机离子代谢和转运.[结论]青春双歧杆菌I型Sec途径分泌蛋白的预测和功能分析为了解该菌胞外蛋白的分泌机制提供了数据基础.     

长双歧杆菌NCC2705分泌蛋白的全基因组预测和功能分析

以长双歧杆菌NCC2705基因组序列为研究对象,使用Signal P 4.0、Lipo P、TMHMM 2.0软件分析该基因组中的分泌蛋白及其信号肽的类型,同时采用COG(Cluster of Orthologous Groups of proteins)功能数据库对预测的分泌蛋白进行功能注释和聚类分析。结果表明,长双岐杆菌NCC2705中共有37个Sec途径分泌蛋白,其中Sec途径分泌蛋白包括27个被I型(SPaseⅠ)信号肽酶和10个Ⅱ型信号肽酶(Spase II)识别的蛋白,Sec途径分泌蛋白信号肽长度最多的有52个氨基酸,最少的有10个氨基酸。分泌蛋白的功能分析表明,该菌株分泌蛋白中含有大部分的假定蛋白,主要参与氨基酸代谢与转运、碳水化合物代谢转运,无机盐离子代谢转运,细胞壁和细胞膜生物合成的功能有关。     

ER cargo properties specify a requirement for COPII coat rigidity mediated by Sec13p

Eukaryotic secretory proteins exit the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via transport vesicles generated by the essential coat protein complex II (COPII) proteins. The outer coat complex, Sec13-Sec31, forms a scaffold that is thought to enforce curvature. By exploiting yeast bypass-of-sec-thirteen (bst) mutants, where Sec13p is dispensable, we probed the relationship between a compromised COPII coat and the cellular context in which it could still function. Genetic and biochemical analyses suggested that Sec13p was required to generate vesicles from membranes that contained asymmetrically distributed cargoes that were likely to confer opposing curvature. Thus, Sec13p may rigidify the COPII cage and increase its membrane-bending capacity; this function could be bypassed when a bst mutation renders the membrane more deformable.     

酿酒酵母分泌蛋白组的计算机分析

 结合计算机技术和生物信息学的方法，采用组合的信号肽分析软件SignalP v3.0、TargetP v1.01、Big-PI predictor和TMHMM v2.0对已公布的6 700个酿酒酵母（Saccaromyces cerevieiae）基因的N-端氨基酸序列进行信号肽分析，同时系统分析了信号肽的类型及结构。结果表明，在6 700个酿酒酵母蛋白中，163个为Sec-信号肽分泌蛋白，经Sec途径分泌。在163个分泌蛋白中，有47个的信号肽没有典型的N-区，仅有H-区和C-区，其余116个分泌蛋白的信号肽包含完整的3个区，即N-区、H-区和C-区。比较了酿酒酵母与白假丝酵母菌(Candida albicans)分泌蛋白信号肽的氨基酸组成顺序，表明酿酒酵母与白假丝酵母菌的信号肽的氨基酸组成和顺序差异很大，两者信号肽长度分布范围、氨基酸种类及其出现频率大体一致。在酿酒酵母分泌蛋白中出现了少数氨基酸组成完全一致的信号肽，为进一步确认具有相同信号肽的分泌蛋白是否具有同源性，分别采用BLAST 2 SEQUENECES 和CLUSTAL W 对具有相同信号肽的分泌蛋白进行了序列比对。结果表明具有相同信号肽的分泌蛋白同源性非常高，氨基酸组成也非常保守。由此可以推断，编码这些分泌蛋白的基因属于旁系同源基因（paralogous）。酿酒酵母作为一种模式生物，以其诸多的优点，被认为是表达真核外源蛋白的首选宿主。对酿酒酵母进行基因组水平的分泌蛋白及信号肽结构的分析，可更好地利用该宿主表达分泌型的外源蛋白研究提供参考信息。     

Computational Analysis of Signal Peptide-Dependent Secreted Proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Computer based software such as the SignalP v3.0, TargetP v1.01, big-PI predictor and TMHMM v2.0 were combined to predict the signal peptides, and the signal peptide-dependent secreted proteins among the 6 700 ORFs in genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results showed that 163 proteins were the secreted ones containing signal peptides, and they were secreted via Sec pathway. Among the 163 predicted secreted proteins, the signal peptides of 47 secreted proteins included only the H-domain and C-domain, without N-domain, but the signal peptides of other 116 secreted proteins included all the three domains. There were differences in the constitution of signal peptides between the secreted proteins of S. cerevisiae and of Candida albicans, but the length and amino acids types of their signal peptides were similar in general. Few of the same signal peptides occurred in the secreted proteins of S. cerevisiae genome, and the homology could be compared among the secreted proteins with the same signal peptides. The BLAST 2 SEQUENECES and CLUSTAL W were used to align the two protein sequences and multi-protein sequences, respectively. The alignment result indicated that homology of these sequences with the same signal peptide was very highly conservative in amino acid of complete gene. The effect of the signal peptides in S. cerevisia on expression of foreign eukaryotic secreted proteins is discussed in this paper.     

Genetic and pharmacological suppression of oncogenic mutations in ras genes of yeast and humans

The activity of an oncoprotein and the secretion of a pheromone can be affected by an unusual protein modification. Specifically, posttranslational modification of yeast a-factor and Ras protein requires an intermediate of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. This modification is apparently essential for biological activity. Studies of yeast mutants blocked in sterol biosynthesis demonstrated that the membrane association and biological activation of the yeast Ras2 protein require mevalonate, a precursor of sterols and other isoprenes such as farnesyl pyrophosphate. Furthermore, drugs that inhibit mevalonate biosynthesis blocked the in vivo action of oncogenic derivatives of human Ras protein in the Xenopus oocyte assay. The same drugs and mutations also prevented the posttranslational processing and secretion of yeast a-factor, a peptide that is farnesylated. Thus, the mevalonate requirement for Ras activation may indicate that attachment of a mevalonate-derived (isoprenoid) moiety to Ras proteins is necessary for membrane association and biological function. These observations establish a connection between the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway and transformation by the ras oncogene and offer a novel pharmacological approach to investigating, and possibly controlling, ras-mediated malignant transformations.     

嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM双精氨酸分泌信号肽蛋白的预测分析

[目的]对嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM中Tat途径分泌信号肽蛋白进行预测分析。[方法]以嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM基因组序列为对象,采用Signal P4.0、Lipo P1.0、Tat P软件分析该菌株基因组中的双精氨酸途径分泌信号肽蛋白。[结果]嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM中有酶切位点也有motif的Tat途径信号肽蛋白94个。[结论]对嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM中Tat途径分泌信号肽蛋白的预测分析,为进一步分析该菌胞外蛋白的分泌机制打下基础。     

枯草芽孢杆菌subtilis str.168双精氨酸途径分泌蛋白预测及功能分析

[目的]对枯草芽孢杆菌subtilis str.168双精氨酸转运途径(Tat)分泌蛋白进行预测和功能分析。[方法]从NCBI中选取枯草芽孢杆菌subtilis str.168基因组注释的蛋白质氨基酸序列,然后用Signal P 4.0、Lipo P、Tat P、TMHMM 2.0软件分析该基因组中双精氨酸途径的分泌蛋白,同时采用COG功能数据库对预测的分泌蛋白进行功能注释和聚类分析。[结果]通过分析发现108个有motif没有酶切位点的Tat信号肽蛋白、25个有酶切位点没有motif的Tat信号肽蛋白、124个既有酶切位点也有motif的Tat信号肽蛋白,其中105个蛋白归为Tat途径的分泌蛋白。[结论]对枯草芽孢杆菌Tat途径分泌蛋白的基因组预测和功能分析,将为分析该菌胞外蛋白的分泌机制打下基础。     

Stabilizing isopeptide bonds revealed in gram-positive bacterial pilus structure

Many bacterial pathogens have long, slender pili through which they adhere to host cells. The crystal structure of the major pilin subunit from the Gram-positive human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes at 2.2 angstroms resolution reveals an extended structure comprising two all-beta domains. The molecules associate in columns through the crystal, with each carboxyl terminus adjacent to a conserved lysine of the next molecule. This lysine forms the isopeptide bonds that link the subunits in native pili, validating the relevance of the crystal assembly. Each subunit contains two lysine-asparagine isopeptide bonds generated by an intramolecular reaction, and we find evidence for similar isopeptide bonds in other cell surface proteins of Gram-positive bacteria. The present structure explains the strength and stability of such Gram-positive pili and could facilitate vaccine development.     

Proteomic analysis of pathogen-responsive proteins from maize stem apoplast triggered by Fusarium verticillioides

During the attack of a pathogen, a variety of defense-associated proteins are released by the host plant in the apoplast to impede the perceived attack. This study utilized the mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) and label-free quantification method to analyze the apoplastic fluid(APF) from maize stalk and identified the proteins responsive to the Fusarium verticillioides infection. We have identified 742 proteins, and among these, 119 proteins were differentially accumulated(DAPs), i.e., 35 up-regulate...     

Dual activation of the Drosophila toll pathway by two pattern recognition receptors

The Toll-dependent defense against Gram-positive bacterial infections in Drosophila is mediated through the peptidoglycan recognition protein SA (PGRP-SA). A mutation termed osiris disrupts the Gram-negative binding protein 1 (GNBP1) gene and leads to compromised survival of mutant flies after Gram-positive infections, but not after fungal or Gram-negative bacterial challenge. Our results demonstrate that GNBP1 and PGRP-SA can jointly activate the Toll pathway. The potential for a combination of distinct proteins to mediate detection of infectious nonself in the fly will refine the concept of pattern recognition in insects.     

增强异源蛋白在植物体内表达的研究进展

简述了利用植物生产异源蛋白的意义 ,从改变调控元件、利用融合基因和分泌途径及异源蛋白的细胞定位几个方面综述了增强异源蛋白在植物体内表达的几种策略     

Molecular sorting in the secretory pathway

Proteins can be secreted from animal cells by either a constitutive or a regulated pathway; those destined for regulated secretion are actively sorted into dense-core secretory granules. Although sorting is generally assumed to be accomplished by specific carriers, the nature of these carriers remains elusive. In this study, peptide hormones were used as affinity ligands to purify a set of 25-kilodalton proteins from canine pancreatic tissue. Their ligand specificities and patterns of expression have the characteristics of sorting carriers.     

Legionella effectors that promote nonlytic release from protozoa

Legionella pneumophila, the bacterial agent of legionnaires' disease, replicates intracellularly within a specialized vacuole of mammalian and protozoan host cells. Little is known about the specialized vacuole except that the Icm/Dot type IV secretion system is essential for its formation and maintenance. The Legionella genome database contains two open reading frames encoding polypeptides (LepA and LepB) with predicted coiled-coil regions and weak homology to SNAREs; these are delivered to host cells by an Icm/Dot-dependent mechanism. Analysis of mutant strains suggests that the Lep proteins may enable the Legionella to commandeer a protozoan exocytic pathway for dissemination of the pathogen.     

浅谈水稻两段式育苗栽培技术

水稻是我国主要的农作物,但是由于北方寒地气候等条件的特殊性,如果想要种植出优质、高产的水稻必须有优良的栽培技术做支持。推广两段育苗栽培技术是提高稻米产量和品质的重要技术措施之一。本文讲述在应用两段育苗栽培技术的生产实践中,要把握好的一些技术环节。     

乌药水提液对腹泻型肠易激综合征模型大鼠Ghrelin、MTL、SP、Sec水平的影响

目的 探讨乌药水提液对腹泻型肠易激综合征（diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, IBS-D）大鼠血清生长激素释放肽（Ghrelin）、胃动素（Motilin,MTL）、P物质（P substance,SP）、促胰液素（Secretin,Sec）水平的影响。方法 将60只大鼠随机分成6组,采用单只孤养1周+番泻叶煎剂灌胃2周+慢性束缚应激1周造模法建立IBS-D大鼠模型,分别给予乌药水提液低、中、高剂量,匹维溴铵灌胃干预。采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测各组大鼠血清Ghrelin、MTL、SP、Sec含量。结果 与空白对照组比较,模型对照组SP、 Ghrelin、MTL水平显著升高,Sec水平降低（P<0.01）,提示造模成功;与模型对照组比较,乌药水提液低、中、高剂量组以及阳性对照组血清SP、MTL水平均明显降低,Sec水平均显著升高（P<0.01）,乌药水提液低、中、高剂量组以及阳性对照组对Ghrelin影响无显著差异（P>0.05）。结论 乌药水提液可能通过降低大鼠血清SP、MTL水平来改善IBS-D大鼠腹痛、腹泻症状。     

Chaperone activity of protein O-fucosyltransferase 1 promotes notch receptor folding

Notch proteins are receptors for a conserved signaling pathway that affects numerous cell fate decisions. We found that in Drosophila, Protein O-fucosyltransferase 1 (OFUT1), an enzyme that glycosylates epidermal growth factor-like domains of Notch, also has a distinct Notch chaperone activity. OFUT1 is an endoplasmic reticulum protein, and its localization was essential for function in vivo. OFUT1 could bind to Notch, was required for the trafficking of wild-type Notch out of the endoplasmic reticulum, and could partially rescue defects in secretion and ligand binding associated with Notch point mutations. This ability of OFUT1 to facilitate folding of Notch did not require its fucosyltransferase activity. Thus, a glycosyltransferase can bind its substrate in the endoplasmic reticulum to facilitate normal folding.     

Proteins in a nonvenomous defensive secretion: biosynthetic significance

In common with many arthropods, the true bug, Leptoglossus phyllopus, when disturbed, emits a two-phase secretion that consists of an organic phase and an aqueous phase. The organic phase is a mixture of highly reactive low-molecular-weight compounds, analogous to those produced by other arthropods, and is deterrent to many kinds of predators. The aqueous phase, heretofore ignored in most analyses of arthropod defensive secretions, contains proteins. Even though the secretion is not injected, the proteins enzymatically catalyze the derivation of the most reactive components within the impermeable cuticular storage reservoir and, thus, constitute part of the defensive system that appears to be commonly used by arthropods producing irritating chemicals.     

Passage of heme-iron across the envelope of Staphylococcus aureus

The cell wall envelope of Gram-positive pathogens functions as a scaffold for the attachment of virulence factors and as a sieve that prevents diffusion of molecules. Here the isd genes (iron-regulated surface determinant) of Staphylococcus aureus were found to encode factors responsible for hemoglobin binding and passage of heme-iron to the cytoplasm, where it acts as an essential nutrient. Heme-iron passage required two sortases that tether Isd proteins to unique locations within the cell wall. Thus, Isd appears to act as an import apparatus that uses cell wall-anchored proteins to relay heme-iron across the bacterial envelope.