Full three-dimensional photonic bandgap crystals at near-infrared wavelengths

An artificial crystal structure has been fabricated exhibiting a full three-dimensional photonic bandgap effect at optical communication wavelengths. The photonic crystal was constructed by stacking 0.7-micrometer period semiconductor stripes with the accuracy of 30 nanometers by advanced wafer-fusion technique. A bandgap effect of more than 40 decibels (which corresponds to 99.99% reflection) was successfully achieved. The result encourages us to create an ultra-small optical integrated circuit including a three-dimensional photonic crystal waveguide with a sharp bend.     

Simultaneous inhibition and redistribution of spontaneous light emission in photonic crystals

Inhibiting spontaneous light emission and redistributing the energy into useful forms are desirable objectives for advances in various fields, including photonics, illuminations, displays, solar cells, and even quantum-information systems. We demonstrate both the "inhibition" and "redistribution" of spontaneous light emission by using two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals, in which the refractive index is changed two-dimensionally. The overall spontaneous emission rate is found to be reduced by a factor of 5 as a result of the 2D photonic bandgap effect. Simultaneously, the light energy is redistributed from the 2D plane to the direction normal to the photonic crystal.     

二维方柱光子晶体的波导特性

具有缺陷的光子晶体,光子频率带隙内将出现局域模,而线缺陷相应地形成一个传输效率很高的光波导.计算了空气中Al材料的旋转四边形直柱光子晶体存在线缺陷时的带结构和态密度,给出了二维方形光子晶体的波导的TM模的电场分布,并讨论了波导耦合的传输效率.     

Polarization mode control of two-dimensional photonic crystal laser by unit cell structure design

We demonstrate polarization mode selection in a two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal laser by controlling the geometry of the unit cell structure. As the band diagram of the square-lattice photonic crystal is influenced by the unit cell structure, calculations reveal that changing the structure from a circular to an elliptical geometry should result in a strong modification of the electromagnetic field distributions at the band edges. Such a structural modification is expected to provide a mechanism for controlling the polarization modes of the emitted light. A square-lattice photonic crystal with the elliptical unit cell structure has been fabricated and integrated with a gain media. The observed coherent 2D lasing action with a single wavelength and controlled polarization is in good agreement with the predicted behavior.     

缺陷和变周期结构光子晶体特性研究

构建了介质柱间距变化的变周期结构以及介质柱半径线缺陷两种二维光子晶体模型,并将时域有限差分法用于其能带特性研究。数值计算结果表明,在二维正方格光子晶体结构的基础上,一定范围内逐渐增加圆介质柱之间的距离,光子晶体的禁带宽度会增大,同时禁带的中心频率偏向低频方向,而采用相邻列介质柱半径交替变化的缺陷结构,也将使光子晶体的禁带发生相应的变化。     

缺陷和变周期结构光子晶体特性研究

构建了介质柱间距变化的变周期结构以及介质柱半径线缺陷两种二维光子晶体模型,并将时域有限差分法用于其能带特性研究。数值计算结果表明,在二维正方格光子晶体结构的基础上,一定范围内逐渐增加圆介质柱之间的距离,光子晶体的禁带宽度会增大,同时禁带的中心频率偏向低频方向,而采用相邻列介质柱半径交替变化的缺陷结构,也将使光子晶体的禁带发生相应的变化。     

左右手材料构成的一维光子晶体的态密度

推导出了由左右手材料构成的双层结构的转移矩阵，计算了由N个该双层结构周期性排列所形成的一雏有限长度光子晶体沿其轴线方向的态密度．计算表明：在一定条件下，禁带中出现了非寻常的态密度．这些禁带中的态密度是由左右手材料构成的一维光子晶体所特有的，它们可用于制造完全不同于常规滤波器的、频带狭窄的新型滤波器．     

4-氨基-3,5二-（4-吡啶基）-1,2,4三-氮唑-Cu（Ⅰ）配合物的溶剂热合成及结构表征

采用CuBr与4-氨基-3,5-二（4-吡啶基）-1,2,4-三氮唑配体（4-abpt）在溶剂热条件下合成了配合物[CuBr（4-abpt）],并用红外光谱、元素分析及X-射线单晶衍射对其进行了结构表征.结果表明,该配合物中Cu（Ⅰ）呈现四面体配位几何,4-abpt采取μ3-桥连模式与μ3-Cu（Ⅰ）在ab平面形成了具有（4.82）拓扑结构的[Cu-（4-abpt）]层,相邻层间通过N-H…Br氢键作用和π-π堆积构筑成三维超分子网络.配合物结晶于单斜晶系,P2（1）/n空间群,a=0.768 97（6）nm,b=1.332 70（10）nm,c=1.263 38（9）nm,β=91.388（2）,V=1.294 34（17）nm3,Z=4,S=1.050,R1=0.023 1,wR2=0.056 7[I〉2σ（I）].     

4-氨基-3,5二-（4-吡啶基）-1,2,4三-氮唑-Cu（Ⅰ）配合物的溶剂热合成及结构表征

采用CuBr与4-氨基-3,5-二（4-吡啶基）-1,2,4-三氮唑配体（4-abpt）在溶剂热条件下合成了配合物[CuBr（4-abpt）],并用红外光谱、元素分析及X-射线单晶衍射对其进行了结构表征.结果表明,该配合物中Cu（Ⅰ）呈现四面体配位几何,4-abpt采取μ3-桥连模式与μ3-Cu（Ⅰ）在ab平面形成了具有（4.82）拓扑结构的[Cu-（4-abpt）]层,相邻层间通过N-H…Br氢键作用和π-π堆积构筑成三维超分子网络.配合物结晶于单斜晶系,P2（1）/n空间群,a=0.768 97（6）nm,b=1.332 70（10）nm,c=1.263 38（9）nm,β=91.388（2）,V=1.294 34（17）nm3,Z=4,S=1.050,R1=0.023 1,wR2=0.056 7[I〉2σ（I）].     

One-dimensional fast migration of vacancy clusters in metals

The migration of point defects, for example, crystal lattice vacancies and self-interstitial atoms (SIAs), typically occurs through three-dimensional random walk in crystalline solids. However, when vacancies and SIAs agglomerate to form planar clusters, the migration mode may change. We observed nanometer-sized clusters of vacancies exhibiting one-dimensional (1D) fast migration. The 1D migration transported a vacancy cluster containing several hundred vacancies with a mobility higher than that of a single vacancy random walk and a mobility comparable to a single SIA random walk. Moreover, we found that the 1D migration may be a key physical mechanism for self-organization of nanometer-sized sessile vacancy cluster (stacking fault tetrahedron) arrays. Harnessing this 1D migration mode may enable new control of defect microstructures such as effective defect removal and introduction of ordered nanostructures in materials, including semiconductors.     

一维类梳状波导光子晶体的频率带隙宽度

一维类梳状波导是由在一维主链上周期性接枝而形成的光子晶体，利用界面响应理论可导出波导的色散关系，据此分别讨论了这种光子晶体的带隙宽度与波导接枝参数之间的关系，接枝的介电常数和长度的变化将会使对带隙的宽度发生改变，通过数值计算发现，对于不同类型的接枝，参数变化引起的带隙宽度的变化趋势基本相同，而不同的参数产生的影响则有很大差别。特别的，当参数变化至某些特定点时带隙将会消失，这和其他类型的光子晶体完全不同，带隙的消失不是因为缺陷而仅仅是因为参数改变的影响。     

Post-perovskite phase transition in MgSiO3

In situ x-ray diffraction measurements of MgSiO3 were performed at high pressure and temperature similar to the conditions at Earth's core-mantle boundary. Results demonstrate that MgSiO3 perovskite transforms to a new high-pressure form with stacked SiO6-octahedral sheet structure above 125 gigapascals and 2500 kelvin (2700-kilometer depth near the base of the mantle) with an increase in density of 1.0 to 1.2%. The origin of the D" seismic discontinuity may be attributed to this post-perovskite phase transition. The new phase may have large elastic anisotropy and develop preferred orientation with platy crystal shape in the shear flow that can cause strong seismic anisotropy below the D" discontinuity.     

对称结构一维三元光子晶体的透射谱和电场分布

用传输矩阵法研究对称结构一维三元光子晶体(ABC)n(CBA)n的透射谱及内部电场分布,结果发现:随着n的增加,出现的单条透射峰越加锋锐,光子晶体内部局域场越强;当增加介质层A或C的折射率时,透射峰向长波方向移动,且随着nA的增加,光子晶体内部局域场逐渐减弱,而随着nC的增加,光子晶体内部局域场则逐渐增强.这些传输特性可为光子晶体设计和制造新型光学器件提供参考.     

Quantum cascade surface-emitting photonic crystal laser

We combine photonic and electronic band structure engineering to create a surface-emitting quantum cascade microcavity laser. A high-index contrast two-dimensional photonic crystal is used to form a micro-resonator that simultaneously provides feedback for laser action and diffracts light vertically from the surface of the semiconductor surface. A top metallic contact allows electrical current injection and provides vertical optical confinement through a bound surface plasmon wave. The miniaturization and tailorable emission properties of this design are potentially important for sensing applications, while electrical pumping can allow new studies of photonic crystal and surface plasmon structures in nonlinear and near-field optics.     

Stimulated Raman scattering in hydrogen-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber

We report on stimulated Raman scattering in an approximately 1-meter-long hollow-core photonic crystal fiber filled with hydrogen gas under pressure. Light was guided and confined in the 15-micrometer-diameter hollow core by a two-dimensional photonic bandgap. Using a pulsed laser source (pulse duration, 6 nanoseconds; wavelength, 532 nanometers), the threshold for Stokes (longer wavelength) generation was observed at pulse energies as low as 800 +/- 200 nanojoules, followed by a coherent anti-Stokes (shorter wavelength) generation threshold at 3.4 +/- 0.7 microjoules. The pump-to-Stokes conversion efficiency was 30 +/- 3% at a pulse energy of only 4.5 microjoules. These energies are almost two orders of magnitude lower than any other reported energy, moving gas-based nonlinear optics to previously inaccessible parameter regimes of high intensity and long interaction length.     

Electrically driven single-cell photonic crystal laser

We report the experimental demonstration of an electrically driven, single-mode, low threshold current (approximately 260 microA) photonic band gap laser operating at room temperature. The electrical current pulse is injected through a sub-micrometer-sized semiconductor wire at the center of the mode with minimal degradation of the quality factor. The actual mode of interest operates in a nondegenerate monopole mode, as evidenced through the comparison of the measurement with the computation based on the actual fabricated structural parameters. As a small step toward a thresholdless laser or a single photon source, this wavelength-size photonic crystal laser may be of interest to photonic crystals, cavity quantum electrodynamics, and quantum information communities.     

Excitation of orbital angular momentum resonances in helically twisted photonic crystal fiber

Spiral twisting offers additional opportunities for controlling the loss, dispersion, and polarization state of light in optical fibers with noncircular guiding cores. Here, we report an effect that appears in continuously twisted photonic crystal fiber. Guided by the helical lattice of hollow channels, cladding light is forced to follow a spiral path. This diverts a fraction of the axial momentum flow into the azimuthal direction, leading to the formation of discrete orbital angular momentum states at wavelengths that scale linearly with the twist rate. Core-guided light phase-matches topologically to these leaky states, causing a series of dips in the transmitted spectrum. Twisted photonic crystal fiber has potential applications in, for example, band-rejection filters and dispersion control.     

Structures of C3b in complex with factors B and D give insight into complement convertase formation

Activation of the complement cascade induces inflammatory responses and marks cells for immune clearance. In the central complement-amplification step, a complex consisting of surface-bound C3b and factor B is cleaved by factor D to generate active convertases on targeted surfaces. We present crystal structures of the pro-convertase C3bB at 4 angstrom resolution and its complex with factor D at 3.5 angstrom resolution. Our data show how factor B binding to C3b forms an open "activation" state of C3bB. Factor D specifically binds the open conformation of factor B through a site distant from the catalytic center and is activated by the substrate, which displaces factor D's self-inhibitory loop. This concerted proteolytic mechanism, which is cofactor-dependent and substrate-induced, restricts complement amplification to C3b-tagged target cells.     

延安油松人工林地水分生产力与土壤干燥化效应模拟研究

在EPIC模型模拟精度验证基础上,应用EPIC模型定量模拟研究了延安45年(1957～2001年)实时气象条件下,油松人工林地的水分生产力1、0 m土层土壤有效含水量的变化动态和土壤湿度剖面分布特征,以揭示较长时段内油松人工林地的水分生产力变化规律和土壤干燥化效应。模拟结果表明:(1)1～13年生(1957～1969年)油松人工林水分生产力变化受降水量的影响不大,土壤水分足够维持油松较高的生产力,生物量平均值为3.1 t/hm2;14～45年生(1970～2001年)油松人工林水分生产力呈波动性下降趋势,其波动与降水量波动呈相同的趋势,生物量平均值为2 t/hm2。(2)延安油松人工林地0～10 m土层逐月土壤有效含水量模拟值,模拟前期(1～8年生)在较高(1 300～1 490 mm)水平上波动,模拟中前期(9～15年生)呈现明显的逐年降低趋势,土壤干燥化趋势十分强烈,模拟中后期(16～43年生)在较低水平上(0～180.0 mm)波动,模拟后期(44～45年生)油松死亡后土壤有效含水量逐年上升。(3)随着油松生长年限的延长和根系扎深,油松林地土壤的干层逐年加深和加厚;14年生以后,1～10 m深层土壤湿度稳定维持在每米土层0.12 m左右的含水量状态,表明油松人工林地1～10 m土层已经全部干燥化。综上所述,延安油松人工林地水分持续利用的最大年限为15年左右。     

基于三维点云的苹果树冠层光照分布模型研究

为给果园精细管理中果树修枝整形、果实品质评价以及果实产量估算等提供科学的理论依据和技术指导,以果园自然开心形苹果树为研究对象,基于果树三维点云结构,进行果树冠层空间光照分布建模研究。用三维点云重构技术和点云分割技术获取果树不同高度的点云分层,分别使用像素占比和Graham扫描算法计算各高度点云分层垂直投影的有效投影面积和占地面积及有效叶面积指数。以果树冠层不同高度层的有效叶面积指数为自变量,对不同高度层平均相对光照强度进行线性回归,获得果树冠层光照分布模型,并对模型进行验证。结果表明:所建果树冠层光照分布模型的校正决定系数R2c为0.924,校正均方根误差RMSEC为0.05,验证决定系数R2v为0.955,验证均方根误差RMSEP为0.04,相对分析误差RPD为4.91。该模型具有较高的预测精度和较强的预测能力。