等氮量下不同分施次数对燥红壤N2O排放的影响

通过室内培养试验研究等氮量下不同施肥次数对N_2O排放的影响。试验设一次性施氮(S1,将200 mg/kg氮肥一次性施入土壤),二次分施(S2,将200 mg/kg氮肥分两次平均施入土壤),三次分施(S3,将200 mg/kg氮肥分80、60、60 mg/kg 3次施入土壤)和空白(CK,不施肥)4个处理。培养在65%田间持水量,30℃恒温箱中进行。结果表明,氮肥施入显著促进土壤N_2O排放;等施氮量下,不同分施次数使土壤pH呈显著性差异,而土壤pH的差异又影响了土壤N_2O累积排放量;分施次数越多,土壤酸化程度越强,N_2O累积排放量越少。因此,在等施氮量下,要充分考虑土壤酸化、N_2O排放、NO–3-N积累以及施肥成本等,确定合理分施次数。     

华北平原农田N2O排放通量的高频动态观测

N_2O是主要源自农田的重要温室气体之一,可破坏臭氧层而导致全球增温。目前对N_2O的原位高频观测尚不多。为完善N_2O的观测方法,为华北地区N_2O变化研究提供参考,本研究以华北平原典型农田为研究对象,利用新型的N_2O测定仪器TGA200A,进行实时、自动、昼夜连续地观测中国科学院禹城综合试验站农田大气N_2O的日动态变化。本次观测自2017年6月中旬玉米播种后开始,持续至2017年9月(8月份仪器调试)。结果显示:1)晴朗天气下,农田大气N_2O呈现出夜晚(0:00—6:00、18:00—24:00)高(0.618~1.171 mg·m-3)、白天(6:00—18:00)低(0.526~1.145 mg·m-3)的趋势,而白天高温又促进农田N_2O排放,在午后15:00—17:00大多出现1次峰值,表明温度的促进作用存在滞后性。2)降雨天气下,农田N_2O在适当的雨量下逐渐增加(3 h内增加0.033 mg·m-3),且存在累积效应,但过度淹水后N_2O表现出逐渐降低的趋势。3)大风天气下,N_2O的浓度产生变化,但规律并不明显。研究结果表明,利用TGA200A可以实现对温室气体N_2O的实时、连续、动态的自动观测,观测结果具有较高可信度,可以反映出当前华北地区农田N_2O在不同环境要素(温度、降水及大风)下的动态变化趋势。     

地膜覆盖对土壤中N2O释放的影响

研究地膜覆盖下土壤中N₂O释放可为进一步探明膜下土壤中N₂O的传输、消耗和排放到大气的动力学过程提供理论依据。在2001年3月至6月和2001年10月至2002年6月连续两个冬小麦生长季，采用静态漏斗法和揭膜—封闭箱法测定了地膜覆盖下耕层5、10、20 cm土层处和地表处N₂O的释放特征及相应土壤性质。结果表明：地膜覆盖下，地表和耕层10、20 cm土层处N₂O释放通量显著增加；0～5 cm土层土壤水分和10～20 cm土层土壤硝态氮的浓度的变化分别解释了休闲地和冬小麦地土壤中N₂O释放通量85.23%和92.11%的变异，它们是膜下休闲地和冬小麦地土壤中N₂O释放通量增加的主要原因。该结论对地膜覆盖下科学地控制农田水分、养分以及地膜覆盖在中国西北地区的科学使用和推行具有实际意义。     

稻鸭共作对不同栽培环境稻季CH4和N2O排放的影响

稻田是大气温室气体甲烷(CH₄)和氧化亚氮(N₂O)的重要排放源, 稻田温室气体减排一直是生态农业研究的热点。目前, 采用水稻品种选择利用、水分控制管理、肥料运筹管理、耕作制度调整以及种养结合模式等方法来减少稻田温室气体排放有较好实践效应, 但不同稻田栽培环境(露地、网室)基础上的稻鸭共作对麦秸全量还田的稻田温室气体排放特征及相关土壤理化特性关联性的影响尚为少见。本研究采用裂区设计, 在两种栽培环境条件下, 以无鸭子放养的常规稻作和麦秸不还田为对照, 在等养分条件下分析麦秸全量还田与稻鸭共作模式对稻田土壤氧化还原电位、CH₄排放量、产CH₄潜力及CH₄氧化能力、N₂O排放量及N₂O排放高峰期土壤反硝化酶活性、全球增温潜势、水稻产量的影响, 为稻田可持续生产和温室气体减排提供参考。结果表明, 麦秆还田增加了稻田产CH₄潜力、提高了CH₄排放量, 降低了稻田土壤反硝化酶活性、土壤氧化还原电位和N₂O排放量, 整体上导致全球增温潜势上升96.89%~123.02%; 稻鸭共作模式, 由于鸭子的不间断活动提高了稻田土壤氧化还原电位, 降低了稻田产CH₄潜力, 增强了稻田CH₄氧化能力, 从而降低稻田CH₄排放量, N₂O排放量虽有提高, 整体上稻鸭共作模式的全球增温潜势较无鸭常规稻田下降8.72%~14.18%; 网室栽培模式显著提高了稻田土壤氧化还原电位, 降低稻田产CH₄潜力、CH₄氧化能力和土壤反硝化酶活性, 减少了稻田CH₄和N₂O排放量, 全球增温潜势降低6.35%~13.14%。本试验条件下, 稻田土壤的CH₄氧化能力是产CH₄潜力的2.21~3.81倍; 相同环境条件下, 稻鸭共作和麦秸还田均能增加水稻实际产量, 网室栽培的所有处理较相应的露地栽培减少了水稻实际产量1.19%~5.48%。本试验表明, 稻鸭共作和网室栽培可减缓全球增温潜势, 稻鸭共作和麦秸还田能够增加水稻实际产量。     

典型菜地土壤剖面N2O、CH4与CO2分布特征研究

为探究菜地土壤剖面N2O、CH4与CO2时空分布特征,利用地下气体原位采集系统与气相色谱法,周年动态监测3种典型菜地,即休闲裸地、轮作地Ⅰ(芹菜?空心菜?小白菜?苋菜)以及轮作地Ⅱ(菜心?芹菜?空心菜?大青菜)7 cm、15 cm、30 cm与50 cm土层N2O、CH4与CO2浓度变化。结果表明,0~50 cm土层范围内,N2O、CH4与CO2 3种气体浓度周年变异性较大,变幅分别为0.63~1 657.0μL(N2O)?L?1、0.8~72.5μL(CH4)?L?1和0.41~36.6 m L(CO2)?L?1。轮作地Ⅰ与轮作地Ⅱ的N2O平均浓度随土壤深度增加而增加,休闲裸地则呈现先增加(0~30 cm)后降低(30~50 cm)的变化趋势。两种轮作菜地4个土层N2O平均浓度均显著高于休闲裸地,二者氮肥施用量不同并未造成相同土层间N2O平均浓度的显著差异。3种菜地CH4与CO2平均浓度均呈现50 cm30 cm15 cm7 cm的梯度特征。轮作地Ⅰ与轮作地Ⅱ0~15 cm土层CH4平均浓度均大于休闲裸地,而在15~50 cm土层则分别大于和小于休闲裸地。CO2浓度呈现明显的季节性变化,除轮作地Ⅰ50 cm土层外,两种轮作菜地其他土层CO2平均浓度均小于休闲裸地对应土层。可见,蔬菜地高氮肥施用、多频次耕作等复杂管理使得N2O、CH4与CO2表现出较大的时空变异特征,其中氮肥施用对N2O的影响大于CH4与CO2,CH4受施肥与耕作的影响均较小,CO2显著受土壤温度与耕作措施的影响,在此基础上需进一步探究N2O、CH4与CO2的其他影响因素。     

田间老化生物质炭减缓稻麦轮作系统土壤N2O排放能力降低的机理

作为一种重要的土壤调节剂,生物质炭在固碳减排,尤其在氧化亚氮(N₂O)减排方面的作用日益突出。本研究通过田间定位试验,分析稻麦轮作体系新鲜和田间不同时间老化生物质炭对N₂O排放的影响,旨在明确生物质炭对田间N₂O排放的持续效应及其作用机理。试验共设置5个处理,分别为CK（不施氮肥和生物质炭）、N（施氮肥）、NB_0y（氮肥+新鲜生物质炭）、NB_2y（氮肥+2年老化生物质炭）和NB_5y （氮肥+5年老化生物质炭）,动态监测稻麦轮作周期N₂O排放,测定水稻和小麦收获后土壤理化性质和氮循环功能基因丰度。结果表明,生物质炭显著降低土壤N2O累积排放量32.4% ~ 54.0%,且表现为NB_0y> NB_2y> NB_5y。与N处理相比,NB_0y, NB_2y 和NB_5y处理显著提高土壤pH值0.6 ~ 1.2个单位、土壤有机碳（SOC）含量21.4 % ~ 58.6%、硝态氮（NO_3^--N）含量1.7% ~ 31.3%,对土壤pH改善能力随着生物质炭老化而下降。生物质炭处理显著提高nosZ基因丰度54.9% ~ 249.4%,土壤 (nirS+nirK)/nosZ比值随着生物质炭老化而增加。相关性分析表明,土壤N₂O累积排放量与pH值呈显著负相关,与NO_3^--N含量和amoA-AOB（氨氧化细菌）丰度呈显著正相关。因此,新鲜和田间不同时间老化生物质炭均能显著改善土壤理化特性,降低土壤 N₂O排放且新鲜生物质炭的作用效果优于老化生物质炭。土壤NO_3^--N 含量及(nirS+nirK)/nosZ比值的增加,是导致老化生物质炭减排N₂O能力降低的主要原因。     

施氮及添加硝化抑制剂对苜蓿草地N2O排放的影响

为探究旱作紫花苜蓿(MedicagosativaL.)栽培草地氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放对施氮水平及添加硝化抑制剂的响应特征,采用传统静态箱法研究了不同施氮水平[0kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N0)、 50kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N50)、 100kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N100)和150kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N150)]以及添加硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)150kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N150+DCD)对陇东苜蓿草地N_2O排放特征的影响。结果显示,监测期内N0、N50、N100和N150处理N_2O平均排放速率分别为3.5μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、4.1μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、5.0μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和6.1μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),随着施氮梯度的增加, N_2O排放速率呈增加趋势。添加硝化抑制剂DCD对N_2O排放产生明显的抑制作用。与N150处理相比, N150+DCD处理下苜蓿草地N_2O平均排放速率下降50.7%, N_2O累计排放量显著降低61.6%(P0.05)。施氮对苜蓿产量没有显著影响,而N0、N50、N100和N150处理下单位苜蓿产量N_2O排放量随氮肥梯度的增加而增加,各处理分别为6.5 mg·kg~(-1)、7.8 mg·kg~(-1)、11.3 mg·kg~(-1)和12.5 mg·kg~(-1)。N_2O排放受土壤含水量影响深刻,生长季N_2O排放通量与土壤水分呈显著正相关关系(P0.05),而与土壤温度无显著相关性(P0.05)。综上,旱作紫花苜蓿栽培草地N_2O排放通量随施氮水平的增加明显增加,在相同施氮水平下添加硝化抑制剂DCD能显著抑制N_2O排放。相关研究结果对于该区域苜蓿草地合理施肥以及N_2O减排具有一定的实践指导意义。     

林地转变为耕地对紫色土N2O排放的影响

土地利用方式变化是造成大气中温室气体浓度变化的主要原因之一,但土地利用方式转变,如林地转变为耕地过程对土壤氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放的影响还缺乏系统研究。本研究于2016年7月中旬在四川盆地丘陵区将林地转变为耕地,并按照耕地冬小麦-夏玉米轮作方式,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,对比分析了耕地翻耕不施肥(CL-T)、翻耕施肥(CL-TF)和邻近林地(CK)的土壤N_2O排放过程特征。结果表明,试验期间CL-T、CL-TF土壤N_2O排放通量较CK均显著增加(P0.01),且二者的N_2O排放通量在林地转变为耕地初期均有明显的排放峰。小麦季和玉米季土壤N_2O排放通量[μg(N)·m-2·h-1]均值CK分别为2.52和4.60,CL-T分别为3.55和11.63,CL-TF分别为6.26和22.16,N_2O排放通量玉米季显著高于小麦季。CK、CL-T和CL-TF的土壤N_2O全年累积排放量[mg(N)·hm-2]分别为0.271、0.515和0.957,CL-T、CL-TF较CK分别显著增长89.8%、253.0%,说明林地转变为耕地,紫色土N_2O排放迅速增加。首先翻耕改变土壤结构并显著增加土壤无机氮含量(P0.05),其次施肥大幅增加土壤无机氮含量导致土壤N_2O的激发排放。而土壤温度和水分未发生显著改变(P0.05),种植作物短时间内也未显著改变土壤的N_2O排放。结果表明,林地转变为耕地激发土壤N_2O排放的根本机制可能是提高了土壤有机氮矿化速率。但土地利用转变对土壤氮转化过程的影响以及进而改变土壤N_2O的排放特征的机理有待进一步研究。     

施肥方式对紫色土农田生态系统N2O和NO排放的影响

依托紫色土施肥方式与养分循环长期试验平台(2002年—),采用静态箱-气相色谱法开展紫色土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作周期(2013年10月至2014年10月)农田生态系统N_2O和NO排放的野外原位观测试验。长期施肥方式包括单施氮肥(N)、传统猪厩肥(OM)、常规氮磷钾肥(NPK)、猪厩肥配施氮磷钾肥(OMNPK)和秸秆还田配施氮磷钾肥(RSDNPK)等5种,氮肥用量相同[小麦季130 kg(N)×hm~(-2),玉米季150 kg(N)×hm~(-2)],不施肥对照(CK)用于计算排放系数,对比不同施肥方式对紫色土典型农田生态系统土壤N_2O和NO排放的影响,以期探寻紫色土农田生态系统N_2O和NO协同减排的施肥方式。结果表明,所有施肥方式下紫色土N_2O和NO排放速率波动幅度大,且均在施肥初期出现峰值;强降雨激发N_2O排放,但对NO排放无明显影响。在整个小麦-玉米轮作周期,N、OM、NPK、OMNPK和RSDNPK处理的N_2O年累积排放量分别为1.40 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、4.60 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、0.95 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、2.16kg(N)×hm~(-2)和1.41 kg(N)×hm~(-2),排放系数分别为0.41%、1.56%、0.25%、0.69%、0.42%;NO累积排放量分别为0.57 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、0.40 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、0.39 kg(N)×hm~(-2)、0.46 kg(N)×hm~(-2)和0.17 kg(N)×hm~(-2),排放系数分别为0.21%、0.15%、0.15%、0.17%、0.07%。施肥方式对紫色土N_2O和NO累积排放量具有显著影响(P0.05),与NPK处理比较,OM和OMNPK处理的N_2O排放分别增加384%和127%,同时NO排放分别增加3%和18%;RSDNPK处理的NO排放减少56%。表明长期施用猪厩肥显著增加N_2O和NO排放,而秸秆还田有效减少NO排放。研究表明,土壤温度和水分条件均显著影响小麦季N_2O和NO排放(P0.01),对玉米季N_2O和NO排放没有显著影响(P0.05),土壤无机氮含量则是在小麦-玉米轮作期N_2O和NO排放的主要限制因子(P0.01)。全量秸秆还田与化肥配合施用是紫色土农田生态系统N_2O和NO协同减排的优化施肥方式。     

东鱼河春季沉积物反硝化脱氮作用与N2O排放研究

为研究东鱼河春季沉积物的反硝化脱氮作用以及N_2O产生速率,于2017年5月沿东鱼河采集沉积物和表层水样,分别采用乙炔抑制法和培养法分析测定了反硝化作用和N_2O产生速率,利用顶空法提取水样中N_2O结合双层扩散模型法估算水体N_2O的排放通量,并结合水体理化性质探讨了主要影响因素。结果表明:东鱼河春季沉积物反硝化潜势为7 305.8～26 947.7μmol/(m~2·h),但从上游到下游沿程均呈先增高后波动降低的趋势;沉积物反硝化速率为86.6～694.2μmol/(m~2·h),显著低于对应点位的反硝化潜势(P0.01),且二者的沿程变化规律不一致;反硝化速率仅与沉积物中NH_4~+含量呈显著正相关关系(P0.05),表明其受沉积物和上覆水理化性质的综合影响,且可能存在硝化—反硝化的耦合作用。沉积物N_2O产生速率在19.8～144.3μmol/(m~2·h);水体表现为大气N_2O的排放源,排放通量为170.9～667.8mol/(m~2·h),显著高于对应点位沉积物N_2O的产生速率(P0.01),且与上覆水的DO和NO_2~-含量具有显著正相关关系(P0.05),表明东鱼河在春季除沉积物产生N_2O外,其上覆水中氮转化过程亦是向大气排放N_2O的重要途径之一。     

Determinants of annual fluxes of CO2 and N2O in long-term no-tillage and conventional tillage systems in northern France

The greenhouse gases CO₂ and N₂O emissions were quantified in a long-term experiment in northern France, in which no-till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) had been differentiated during 32 years in plots under a maize–wheat rotation. Continuous CO₂ and periodical N₂O soil emission measurements were performed during two periods: under maize cultivation (April 2003–July 2003) and during the fallow period after wheat harvest (August 2003–March 2004). In order to document the dynamics and importance of these emissions, soil organic C and mineral N, residue decomposition, soil potential for CO₂ emission and climatic data were measured. CO₂ emissions were significantly larger in NT on 53% and in CT on 6% of the days. From April to July 2003 and from November 2003 to March 2004, the cumulated CO₂ emissions did not differ significantly between CT and NT. However, the cumulated CO₂ emissions from August to November 2003 were considerably larger for NT than for CT. Over the entire 331 days of measurement, CT and NT emitted 3160 ± 269 and 4064 ± 138 kg CO₂-C ha⁻¹, respectively. The differences in CO₂ emissions in the two tillage systems resulted from the soil climatic conditions and the amounts and location of crop residues and SOM. A large proportion of the CO₂ emissions in NT over the entire measurement period was probably due to the decomposition of old weathered residues. NT tended to emit more N₂O than CT over the entire measurement period. However differences were statistically significant in only half of the cases due to important variability. N₂O emissions were generally less than 5 g N ha⁻¹ day⁻¹, except for a few dates where emission increased up to 21 g N ha⁻¹ day⁻¹. These N₂O fluxes represented 0.80 ± 0.15 and 1.32 ± 0.52 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ for CT and NT, respectively. Depending on the periods, a large part of the N₂O emissions occurred was probably induced by nitrification, since soil conditions were not favorable for denitrification. Finally, for the period of measurement after 32 years of tillage treatments, the NT system emitted more greenhouses gases (CO₂ and N₂O) to the atmosphere on an annual basis than the CT system.     

Dinitrogen emissions and the N2:N2O emission ratio of a Rendzic Leptosol as influenced by pH and forest thinning

Reduction of nitrous oxide (N₂O) to dinitrogen (N₂) by denitrification in soils is of outstanding ecological significance since it is the prevailing natural process converting reactive nitrogen back into inert molecular dinitrogen. Furthermore, the extent to which N₂O is reduced to N₂ via denitrification is a major regulating factor affecting the magnitude of N₂O emission from soils. However, due to methodological problems in the past, extremely little information is available on N₂ emission and the N₂:N₂O emission ratio for soils of terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, we simultaneously determined N₂ and N₂O emissions from intact soil cores taken from a mountainous beech forest ecosystem. The soil cores were taken from plots with distinct differences in microclimate (warm-dry versus cool-moist) and silvicultural treatment (untreated control versus heavy thinning). Due to different microclimates, the plots showed pronounced differences in pH values (range: 6.3–7.3). N₂O emission from the soil cores was generally very low (2.0 ± 0.5–6.3 ± 3.8 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ at the warm-dry site and 7.1 ± 3.1–57.4 ± 28.5 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ at the cool-moist site), thus confirming results from field measurements. However, N₂ emission exceeded N₂O emission by a factor of 21 ± 6–220 ± 122 at the investigated plots. This illustrates that the dominant end product of denitrification at our plots and under the given environmental conditions is N₂ rather than N₂O. N₂ emission showed a huge variability (range: 161 ± 64–1070 ± 499 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹), so that potential effects of microclimate or silvicultural treatment on N₂ emission could not be identified with certainty. However, there was a significant effect of microclimate on the magnitude of N₂O emission as well as on the mean N₂:N₂O emission ratio. N₂:N₂O emission ratios were higher and N₂O emissions were lower for soil cores taken from the plots with warm-dry microclimate as compared to soil cores taken from the cool-moist microclimate plots. We hypothesize that the increase in the N₂:N₂O emission ratio at the warm-dry site was due to higher N₂O reductase activity provoked by the higher soil pH value of this site. Overall, the results of this study show that the N₂:N₂O emission ratio is crucial for understanding the regulation of N₂O fluxes of the investigated soil and that reliable estimates of N₂ emissions are an indispensable prerequisite for accurately calculating total N gas budgets for the investigated ecosystem and very likely for many other terrestrial upland ecosystems as well.     

施肥方式对冬小麦—夏玉米轮作土壤N_2O排放的影响

氧化亚氮(N_2O)是一种重要的农田温室气体,本研究利用紫色土长期施肥试验平台,采用静态箱/气相色谱法对紫色土旱作农田冬小麦—夏玉米轮作系统的N_2O排放进行了定位观测(2012年11月至2013年9月),研究单施氮肥(N)、常规氮磷钾肥(NPK)、猪厩肥(OM)、猪厩肥配施氮磷钾肥(OMNPK)和秸秆还田配施氮磷钾肥(ICRNPK)等施肥方式对紫色土N_2O排放特征的影响;不施肥(NF)作为对照计算排放系数,以探寻紫色土地区可操作性强、环境友好的施肥方式。结果表明,所有施肥方式的N_2O排放均呈现双峰排放,峰值出现在施肥初期;玉米季N_2O排放峰值显著高于小麦季(p0.05)。在相同的施氮水平(小麦季130 kg hm~(~(-2)),玉米季150 kg hm~(~(-2)))下,施肥方式对N_2O排放和作物产量均有显著影响(p0.05)。N、OM、NPK、OMNPK和ICRNPK处理的土壤N_2O周年累积排放量分别为1.93、1.96、1.12、1.50和0.79 kg hm~(~(-2)),排放系数分别为0.62%、0.63%、0.33%、0.47%和0.21%,全年作物产量分别为4.35、11.95、8.39、9.77、10.93 t hm~(~(-2))。施用猪厩肥显著增加N_2O排放量,而秸秆还田在保证作物产量的同时显著降低N_2O排放量,可作为紫色土地区环境友好的施肥方式。土壤无机氮(NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N)是N_2O排放的主要限制因子。因此,在施氮水平相同时,施肥方式对紫色土活性氮含量的影响导致N_2O排放差异显著,是土壤N_2O排放差异的根本原因。土壤孔隙充水率也是影响N_2O排放的重要环境因子,并且其对N_2O排放的影响存在阈值效应。     

同位素异位体溯源土壤N2O的方法、技术和展望

土壤是N₂O的重要排放来源之一。土壤中N₂O产生途径众多、受多种因素调控，深入分析土壤N₂O产生途径才能采取针对性的减排策略。稳定同位素技术已广泛用于研究土壤N₂O排放，N₂O同位素异位体法是近年来新兴的研究方法。该研究方法通过测定土壤N₂O的同位素组成(δ¹⁵NSPN₂O、δ¹⁸ON₂O和δ¹⁵N^bulkN₂O)分析N₂O排放贡献，因无需添加标记物、对土壤系统干扰小、成本低，适合在野外田间研究N₂O排放，是15N标记方法的有力补充。本文详细介绍了N₂O同位素异位体法的原理、质谱测定方法、定量分析方法、影响该方法的因素及其应用前景。     

Elevated CO2 stimulates N2O emissions in permanent grassland

To evaluate climate forcing under increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, feedback effects on greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide (N₂O) with a high global warming potential should be taken into account. This requires long-term N₂O flux measurements because responses to elevated CO₂ may vary throughout annual courses. Here, we present an almost 9 year long continuous N₂O flux data set from a free air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) study on an old, N-limited temperate grassland. Prior to the FACE start, N₂O emissions were not different between plots that were later under ambient (A) and elevated (E) CO₂ treatments, respectively. However, over the entire experimental period (May 1998–December 2006), N₂O emissions more than doubled under elevated CO₂ (0.90 vs. 2.07 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ under A and E, respectively). The strongest stimulation occurred during vegetative growth periods in the summer when soil mineral N concentrations were low. This was surprising because based on literature we had expected the highest stimulation of N₂O emissions due to elevated CO₂ when mineral N concentrations were above background values (e.g. shortly after N application in spring). N₂O emissions under elevated CO₂ were moderately stimulated during late autumn–winter, including freeze–thaw cycles which occurred in the 8th winter of the experiment. Averaged over the entire experiment, the additional N₂O emissions caused by elevated CO₂ equaled 4738 kg CO₂-equivalents ha⁻¹, corresponding to more than half a ton (546 kg) of CO₂ ha⁻¹ which has to be sequestered annually to balance the CO₂-induced N₂O emissions. Without a concomitant increase in C sequestration under rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, temperate grasslands may be converted into greenhouse gas sources by a positive feedback on N₂O emissions. Our results underline the need to include continuous N₂O flux measurements in ecosystem-scale CO₂ enrichment experiments.     

Tillage effects on N2O emissions as influenced by a winter cover crop

Conservation tillage practices are widely used to protect against soil erosion and soil C losses, whereas winter cover crops are used mainly to protect against N losses during autumn and winter. For the greenhouse gas balance of a cropping system the effect of reduced tillage and cover crops on N₂O emissions may be more important than the effect on soil C. This study monitored emissions of N₂O between September 2008 and May 2009 in three tillage treatments, i.e., conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT) and direct drilling (DD), all with (+CC) or without (−CC) fodder radish as a winter cover crop. Cover crop growth, soil mineral N dynamics, and other soil characteristics were recorded. Furthermore, soil concentrations of N₂O were determined eight times during the monitoring period using permanently installed needles. There was little evidence for effects of the cover crop on soil mineral N. Following spring tillage and slurry application soil mineral N was dominated by the input from slurry. Nitrous oxide emissions during autumn, winter and early spring remained low, although higher emissions from +CC treatments were indicated after freezing events. Following spring tillage and slurry application by direct injection N₂O emissions were stimulated in all tillage treatments, reaching 250-400 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ except in the CT + CC treatment, where emissions peaked at 900 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹. Accumulated emissions ranged from 1.6 to 3.9 kg N₂O ha⁻¹. A strong positive interaction between cover crop and tillage was observed. Soil concentration profiles of N₂O showed a significant accumulation of N₂O in CT relative to RT and DD treatments after spring tillage and slurry application, and a positive interaction between slurry and cover crop residues. A comparison in early May of N₂O emissions with flux estimates based on soil concentration profiles indicated that much of the N₂O emitted was produced near the soil surface.     

生物炭施用下中国农田土壤N2O排放的Meta分析

为明确施加生物炭对中国农田土壤N_2O排放的影响和主要控制因素,以公开发表的试验数据为研究对象,采用Meta-analysis法定量分析了施加生物炭条件下,气候、土壤性质、田间管理方式、生物炭性质与施加量对土壤N_2O排放的影响,并对各影响因素进行通径分析。结果表明,当年降雨量≥600 mm时,生物炭显著降低土壤N_2O排放量(P0.05),且随年降雨量的增加而增强;当年日照时数大于1 000 h时,生物炭对土壤N_2O的减排效果随年日照时数的增加而减弱。当土壤p H≥6.5时,生物炭对土壤N_2O的减排效果随土壤p H的增加呈先增后减趋势;在壤土中施加生物炭对N_2O的减排效果显著(P0.05),而砂土和黏土不显著(P0.05)。生物炭对覆膜土壤N_2O的减排效果优于不覆膜土壤;生物炭对土壤N_2O的减排效果随施氮肥量增加而减弱,而随生物炭比表面积的增加而增强。当生物炭C/N处于30~500时,生物炭施用下土壤N_2O排放量显著降低(P0.05);当生物炭施加量处于20~160 t×hm-2时,生物炭对土壤N_2O的减排效果随施加量增加而增强。生物炭对土壤N_2O减排的影响存在显著的区域性特征,对华南、华东、华中和东北地区影响显著(P0.05),而对西北地区不显著(P0.05);施氮肥量、生物炭施加量、年均温和年降雨量是影响生物炭减排效果的最主要因素,这些因素的相互作用共同影响生物炭对土壤N_2O的减排效果。该研究可为生物炭在我国农区的推广应用和农田N_2O减排提供参考。     

等高绿篱--坡地农业复合系统土壤N2O排放特征

N2O是一种重要的温室气体, 具有很强的温室效应。当前全球变化条件下, 人类活动和农业生产行为产生的N₂O排放增加是当前倍受关注的问题。本研究于2008年11月-2009年10月, 利用静态箱 气相色谱技术对亚热带地区紫穗槐(Amorpha fruticosa L.)绿篱枝叶还田条件下冬小麦 夏玉米轮作田土壤N₂O排放通量进行原位监测, 观测紫穗槐枝叶移出(AR)、翻施(AI)、表施(AC)及作物单作(CK)4种处理下整个生长季土壤N₂O的排放量, 对等高绿篱 坡地农业复合生态系统土壤N₂O排放通量变化及其影响机制进行研究。结果表明, 整个冬小麦 夏玉米轮作期, 4个处理土壤N₂O排放通量呈现出相似的季节变化特征, AR、AI、AC、CK处理全生长季的排放总量为127.62 mg·m^-2、209.66 mg·m^-2、208.73 mg·m^-2、77.52 mg·m^-2。作物不同生育阶段N₂O日均排放通量在冬小麦季表现为: 开花-成熟期>拔节-开花期>出苗-拔节期; 在夏玉米季表现为: 拔节-抽雄期>播种-拔节期>抽雄-成熟期。本试验综合评估了等高绿篱 坡地农业复合生态系统土壤N2O排放通量变化及其影响机制。研究显示, 土壤N₂O排放通量在冬小麦季与土壤温度相关性显著, 在夏玉米季与土壤水分相关性显著。在复合生态系统中紫穗槐复合种植及枝叶还田显著促进土壤N2O排放, 翻施处理产生的N2O量大于表施处理。     

No-till only increases N2O emissions in poorly-aerated soils

Denitrification rates are often greater in no-till than in tilled soils and net soil-surface greenhouse gas emissions could be increased by enhanced soil N₂O emissions following adoption of no-till. The objective of this study was to summarize published experimental results to assess whether the response of soil N₂O fluxes to the adoption of no-till is influenced by soil aeration. A total of 25 field studies presenting direct comparisons between conventional tillage and no-till (approximately 45 site-years of data) were reviewed and grouped according to soil aeration status estimated using drainage class and precipitation during the growing season. The summary showed that no-till generally increased N₂O emissions in poorly-aerated soils but was neutral in soils with good and medium aeration. On average, soil N₂O emissions under no-till were 0.06 kg N ha⁻¹ lower, 0.12 kg N ha⁻¹ higher and 2.00 kg N ha⁻¹ higher than under tilled soils with good, medium and poor aeration, respectively. Our results therefore suggest that the impact of no-till on N₂O emissions is small in well-aerated soils but most often positive in soils where aeration is reduced by conditions or properties restricting drainage. Considering typical soil C gains following adoption of no-till, we conclude that increased N₂O losses may result in a negative greenhouse gas balance for many poorly-drained fine-textured agricultural soils under no-till located in regions with a humid climate.     

Nitrous oxide production and consumption in serially diluted soil suspensions as related to in situ N2O emission in submerged soils

A simple method for characterizing soil microbial community composition relevant to N₂O production and consumption was proposed. Ten-fold series soil dilution was prepared. Nitrate or N₂O was provided as the sole electron acceptor. Nitrous oxide concentration in the headspace gas across the serially diluted soil suspensions was measured against controls. Results showed that the patterns of N₂O production and consumption across the soil suspensions provided useful information on the microbial community composition relevant to N₂O production and consumption in these soils. An independent method, to that proposed here, was also employed to characterize denitrifier community compositions of the same soils. Data indicated that information on the soil microbial community composition characterized by both methods were compatible or mutually supporting and apparently related to in situ N₂O emissions. Soil samples from manure (applied with animal manure plus chemical fertilizer) plots had higher denitrification rates than the samples from normal fertilizer (applied with chemical fertilizer only) plots. It was concluded that functional characteristics of soil microbial communities relevant to N₂O production and consumption could be characterized at ecological levels and may potentially affect N₂O emissions.