新理念视阈下家禽养殖设施工程创新发展

随着我国经济社会的全面转型,经济增速放缓已经成为新常态,我国畜牧业生产结构逐步优化,畜牧业格局正在发生明显变化,畜产品供给结构更趋合理,肉类消费表现出猪肉下降、禽肉增加、牛羊肉消费旺盛的特点,畜禽养殖实现了由分散小规模饲养为主向规模经营为主的历史性跨越。当前我国家禽产业步入了转型发展的新时期,产业安全与家禽业高效发展、环保安全与家禽业绿色发展、生物安全与家禽业健康发展、食品安全与家禽业高质量发展、动物福利与家禽业可持续发展,是家禽业转型发展要解决的关键问题。     

家禽遗传资源可持续利用的挑战与选择

全球的家禽生产大体有两种类型：一种是由国际化高度整合的公司掌控的大规模商品生产，还有一种是一些在最不发达国家中提供了90％家禽产品的小规模家禽生产。规模化商品生产的驱动因素有如下几点：繁殖周期短、单位成本低、研究和投入的规模经济及生产的可控制性。私立研究的精力主要集中在能应用于市场并能得到投资回报的技术研发上。在市场需要改进的技术并且个人的知识产权能受到保护时，最能激励私立研究的热情，迄今为止，技术保护策略和合同惯例在家禽商品生产中处于主导地位，而不是正式的知识产权策略保护。家禽育种公司通过运用杂种优势和后代群体有害分离的方式已经非常成功地保护了优势品种的知识产权。育种公司通过控制纯系(商业机密的一种形式)和出售F。代独占市场。在家禽育种领域，专利还未起多大作用。但是在抗病育种领域将来也许会改变这种状况。本文就家禽遗传素材在发达国家和发展中国家的流动、发展中国家家禽生产的投入以及相关经济和法律问题展开讨论。就遗传资源而言，主要问题在于家禽生产如何分类，这种分类是否对传统的小规模生产产生影响。此文是基于世界动物遗传资源现状的国别报告，以及对遗传资源流动、商业交易和遗传距离测定进行研究的基础上分析完成的。     

家禽营养及未来趋势

正1前言过去50年家禽业取得了显著的发展,禽肉生产成为最成功的养殖产业。肉鸡和蛋鸡生产标准持续提高,目前33~35日龄肉仔鸡活重可达2.5 kg,52周产蛋期内蛋鸡可生产330枚蛋。遗传育种是肉鸡生长改善的主要原因(占85%~90%),营养管理进步的贡献占10%~15%。实现和维持遗传潜能改善的需要推动了家禽营养的发展,使商业化家禽营养及饲养持续改善。在     

未来家禽产业的食品安全挑战

世界禽肉消费在1985～2005年间增长了250％,猪肉消费增长40％.巴西家禽产业在1997～2002年间增长了50％,出口增加超过国内消费.疾病控制、动物福利、饲养管理水平等很大程度上受限于养殖主体的基础和认知,细菌性病原的耐药性和致病性病毒的基因重组是东南亚以及南美国家面临的主要威胁.     

东北农业大学家禽遗传育种团队

正团队简介:东北农业大学家禽遗传育种团队主要依托于国家重点(培育)学科(动物遗传育种与繁殖学科)、农业农村部鸡遗传育种重点实验室及黑龙江省高校重点开放实验室(动物遗传育种与繁殖重点实验室),长期从事家禽遗传育种的基础研究和应用研究,形成了以地方鸡品种资源保护与肉鸡新品种(品系)选育、鸡脂肪性状的遗传基础和家禽重要经济性状的功     

荷兰家禽养殖业

荷兰专业家禽养殖始于 ５０年代和６０年代。政府取消对农场饲养家禽数量的限制并允许自由建场，促进了家禽养殖业的发展。 荷兰家禽生产设施主要集中在某些地区。随着机械化和自动化程度的提高，对劳动力的要求也就降低了：现在一名工作人员一天可照管３５，０００只蛋鸡或６０，０００只肉仔鸡。 一、家禽育种 在荷兰肉仔鸡和蛋鸡育种群的开发与生产由私人公司经营，他们制定了广泛的研究与开发计划，对育种基础群进行开发和改进。基因标记的研究与生物技术是使荷兰家禽业走向世界的关键因素，同时在许多情况下还提供营养、舍饲和动物福利…     

未来十五年欧洲家禽产业展望

过去十年,欧洲家禽业不但要面对新的家禽输出国的挑战,还要面对来自社会对动物福利、食品安全以及生产系统对环境影响关心的与日俱增的双重挑战。从全球范围来看,在这段时期,家禽产量每年增加将近4%。虽然整个欧盟的家禽产量有所增加,但这在很大程度上要归功于新吸收的欧盟成员国。在一些欧盟成员国中,如法国,家禽产量反而下降了20%。这引起了公私利益相关者,尤其是家禽养殖农场主对本国家禽养殖产业未来的关心。调查显示,家禽产业未来十五年的产量不会出现太大的增长,但应该强调的是多学科研究的重要性在于提高家禽生产质量,促进可持续性发展,进而改善家禽业的竞争力。     

家禽育种的未来25年

几十年来,家禽育种一直是提高禽蛋和禽肉生产效率(以较低的生产成本获得较高的产量)的一种永恒的手段。已经达到了家禽遗传潜力的极限呢,还是在未来的25年中仍有可能提高遗传进展?一位遗传学家通过本文对2034年家禽行业的状况提出了他的看法。     

山东省家禽养殖业健康发展问题研究（一）--山东省家禽养殖业健康发展的重要意义及养殖业现状

山东省是畜牧大省,更是家禽养殖大省。经过多年的发展,家禽业在所有畜种中,良种化、规模化、标准化、设施化、产业化、国际化、科技化水平最高,在全国处于领先地位。2012年,全省家禽饲养量达到49.9亿只,占全国的18.4％;肉鸡、肉鸭养殖量居全国首位,也是全国最大的鹅肥肝生产省。随着养殖量的增加,养殖品种、模式、环境、防疫、产品安全、废弃物处理等一系列问题也日益严重,山东省家禽业的健康发展面临许多挑战。因此,从山东实际出发,适应形势发展的要求,针对山东家禽养殖业健康发展问题,研究探讨解决问题的对策,对促进山东家禽养殖业健康发展具有重要作用。     

家禽遗传多样性的丢失

<正>据一位遗传学家的观点,尽管对禽流感、动物福利和消费者喜好等的关注影响了家禽行业的发展,但商用家禽品种遗传多样性的减少反面增强了家禽的弱点,同时     

畜禽其因组选择的研究进展

基因组选择(genomic setection,GS)是继标记辅助选择(marker-assisted selection,MAS)之后发展起来的新一代畜禽遗传评估的新方法.近年来,不少学者从各方面对GS在畜禽育种中的运用进行了研究,结果发现,与其他方法相比,GS优势明显,是当前畜禽遗传育种领域的研究热点.作者系统地阐述了GS估计染色体片段效应的方法及其准确性比较,详细介绍了影响GS准确性的因素、GS的经济效益,以及世界各国学者研究GS在实际育种中的应用情况,最后简述了中国畜禽育种开展GS策略所面临的挑战及其展望.     

富集型鸡笼的发展和应用

为了改善笼养蛋鸡的福利状况,富集型鸡笼产生并被广泛应用。作者介绍了富集型鸡笼的产生和发展概况,并对富集型鸡笼在生产实践中对蛋鸡的影响进行了探讨,评价了未来富集型鸡笼在中国的应用前景。     

Pregnancy recognition signaling mechanisms in ruminants and pigs

Maternal recognition of pregnancy refers to the requirement for the conceptus（embryo and its associated extraembryonic membranes） to produce a hormone that acts on the uterus and/or corpus luteum（CL） to ensure maintenance of a functional CL for production of progesterone;the hormone required for pregnancy in most mammals.The pregnancy recognition signal in primates is chorionic gonadotrophin which acts directly on the CL via luteinizing hormone receptors to ensure maintenance of functional CL during pregnancy.In ruminants,interferon tau（IFNT） is the pregnancy recognition signal.IFNT is secreted during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy and acts on uterine epithelia to silence expression of estrogen receptor alpha and oxytocin receptor which abrogates the oxytocin-dependent release of luteolytic pulses of prostaglandin F2-alpha（PGF） by uterine epithelia;therefore,the CL continues to produce progesterone required for pregnancy.Pig conceptuses secrete interferon delta and interferon gamma during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy,but there is no evidence that they are involved in pregnancy recognition signaling.Rather,pig conceptuses secrete abundant amounts of estrogens between Days 11 to 15 of pregnancy required for maternal recognition of pregnancy.Estrogen,likely in concert with prolactin,prevents secretion of PGF into the uterine venous drainage（endocrine secretion）,but maintains secretion of PGF into the uterine lumen（exocrine secretion） where it is metabolized to a form that is not luteolytic.Since PGF is sequestered within the uterine lumen and unavailable to induce luteolysis,functional CL are maintained for production of progesterone.In addition to effects of chorionic gonadotrophin,IFNT and estrogens to signal pregnancy recognition,these hormones act on uterine epithelia to enhance expression of genes critical for growth and development of the conceptus.     

Effects of creep feeding and supplemental glutamine or glutamine plus glutamate （Aminogut） on pre- and post-weaning growth performance and intestinal health of piglets

Background： Creep feeding is used to stimulate piglet post-weaning feed consumption.L-Glutamine（GLN） is an important source of fuel for intestinal epithelial cells.The objective of this study was to determine the impact of creep feeding and adding GLN or AminoGut（AG;containing glutamine ＋ glutamate） to pre-and post-weaning diets on pig performance and intestinal health.Litters（N = 120） were allotted to four treatments during 14–21 d of lactation： 1） No creep feed（NC,n = 45）;2） creep fed control diet（CFCD,n = 45）;3） creep fed 1% GLN（CFGLN,n = 15）;4） creep fed.88% AG（CFAG,n = 15）.After weaning,the NC and CFCD groups were sub-divided into three groups（n = 15 each）,receiving either a control nursery diet（NC-CD,CFCD-CD） or a diet supplemented with either GLN（NC-GLN,CFCD-GLN） or with AG（NC-AG,CFCD-AG）.Litters that were creep fed with diets containing GLN or AG also were supplemented with those amino acids in the nursery diets（CFGLN-GLN,CFAG-AG）.Glutamine was added at 1% in all three post-weaning diet phases and AG was added at.88% in phase 1 and 2 and at.66% in phase 3.Results： Feed conversion（feed/gain） showed means among treatment means close to significance（P = 0.056） and Tukey＇s test for pairwise mean comparisons showed that Pigs in the CFGLN-GLN group had the best feed conversion（feed/gain） in the first three-week period post-weaning,exceeding（P = 0.044） controls（CFCD-CD） by 34%.The NC-AG group had（P = 0.02） the greatest feed intake in the last three week of the study,exceeding controls（CFCD-CD） by 12%.CFGLN-GLN,CFCD-GLN and sow reared（SR） pigs had the greatest（P = 0.049） villi height exceeding the CFCD-AG group by 18%,20% and 19% respectively.The CFAG-AG group had the deepest（P = 0.001） crypts among all treatments.CFGLN-GLN,CFCD-GLN and SR groups had the greatest（P = 0.001） number of cells proliferating（PCNA） exceeding those in the NC-CD group by 43%,54% and 63% respectively.Sow reared pigs showed the greatest（P = 0.001） intestinal absorption capacity for xylose and mannitol.Conclusion： Supplementation of creep feed and nursery diets with GLN and/or AminoGut in the first three week improved feed conversion possibly due to improved intestinal health.     

Improving efficiency of sow productivity： nutrition and health

This reviews research focused to understand the nutrient requirement and balance to meet the needs of fetal growth,mammary growth,and milk production.This summary will handle how feeding strategies can be adjusted according to the nutrient needs for a sow to enhance productivity and health.Most research data used in this summary are based on the studies conducted by the authors between 1996 and 2013.Nutrient requirements of sows are affected by stage of gestation and parity of sows.Dietary antioxidant concentrations need to be re-evaluated for its sufficiency in sow diets especially to prevent excessive oxidative stress during late gestation and lactation.When feeding sows,consideration of phase feeding of gestating sows and parity feeding of lactating sows could enhances production longevity and health of sows.Use of selected nutrients and additives seems to help productivity and health of sows.     

The immune modifying effects of amino acids on gut-associated lymphoid tissue

The intestine and the gut-associated lymphoid tissue（GALT） are essential components of whole body immune defense,protecting the body from foreign antigens and pathogens,while allowing tolerance to commensal bacteria and dietary antigens.The requirement for protein to support the immune system is well established.Less is known regarding the immune modifying properties of individual amino acids,particularly on the GALT.Both oral and parenteral feeding studies have established convincing evidence that not only the total protein intake,but the availability of specific dietary amino acids（in particular glutamine,glutamate,and arginine,and perhaps methionine,cysteine and threonine） are essential to optimizing the immune functions of the intestine and the proximal resident immune cells.These amino acids each have unique properties that include,maintaining the integrity,growth and function of the intestine,as well as normalizing inflammatory cytokine secretion and improving T-lymphocyte numbers,specific T cell functions,and the secretion of IgA by lamina propria cells.Our understanding of this area has come from studies that have supplemented single amino acids to a mixed protein diet and measuring the effect on specific immune parameters.Future studies should be designed using amino acid mixtures that target a number of specific functions of GALT in order to optimize immune function in domestic animals and humans during critical periods of development and various disease states.     

Forage and breed effects on behavior and temperament of pregnant beef heifers

Background： Integration of behavioral observations with traditional selection schemes may lead to enhanced animal well-being and more profitable forage-based cattle production systems.Brahman-influenced（BR;n = 64） and Gelbvieh × Angus（GA;n = 64） heifers consumed either toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue（E＋） or one of two nontoxic endophyte-infected tall fescue（NT） cultivars during two yr.Heifers were weighed at midpoint and termination of grazing.Grazing behavior（grazing,resting in the shade,lying,or standing without grazing） was recorded（n = 13 visual observations per yr in June and July） for each pasture.During yr 2,exit velocity（EV） and serum prolactin（PRL） were determined.Results： Grazing behavior was influenced（P 0.05） by an interaction between fescue cultivar and breed type.Gelbvieh × Angus heifers assigned to E＋ pastures had the lowest percentage of animals grazing and the largest percentage of animals resting in the shade.Brahman-influenced heifers had faster EV（P 0.001） than GA heifers（0.52 vs.0.74 ± 0.04 s/m,respectively）.Body weight（BW） was affected（P 0.01） by an interaction of tall fescue cultivar and d,and an interaction of tall fescue cultivar and breed type.Heifers grazing NT pastures were heavier（P 0.01） than heifers grazing E＋ pastures at midpoint and termination.Gelbvieh × Angus heifers grazing NT pastures were heavier（P 0.01） than GA and BR heifers grazing E＋ and BR heifers grazing NT pastures.An interaction of forage cultivar and breed type occurred on serum PRL（P 0.01）.Conclusion： Collectively fescue cultivar,EV,and concentrations of serum PRL were associated with grazing behavior.Heifers grazing NT pastures were observed to be grazing more than heifers assigned to E＋ pastures,regardless of breed type,which may have contributed to changes in BW and average daily gain（ADG） in heifers.Integration of behavioral observations along with traditional selection schemes may lead to enhanced animal well-being and more profitable forage-based cattle production systems.     

Development of feeding systems and strategies of supplementation to enhance rumen fermentation and ruminant production in the tropics

The availability of local feed resources in various seasons can contribute as essential sources of carbohydrate and protein which significantly impact rumen fermentation and the subsequent productivity of the ruminant.Recent developments,based on enriching protein in cassava chips,have yielded yeast fermented cassava chip protein（YEFECAP） providing up to 47.5% crude protein（CP）,which can be used to replace soybean meal.The use of fodder trees has been developed through the process of pelleting;Leucaena leucocephala leaf pellets（LLP）,mulberry leaf pellets（MUP） and mangosteen peel and/or garlic pellets,can be used as good sources of protein to supplement ruminant feeding.Apart from producing volatile fatty acids and microbial proteins,greenhouse gases such as methane are also produced in the rumen.Several methods have been used to reduce rumen methane.However,among many approaches,nutritional manipulation using feed formulation and feeding management,especially the use of plant extracts or plants containing secondary compounds（condensed tannins and saponins） and plant oils,has been reported.This approach could help todecrease rumen protozoa and methanogens and thus mitigate the production of methane.At present,more research concerning this burning issue-the role of livestock in global warming-warrants undertaking further research with regard to economic viability and practical feasibility.     

Achievements and Prospects of Aquaculture and Aquafeed Industry in China

This article presents a comprehensive review on the achievements obtained in the past a few decades and the prospects in aquaculture and aquafeed industry in China. The total production of aquaculture in China increased from 2.38 million tons in 1978 to 36 million tons in 2008, growing 15 times in 30 years.