Reduced spray programs for Drosophila suzukii management in berry crops

Since the arrival of Drosophila suzukii M. (Diptera: Drosophilidae), field applications of broad-spectrum insecticides have increased in berry crop production to protect susceptible fruits from infestation. Field studies were conducted from 2011 to 2013 to determine whether alternate row middle or border spray programs could manage D. suzukii as well as complete sprays and have less of an impact on non-target arthropods. Four raspberry sites and one blueberry site were alternate row middle and border sprayed, respectively. Adult and larva counts of D. suzukii were compared to conventional complete spray programs. Non-target arthropods were evaluated 7 d post-harvest. In both reduced spray trials, no differences in mean adult numbers and larvae of D. suzukii were detected between treatments. Mean counts immediately after sprays (i.e. 3–12 d after treatment) were also similar in complete and alternate row sprays. Both reduced spray strategies had significantly more Stethorus spp.; additionally, alternate row sprays had significantly more Psyllobora spp. These reduced pesticide strategies are additional tools to consider in D. suzukii IPM programs that can reduce the area sprayed, application time, and input costs while conserving natural enemies.     

Influence of edible fruit coatings on Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) oviposition and development

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is a highly invasive vinegar fly recently detected in the United States that severely threatens the viability of soft skinned fruit production. Insecticides mitigate some of this damage, but alternative methods to manage D. suzukii infestation are needed. We tested three edible coatings to determine if they could prevent or reduce oviposition by D. suzukii females or affect immature survivorship and development in two important host crops, blueberry and raspberry. None of the coatings prevented oviposition, but some reduced the number of eggs laid. Two carnauba wax-based coatings, PrimaFresh 45 and Raynox, dramatically reduced survivorship of immature D. suzukii in raspberries, but not in blueberries. Our results suggest that obtaining thorough, even coverage in the field will be essential if edible coatings are to be used as a management strategy for D. suzukii.     

几种杀虫剂对斑翅果蝇室内毒力测定

在实验室条件下,选取6种常用杀虫剂,采用胃毒触杀联合毒力测定方法测定了室内成虫种群对这几种药剂的敏感性。毒力测定结果表明:藜芦碱、高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯的毒力相对较高,而阿维菌素、氟虫腈、异丙威的毒力较低。藜芦碱、高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯可作为防治斑翅果蝇的候选药剂。     

不同杀虫剂对烟蓟马的室内毒力与田间防效

烟蓟马是一种世界性害虫,为筛选出高效低毒的药剂,采用叶管药膜法测定了不同药剂对烟蓟马的室内毒力,并开展了田间防效试验。室内毒力测定结果表明,对成虫活性最高的药剂是阿维菌素、乙基多杀菌素和虫螨腈,其LC₅₀均小于1 mg/L;多杀霉素的毒力也较高,其LC₅₀为2.11 mg/L;吡丙醚对2龄若虫表现较高毒力。田间试验结果表明,2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯SC、10%虫螨腈SC和60 g/L乙基多杀菌素SC对烟蓟马药后3~14 d的防效均达90%以上,除100 g/L吡丙醚SC外,其他药剂药后14 d的防效均达80%以上。2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯SC、10%虫螨腈SC和60 g/L乙基多杀菌素SC可作为防治烟蓟马的首选药剂,并交替使用其他药剂。     

几种杀虫剂对棕榈蓟马的室内毒力与田间防效

为筛选出用于防治棕榈蓟马的有效药剂,采用玻璃残留处理法测定了5种药剂对蔬菜上棕榈蓟马的室内毒力,并进行了田间药效试验。室内毒力测定结果表明,杀虫活性最高的是乙基多杀菌素,其48h的LC50值为0.19mg/L;其次是阿维菌素、溴氰虫酰胺和啶虫脒,LC50值为54.45~76.48mg/L,呋虫胺的毒力最低。田间试验结果表明,6%乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂和1.8%阿维菌素乳油对棕榈蓟马药后1~14d的防效均达90.88%以上,明显高于其他3种药剂。6%乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂是防治棕榈蓟马的首选药剂,推荐轮换使用1.8%阿维菌素乳油和10%溴氰虫酰胺可分散油悬浮剂。     

10种杀虫剂对4种蓟马的毒力及对西花蓟马的田间药效评价

蓟马对农作物的危害逐年加重, 为筛选防治蓟马的高效低毒药剂, 采用叶管药膜法测定了10种常用药剂对4种蓟马的室内毒力, 并开展了田间防效试验。室内毒力测定结果表明, 6%乙基多杀菌素SC和10%虫螨腈SC对4种蓟马的毒力相对较高, 25%噻虫嗪WG和5%甲维盐EC的毒力较低, 西花蓟马和瓜蓟马对10种药剂的敏感性低于花蓟马和烟蓟马。田间药效结果表明, 25%噻虫嗪WG、10%溴虫氟苯双酰胺SC和4.5%高效氯氰菊酯EC对西花蓟马的防效较高, 药后7 d药效最高达到90%以上。综合室内毒力和田间药效试验结果, 推荐4.5%高效氯氰菊酯EC和10%溴虫氟苯双酰胺SC为防治蓟马的首选药剂, 可与25%噻虫嗪WG、48%多杀霉素SC、1.8%阿维菌素EC和10%吡丙醚SC等药剂轮换使用。     

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对害长头螨的室内毒力和田间药效

以袋栽大杯蕈的害长头螨成虫为试虫,测定甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐（甲维盐）和螺螨酯对其室内毒力。结果表明：甲维盐的LC50、LC95分别为2.79 mg/L和15.50 mg/L,螺螨酯的LC50、LC95分别为10.41 mg/L和65.26 mg/L,说明甲维盐对害长头螨的活性好于螺螨酯。田间药效试验结果证明：在大杯蕈菌包覆土前和每次采摘后,用2.2%甲维盐微乳剂0.67～1.0 mL/L,喷水量1.0L/m2,两潮菇后的防效可达到93.56%～96.05%,是目前防治害长头螨较理想的杀螨剂。     

3种环境友好型药剂对西花蓟马的室内毒力与田间防效

测定了3种杀虫剂对西花蓟马的室内毒力和田间防效。室内生物测定结果表明,多杀菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、阿维菌素对西花蓟马成虫的LC50值为0.050～2.887mg/L,对西花蓟马若虫的LC50值为0.040～0.457mg/L;田间药效试验表明,田间防治西花蓟马时推荐使用剂量(防效>80%)分别为:2.5%多杀菌素悬浮剂30～60g/667m2,1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油30～60g/667m2,1.8%阿维菌素乳油不可低于75g/667m2。     

4种农药对呼和浩特市榆绿毛萤叶甲室内毒力测定及田间防效评价

为筛选出防治榆绿毛萤叶甲Pyrrhalta aenescens的有效药剂, 为在园林植物害虫防治中合理使用杀虫剂提供指导?本文选用园林植物害虫防治中常用的4种杀虫剂进行室内毒力测定和田间防效试验?结果表明, 甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对榆绿毛萤叶甲2~3龄幼虫的毒力最高, LC50为1.401 mg/L?高效氯氰菊酯次之, 印楝素的毒力最低, LC50为39.279 mg/L?田间药效试验表明, 施药3 d后, 稀释500倍的3%高效氯氰菊酯悬浮剂和3%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂的防效最好, 分别为91.22%和89.49%?施药5 d后, 4种杀虫剂对榆绿毛萤叶甲的防效为85.67%~91.97%, 无明显差异?研究结果为榆绿毛萤叶甲的防治提供了理论指导?     

Field evaluation of commercial plant extracts against Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophlidae) in raspberry

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) was detected in 2008 in southern Europe and North America and it has spread rapidly throughout the two continents mainly affecting thin-skinned berries and stone fruits which constitute an important, economic and social driver in these regions. This study analyzes the potential control ability of four commercial plant-derived extracts, namely Sophora flavescens (shrubby sophora), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon), Capsicum frutescens (chili) and Allium sativum (garlic), against D. suzukii, under raspberry high tunnel field conditions. Extracts were applied in a randomized complete block design using spinosad as positive control. As expected, spinosad treatment resulted in a satisfactory control, reducing significantly the number of larvae and adults emerged from treated fruits even ten days after application. Sophora flavescens extract produced a significant reduction of 60.7% in emerged adults, with no reduction in the number of larvae, six days after application. In addition, garlic extract caused significant reduction in the mean number of larvae (over 50%) and emerged adults (over 48%) six days after application. These findings suggest that garlic and S. flavescens affect egg viability and/or larvae development. Tentative explanations about the variability of the results and possible benefits of repetitive treatments are discussed.     

6种农药对瓜蚜的毒力测定及田间药效

为了筛选防治西瓜瓜蚜的有效药剂,用6种药剂进行了室内毒力测定和田间药效试验。结果表明,1.8%阿维菌素EC对瓜蚜的毒力最高,60g/L乙基多杀菌素SC毒力最低,48hLC50分别为0.38mg/L和2 225.63mg/L。6种药剂毒力大小依次为阿维菌素溴氰虫酰胺氟啶虫胺腈啶虫脒吡虫啉乙基多杀菌素。田间试验结果表明,1.8%阿维菌素EC 3 000倍、10%溴氰虫酰胺OD 2 000倍、22%氟啶虫胺腈SC 4 000倍对瓜蚜速效性及持效性均较好,3~14d防效均达到90%以上,防效差异不显著;20%啶虫脒WP 3 000倍和10%吡虫啉WP 3 000倍速效性及持效性均较差,1d防效分别为31.31%和6.66%,14d防效分别为57.39%和47.80%;60g/L乙基多杀菌素SC 1 000倍防效最差,药后14d的最高防效仅为34.70%。推荐田间轮换使用阿维菌素、溴氰虫酰胺、氟啶虫胺腈防治瓜蚜。     

Sublethal effects of nine insecticides on Drosophila suzukii and its major pupal parasitoid Trichopria drosophilae

Background

Although the pupal parasitoid Trichopria drosophilae is used in conservative and augmentative biocontrol of Drosophila suzukii infestations, current pest management strategies mostly rely on multiple insecticide applications. In this context, the aim of the study was to investigate the baseline toxicity of nine insecticides on D. suzukii larvae and their multiple sublethal effects (LC₁₀) on immature stages of the pest feeding on contaminated diet and T. drosophilae developing within the intoxicated host.

Results

Chlorpyriphos and azadirachtin showed the lowest and the highest LC₁₀, the values of which were 9.78 × 10¹³ and 1.46 × 10³ times lower than their recommended label field rate, respectively. Among tested insecticides, imidacloprid, malathion and dimethoate were the only treatments that did not affect the juvenile development time of D. suzukii, while spinosad and the organophosphates chlorpyriphos and dimethoate did not influence fly pupal size. No sublethal effects were recorded on T. drosophilae degree of infestation (DI) and juvenile development time. On the contrary, cyazypyr and dimethoate negatively affected the success of parasitism (SP) and the number of progeny of the pupal parasitoid, in association with malathion for the first parameter and spinosad for the fertility. Compared to the untreated control, more female progeny emerged following azadirachtin exposure, while dimethoate caused the opposite effect. Imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin and spinetoram decreased hind tibia length of emerged parasitoids.

Conclusion

This study provides new insights on the (eco)toxicological profile of nine insecticides and new information needed to support the deployment of T. drosophilae in the field within the sustainable management techniques against D. suzukii. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

9种药剂对斜纹夜蛾的室内毒力与田间应用效果

通过室内毒力测定和田间药效试验,测定当前9种主流杀虫剂产品对斜纹夜蛾的防治效果。结果表明,甲维盐、茚虫威、虫螨腈和虫酰肼对斜纹夜蛾具有优良的防效,可作为防治斜纹夜蛾的首选药剂。Bt与多杀菌素的效果次之。阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯和毒死蜱对斜纹夜蛾已逐渐失去控制作用,在生产中应尽量少用、慎用。     

常用杀虫剂对螺旋粉虱的活性及田间防效

为了筛选对螺旋粉虱有较强生物活性的化学药剂,以螺旋粉虱成虫为试虫,采用叶片浸渍法对15种常用杀虫剂进行筛选,并对较为敏感的药剂进行室内毒力测定及田间防效评估。室内毒力测定结果表明,虫螨腈、辛硫磷对螺旋粉虱成虫活性较为显著,LC50分别为0.881mg/L和1.055mg/L,甲氰菊酯、异丙威对螺旋粉虱若虫活性较为显著,LC50分别为5.320mg/L和9.425mg/L。在田间药效评估中,甲氰菊酯、虫酰肼、异丙威、氟铃脲在各供试浓度下对螺旋粉虱均表现出较好活性,药后144h,125mg/L浓度田间防效均在80%以上。上述结果表明,甲氰菊酯、虫酰肼、异丙威、氟铃脲对螺旋粉虱具有较好的防治效果,在进行螺旋粉虱的田间防治中,可用这几种药剂进行交替使用,防止抗性的产生。     

6种植物源药剂对胡萝卜微管蚜的毒力测定和防效评价

为筛选防治胡萝卜微管蚜的高效植物源药剂,采用浸虫浸叶法、盆栽试验及田间试验评价了6种植物源药剂对胡萝卜微管蚜的毒力和防治效果。室内和田间试验结果表明,1.5%除虫菊素水乳剂和0.3%印楝素乳油对胡萝卜微管蚜毒力和防效最高,可在生产上推广使用。