HLA and NK cell inhibitory receptor genes in resolving hepatitis C virus infection

Natural killer (NK) cells provide a central defense against viral infection by using inhibitory and activation receptors for major histocompatibility complex class I molecules as a means of controlling their activity. We show that genes encoding the inhibitory NK cell receptor KIR2DL3 and its human leukocyte antigen C group 1 (HLA-C1) ligand directly influence resolution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. This effect was observed in Caucasians and African Americans with expected low infectious doses of HCV but not in those with high-dose exposure, in whom the innate immune response is likely overwhelmed. The data strongly suggest that inhibitory NK cell interactions are important in determining antiviral immunity and that diminished inhibitory responses confer protection against HCV.     

中国马传染性贫血病毒驴强毒株感染性分子克隆的构建

 马传染性贫血病毒（equine infectious anemia virus, EIAV）驴强毒株DV是一株经过驴体传代获得的而具有超强毒力的毒株，对马和驴均可100％致死。用PCR方法分段扩增了DV其前病毒基因，将包含全基因片段的3个基因克隆以限制性内切酶消化后顺次连接克隆到pLG338上，命名为pD70344。将此克隆体外转染驴胎皮肤细胞和驴白细胞，连续盲传3代并以反转录酶活性测定，RT-PCR鉴定其病毒活性，透射电镜观察发现细胞培养物中存在大量典型病毒粒子，证明获得了1株具有感染性的EIAV病毒粒子，命名为pD70344V。经序列测定确认了本试验首次构建了1株完全来源于EIAV强毒基因的感染性分子克隆，将此克隆病毒接种驴，可以引起典型的马传贫症状并导致试验动物死亡。该分子克隆的建立为进一步考察病毒的毒力与基因的关系提供了良好的平台。     

猪瘟伪狂犬病重组病毒SA215(A)疫苗株的构建(初报)

采用磷酸钙转染系统 ,将伪狂犬病三基因缺失疫苗SA2 15株DNA与PP6 3LacZE2DNA共转染Vero细胞 ,获得SA2 15 (A) 1、SA2 15 (A) 2和SA2 15 (A) 3等 12个重组病毒株。以光生物素标记的HCVE2基因为探针进行初步鉴定后 ,挑选SA2 15 (A) 1株作BamHⅠ酶切和southern转印杂交鉴定 ,结果表明构建是成功的 ,将其命名为SA2 15(A)。直接荧光抗体检测、SDS -PAGE电泳和western免疫印迹检测结果表明HCVE2基因在重组病毒内获得表达 ,产生大小约 5 1kd的蛋白。对SA2 15 (A)株进行部分生物学特性研究 ,培养特性观察试验表明该毒株可适应Vero、BHK2 1和鸡胚成纤维细胞等多种细胞 ,但对不同细胞系表现有一定的差异。     

猪瘟病毒（兔化弱毒）结构蛋白的研究

以亲和层析法提纯的猪瘟兔化毒用2%的Tritonx-100裂解后,经SDS-PAGE法分析,表明它有3种结构多肽,即：GP#-1（54-58KD）,GP#-2（24.5-28KD）,CP（7-10KD）。GP#-2在凝胶中稍有扩散,出现较长的拖尾现象。经PAS（Periodic Acid Schiffis reagent）染色证明,GP#-1、GP#-2为糖蛋白,用免疫印迹法测知：GP#-2能与猪瘟抗体结合,而GP#-1,CP则不能结合。3种蛋白成份的氨基酸组成及含量有一定差异。CP与GP#-1、GP#-2之间的差别较大。GP#-1、GP#-2可能是病毒的囊膜蛋白成份,CP可能是衣壳的蛋白成份。     

羊口疮病毒在单层细胞上繁殖特性的研究

本文采用奶山羊睾丸细胞对羊口疮病毒的繁殖特性进行了研究。从来自皇城、灵台和阿沿沟牧场的病羊痂皮组织中分到HC、LT和AT三株口疮病毒。比较了吸附一、混合一、改进混合三种方法分离培养口疮病毒的效果。进一步选用第15代HC分离物分别测定了吸附时间、接种浓度同细胞致病作用(CPE)、以及病毒复制、CPE与培养时间的关系,对比了细胞毒与痂皮毒的理化特性。结果表明,1—10代CPE很不规则,且有显著的毒株差异,而10代以后CPE趋于稳定。病毒复制于感染后42小时达到高峰,效价为10~6TCID_50/0.2ml,50—60％CPE为其标指;芽生释放的病毒具有一层外膜结构。还发现具有2或3个核衣壳的病毒粒子。     

猪瘟病毒C株全长cDNA感染性克隆的构建及病毒拯救

 【目的】建立猪瘟病毒研究技术平台,为进一步研究猪瘟病毒C株在细胞中的增殖机制及猪瘟病毒标记疫苗奠定基础。【方法】本试验以猪瘟病毒C株为研究材料,经RT-PCR扩增获得涵盖全长的6个片段,用合适的酶切位点连接,成功构建了C株全长感染性克隆pAC-CS。体外转录得到RNA,然后将其分别转染BHK-21和SK6细胞。拯救的病毒通过上清传代(常规病毒传代)和带毒细胞传毒繁殖。【结果】通过RT-PCR、免疫过氧化酶单层细胞试验和兔体发热试验检测,表明病毒拯救成功。经比较以电转的方式转染SK6的效果较好。通过带毒细胞传代,至12代时病毒滴度稳定达104TCID50?mL-1,而上清传代至第3代时用免疫过氧化酶单层细胞试验(IPMA)不能检测出病毒。【结论】成功构建了猪瘟病毒C株感染性克隆;拯救C株时以SK6细胞电转较好;带毒细胞传代培养C株有利于获得较高滴度的病毒。     

虹鳟传染性胰脏坏死病毒的分离鉴定及聚类分析

为研究传染性胰脏坏死病毒(IPNV)感染虹鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss的病理特性,取云南省某养殖场大规模死亡的虹鳟稚鱼进行了病原的分离与鉴定,试验中利用鲑鳟鱼常见病毒敏感细胞大鳞大麻哈鱼胚胎细胞(Chinook salmon embryo cells,CHSE-214)、鲤上皮瘤细胞(Epitheliaoma papulosum cyprinid,EPC)和虹鳟性腺细胞(Rainbow trout gonad cell line,RTG-2)对虹鳟稚鱼无菌组织悬液进行病毒培养,并对产生细胞病变的上清进行病毒RNA提取及鲑鳟鱼常见病毒的RT-PCR检测,利用敏感细胞进行病毒分离株的噬斑培养及滴度测定,并对病毒形态进行透射电镜观察。结果表明:细胞培养显示,该组织悬液能使CHSE-214和RTG-2细胞产生明显的细胞病变;RT-PCR结果显示,检测样本呈IPNV阳性,传染性造血器官坏死病毒(IHNV)呈阴性;该IPNV分离株(命名为Ch Rtm213)在CHSE-214、RTG-2和EPC细胞上的病毒滴度分别为10~(5.2)、10~(3.2)、10~(2.3) TCID_(50)/m L,在CHSE-214细胞上培养4 d即可形成肉眼可见的病毒噬斑;在透射电镜下清晰可见大量病毒粒子呈晶格状排列于细胞质内;Ch Rtm213分离株与西班牙毒株2310(AY489225)VP2相似度较高,核苷酸序列一致性为96.4%;聚类分析结果显示,Ch Rtm213分离株与参考毒株加拿大Jasper(ATCC:VR-1325)聚为一簇,属于Gengroup 5基因型。研究表明,Ch Rtm213分离株异于已报道的IPNV分离株,具有不同的血清型及病毒毒力,可为传染性胰脏坏死病毒的检测及防控提供参考。     

马传染性贫血病毒弱毒疫苗株感染性分子克隆的构建

 采用PCR方法分 3段扩增出马传染性贫血病毒驴白细胞弱毒疫苗株 (EIAVDLA)的前病毒DNA ,这 3个片段覆盖马传染性贫血病毒的全部基因组 ,PCR产物经克隆后顺次连接 ,获得 1个含有EIAV全基因 (8.0kb)的重组质粒 ,将其命名为p8.0。将此 8.0kbEIAV全基因再亚克隆到含有一完整EIAVDLA株长末端重复序列的质粒中 ,获得一含有EIAV驴白细胞弱毒前病毒全基因的重组质粒 ,将其命名为p8.2 ,经核苷酸序列分析 ,证明p8.2含有EIAV前病毒的全基因。用p8.2转染驴白细胞 ,将其作为种毒进行传代 ,于感染该克隆毒的细胞培养上清中检测出了反转录酶活性 ,说明在驴白细胞中由p8.2衍生出了EIA病毒。驴白细胞经该克隆毒感染后 ,第 4天出现病变 ,经透射电镜可观察到典型的马传染性贫血病毒粒子 ,进一步证明p8.2具有感染性 ,笔者获得了马传染性贫血病毒驴白细胞弱毒疫苗株的感染性分子克隆 ,为进一步在分子水平上阐明我国EIAV疫苗株的减毒机理和免疫保护机制奠定了基础     

Sindbis virus: an efficient, broad host range vector for gene expression in animal cells

Sindbis virus, an enveloped virus with a single-stranded RNA genome, was engineered to express a bacterial protein, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), in cultured insect, avian, and mammalian cells. The vectors were self-replicating and gene expression was efficient and rapid; up to 10(8) CAT polypeptides were produced per infected cell in 16 to 20 hours. CAT expression could be made temperature-sensitive by means of a derivative that incorporated a temperature-sensitive mutation in viral RNA synthesis. Vector genomic RNAs were packaged into infectious particles when Sindbis helper virus was used to supply virion structural proteins. The vector RNAs were stable to at least seven cycles of infection. The expression of CAT increased about 10(3)-fold, despite a 10(15)-fold dilution during the passaging. Sindbis virus vectors should prove useful for expressing large quantities of gene products in a variety of animal cells.     

Local actin polymerization and dynamin recruitment in SV40-induced internalization of caveolae

Simian virus 40 (SV40) utilizes endocytosis through caveolae for infectious entry into host cells. We found that after binding to caveolae, virus particles induced transient breakdown of actin stress fibers. Actin was then recruited to virus-loaded caveolae as actin patches that served as sites for actin "tail" formation. Dynamin II was also transiently recruited. These events depended on the presence of cholesterol and on the activation of tyrosine kinases that phosphorylated proteins in caveolae. They were necessary for formation of caveolae-derived endocytic vesicles and for infection of the cell. Thus, caveolar endocytosis is ligand-triggered and involves extensive rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton.     

Potato spindle tuber virus: a plant virus with properties of a free nucleic acid

Infectious entities, extractable, with phosphate buffer, from tissue infected with potato spindle tuber virus and inciting symptoms on tomato that are typical of this virus, have properties incompatible with those of conventional virus particles. The infectious particles sediment in sucrose density gradients at approximately the same rate as particles with a sedimentation coefficient of 10S, are insensitive to treatment with organic solvents, and can be concentrated by ethanol precipitation. Treatment with phenol changes neither their infectivity nor their sedimentation properties. Infectivity is insensitive to deoxyribonuclease, but at low ionic strength it is sensitive to ribonuclease. At high ionic strength, infectivity partially survives incubation with ribonuclease. These properties, as well as elution patterns from columns of methylated serum albumin, suggest that the extractable infectious agent may be a double-stranded RNA.     

鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒与DT40 sIgM λ轻链的相互作用分析

为探讨sIgM λ轻链在IBDV感染法氏囊B淋巴靶细胞过程中的作用,对DT40细胞sIgM λ轻链与IBDV的相互作用进行了研究。利用蛋白表达、VOPBA试验、病毒结合与结合抑制试验检测了sIgM λ轻链及DT40细胞结合IBDV的能力。结果表明:sIgM λ轻链在体外能够特异性地结合多种不同毒株的IBDV,这种结合与病毒毒力无关;病毒结合与结合抑制试验结果表明,超过半数的DT40细胞可以结合IBDV,这种结合能够被sIgM λ轻链特异性单抗有效阻断。研究结果表明,sIgM λ轻链是DT40细胞膜表面上IBDV的重要结合位点之一,这为进一步利用DT40细胞研究IBDV感染B淋巴靶细胞的分子机制提供了重要线索。     

四川地区养殖锦鲤浮肿病毒检测与系统进化分析

2017年10月,四川省某锦鲤养殖场暴发一种以嗜睡、腹部肿大、鳃肿胀和眼睛凹陷为临床特征的传染病,累计死亡率高达50%。为研究锦鲤发病病因和疾病流行规律,对病鱼解剖,进行病理组织观察、电镜观察、PCR检测和系统进化分析。结果显示,患病锦鲤眼球浑浊,腹部肿大,鳃肿胀严重;组织病理学观察发现病鱼的鳃、肝脏、肾脏和脑组织细胞变性、坏死,出现大量炎性细胞浸润;透射电镜观察,在肾脏组织中发现病毒粒子。巢氏PCR方法检测鲤浮肿病毒(carp edema virus,CEV),出现特异性扩增产物;基于CEV P4a基因进行系统发育分析,此病毒与英国株R083同源性为99%。本研究为鲤浮肿病毒的起源进化、分类、疾病诊断和防控提供重要依据。     

安徽省鸡腺胃型传染性支气管炎的研究初报

1997年6月份以来,安徽省淮南等地鸡群流行一种以腺胃病变为主要特征的传染病。经9日龄鸡胚接种病鸡的肝、脾、腺胃等病料分离到的HN毒株,在鸡胚中可稳定传至12代,具有规律性死亡和胚胎病变,ELD50为109.75。用HN鸡胚尿囊液毒人工感染试验鸡,能引起与自然病例相同的临床症状和典型病变。HN鸡胚尿囊液经负染后电镜观察,具有典型的冠状病毒形态。病毒液经胰蛋白酶处理后能凝集鸡红细胞,IBV单抗ELISA检测呈强阳性反应。应用分离毒研制的油乳剂疫苗经试验和临床应用表明有良好的保护作用。研究结果初步表明,HN每株为IBV成员。     

Efficient purification of cell culture-derived classical swine fever virus by ultrafiltration and size-exclusion chromatography

Large-scale production of cell culture-based classical swine fever virus (CSFV) vaccine is hampered by the adverse reactions caused by contaminants from host cell and culture medium. Hence, we have developed an efficient method for purifying CSFV from cell-culture medium. Pure viral particles were obtained with two steps of tangential-flow filtration (TFF) and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), and were compared with particles from ultracentrifugation by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), infectivity and recovery test, and real time fluorescent quantitative PCR (FQ-PCR). TFF concentrated the virus particles effectively with a retention rate of 98.5%, and 86.2% of viral particles were obtained from the ultrafiltration retentate through a Sepharose 4 F F column on a biological liquid chromatography system. CSFV purified by TFF-SEC or ultracentrifugation were both biologically active from 1.0×10^−4.25 TCID₅₀·mL⁻¹ to 3.0×10^−6.25 TCID₅₀·mL⁻¹, but the combination of TFF and SEC produced more pure virus particles than by ultracentrifugation alone. In addition, pure CSFV particles with the expected diameter of 40–60 nm were roughly spherical without any visible contamination. Mice immunized with CSFV purified by TFF-SEC produced higher antibody levels compared with immunization with ultracentrifugation-purified CSFV (P<0.05). The purification procedures in this study are reliable technically and feasible for purification of large volumes of viruses.     

脑心肌炎增强型绿色荧光蛋白嵌合病毒的构建

携带增强型绿色荧光蛋白(Enhanced green fluorescent protein, EGFP)的脑心肌炎(Encephalomyocarditis virus, EMCV)嵌合病毒是研究该病毒体内外生物学特性的有力工具。因此,本研究基于前期构建的巨细胞病毒(Cytomegalovirus, CMV)感染性克隆,在EMCV基因组2A蛋白序列之后插入EGFP基因片段,并将重组质粒转染BHK-21细胞,获得携带EGFP的嵌合病毒。通过荧光定量PCR(real-time PCR)、间接免疫荧光(Indirect immunofluorescence assay, IFA)及半数组织细胞感染量测定(Median tissue culture infective dose, TCID₅₀)等方法对拯救病毒的基因组复制、蛋白表达及病毒粒子的感染性进行测定,结果证实嵌合病毒能够在BHK-21细胞上成功表达EGFP并产生完整的病毒粒子。然而,相较于野生型亲本拯救病毒,嵌合病毒在BHK-21细胞上的复制能力降低,并且在连续传代后逐渐失去绿色荧光信号,表明嵌合病毒中EGFP...     

构树叶提取物体外抗病毒活性研究

[目的]研究构树叶提取物的抗病毒活性。[方法]采用MTT法,观察构树叶的水、75%乙醇和50%丙酮提取物及不同给药方式对NDV、IBDV、ILTV和IBV等病毒感染的鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)活性的影响,探讨构树叶提取物体外抗病毒活性及其作用机制。[结果]乙醇和丙酮提取物能显著提高NDV感染的CEF细胞活性,丙酮提取物能显著提高ILTV和IBV感染的CEF细胞活性,但对IBDV诱导的CEF细胞病变无影响。经丙酮提取物预处理的CEF细胞对NDV或ILTV感染的抵抗力呈上升趋势。[结论]构树提取物中的有效成分可能通过阻断病毒对宿主细胞的识别和粘附发挥其抗病毒活性。