Canine bacterial urinary tract infections: new developments in old pathogens

Uncomplicated bacterial urinary tract infections (UTIs) occur commonly in dogs. Persistent or recurrent infections are reported less frequently. They typically occur in dogs with an underlying disease and are sometimes asymptomatic, especially in dogs with predisposing chronic disease. Escherichia coli is the organism most frequently cultured in both simple and complicated UTIs. Organisms such as Enterococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. are less common in uncomplicated UTI, but become increasingly prominent in dogs with recurrent UTI. The ability of bacteria to acquire resistance to antimicrobials and/or to evade host immune defence mechanisms is vital for persistence in the urinary tract. Antimicrobial therapy limitations and bacterial strains with such abilities require novel control strategies. Sharing of resistant bacteria between humans and dogs has been recently documented and is of particular concern for E. coli O25b:H4-ST131 strains that are both virulent and multi-drug resistant. The epidemiology of complicated UTIs, pathogenic traits of uropathogens and new therapeutic concepts are outlined in this review.     

Drug resistant Tuberculosis: A review

Tuberculosis (TB) was announced as a global emergency in 1993. There was an alarming counter attack of TB worldwide. However, when it was known that TB can be cured completely, the general public became ignorant towards the infection. The pathogenic organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis continuously evolved to resist the antagonist drugs. This has led to the outbreak of resistant strain that gave rise to “Multi Drug Resistant-Tuberculosis” and “Extensively Drug Resistant Tuberculosis” that can still be cured with a lower success rate. While the mechanism of resistance proceeds further, it ultimately causes unmanageable totally drug resistant TB (TDR-TB). Studying the molecular mechanisms underlying the resistance to drugs would help us grasp the genetics and pathophysiology of the disease. In this review, we present the molecular mechanisms behind Mycobacterium tolerance to drugs and their approach towards the development of multi-drug resistant, extremely drug resistant and totally drug resistant TB.     

纳米银对猪链球菌体外抗菌活性及其生物膜形成的影响

【目的】研究纳米银(silver nanoparticles, AgNPs)对多重耐药猪链球菌(Streptococcus suis,S.suis)的体外抗菌活性及其生物膜形成的影响,为解决猪链球菌的耐药问题提供参考。【方法】以5株临床分离的多重耐药猪链球菌(S1018、S894、S786、S815和S844)为研究对象,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定AgNPs对5株猪链球菌的最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(minimum bactericidal concentration, MBC),通过测定AgNPs作用下细菌的生长速率以及不同浓度AgNPs对猪链球菌的抑制率来评价AgNPs的抗菌活性;通过结晶紫染色法测定各菌株生物膜的形成能力和6.25、12.5、25、50μg/mL AgNPs对5株多重耐药猪链球菌菌株生物膜形成的影响。【结果】AgNPs对S1018株的MIC和MBC均为12.5μg/mL,对其余4株多重耐药猪链球菌的MIC和MBC均为25.0μg/mL;AgNPs对多重耐药猪链球菌的抗菌活性好,25～100μ...     

Insertion sequence IS256 in canine pyoderma isolates of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius associated with antibiotic resistance

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is the most frequent staphylococcal species isolated from canine pyoderma. The control of S. pseudintermedius infection is often difficult due to the expanded antimicrobial resistance phenotypes. Antibiotic resistance in staphylococcal pathogens is often associated to mobile genetic elements such as the insertion sequence IS256 that was first described as a part of the transposon Tn4001, which confers aminoglycoside resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and in Staphylococcus epidermidis. In this study a collection of 70 S. pseudintermedius isolates from canine pyoderma was used to investigate antimicrobial susceptibility to 15 antibiotics and the presence of IS256, not revealed in S. pseudintermedius yet. Antibiotic resistance profiling demonstrated that all S. pseudintermedius isolates had a multi-drug resistance phenotype, exhibiting simultaneous resistance to at least five antibiotics; indeed methicillin resistant S. pseudintermedius isolates were simultaneously resistant to at least nine antibiotics and all were also gentamicin resistant. PCR analyses revealed the presence of IS256 in 43/70 S. pseudintemedius isolates. The association between the presence of IS256 and the resistance was particularly significant for certain antibiotics: cefovecin, amikacin, gentamicin and oxacillin (χ(2)p-value<0.05). However, there was a striking result in frequency of strains resistant to gentamicin and oxacillin, suggesting a specific association between the presence of the IS256 element and the determinants for the resistance to these antibiotics. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing the detection of IS256 in S. pseudintermedius isolates and its association with antibiotic resistance. Our findings suggest that S. pseudintermedius may acquire antibiotic resistance genes through mobile genetic elements which may play a predominant role in the dissemination of multi-drug resistance.     

石榴皮水提物对猪源多重耐药大肠杆菌的抑菌作用研究

【目的】筛选腹泻仔猪中携毒力基因且多重耐药的大肠杆菌菌株,评估中药水提物对该菌株的抑菌活性,并探索中药抑菌机制。【方法】通过PCR方法与Kirby-Bauer(K-B)药敏纸片法评估临床大肠杆菌菌株的肠毒素基因携带情况和耐药性;通过微量肉汤稀释法评估中药水提物对多重耐药大肠杆菌菌株的抑菌活性,确定最小抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(minimal bactericidal concentration, MBC);通过电导率仪以及相关试剂盒检测评估石榴皮水提物对多重耐药菌株作用不同时间后菌液电导率、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, AKP)含量及菌体内ATP含量的变化;通过SDS-PAGE和蛋白含量检测评估菌体内可溶性蛋白的含量变化;通过扫描电镜观察大肠杆菌形态变化。【结果】PCR检测14株临床大肠杆菌中肠毒素基因携带率达到78.57%,抗生素药敏试验结果显示,所有菌株至少对2种抗生素耐药,均属于多重耐药菌株。中药药敏试验结果显示,黄连、黄芩、石榴皮水提物对多重耐药菌株抑菌活性较好,其中石榴皮水提...     

鱼塘生态体系中大肠埃希菌和沙门菌的耐药性研究

为了解鱼塘生态体系大肠埃希菌和沙门菌的耐药情况,从广东省佛山某鱼塘随机采集草鱼及生活圈的水土样品中(包括鱼肠内容物、鱼塘底泥、鱼塘水)分离出47株大肠埃希菌和23株沙门菌.采用纸片扩散法(Kirby-bauer,KB)对分离菌株进行了15种抗生素的敏感性试验,结果显示100%的菌株均耐1种及1种以上的抗生素多表现出对氨...     

苦豆子提取物对多重耐药大肠杆菌的体外抑菌作用

为探究苦豆子提取物对多重耐药大肠杆菌的体外抑菌作用,本研究以从蛋鸡粪便样本中分离的1株多重耐药大肠杆菌为研究对象,测定了苦豆子提取物的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)以及与抗菌药物联用的抑菌效果,并测定了对多重耐药大肠杆菌生长曲线、生物被膜以及运动能力的影响。结果表明,苦豆子提取物MIC为125 mg/mL,与头孢噻呋联用呈现协同作用;与对照组相比,1/2MIC和MIC的苦豆子提取物可明显抑制菌株的生长;不同浓度苦豆子提取物对菌株生物被膜具有一定程度的抑制和清除作用,1/2MIC和MIC组可极显著降低菌株的运动能力(P<0.01)。表明苦豆子提取物对多重耐药大肠杆菌具有良好的体外抑菌作用。     

中草药提取物对多重耐药猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌体外抑菌试验及抑菌效果研究

为筛选对猪接触传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌多重耐药菌株有较好抑菌作用的中草药。挑选了穿心莲、黄芩、苦参、白头翁、芒果叶和百里香6种中草药,采用水提取和65%乙醇提取相结合的方法制备单剂中草药的提取液,然后浓缩至含原生药物1g/mL。采用二倍稀释法分别测定这6种中草药对传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌多重耐药菌株的最小抑菌浓度(minimal inhibition concentration, MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(minimal bacteriocidal concentration, MBC)。以筛选出体外抑菌效果较好的中草药。结果表明,胸膜肺炎放线杆菌多重耐药菌株抑菌圈最大的是百里香和芒果叶,其抑菌圈直径分别为40 mm和35 mm.,其次为白头翁、黄芩、穿心莲和苦参,其抑菌圈直径在8~16 mm。百里香、芒果叶、白头翁、黄芩、穿心莲和苦参的最小抑菌浓度分别为0.198 mg/mL、0.198 mg/mL、0.396 mg/mL、0.396 mg/mL、25 mg/mL和25 mg/mL。百里香、芒果叶、白头翁、黄芩、穿心莲和苦参的最小杀菌浓度分别为0.396 mg/mL、0.396 mg/mL、0.792 mg/mL、0.792 mg/mL、50 mg/mL和50 mg/mL。说明除穿心莲和苦参外,其余4种中草药对胸膜肺炎放线杆菌多重耐药菌株有很多好的抑菌和杀菌效果,其中百里香和芒果叶效果最佳。本结果为由传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌多重耐药菌引起的猪接触传染性胸膜肺炎的防控和治疗奠定了基础,为开发中草药相关无抗产品以及防治由多重耐药菌引起的猪接触传染性胸膜肺炎提供了参考。     

主动外排系统介导的大肠杆菌多重耐药性的确证

为检测和证实主动外排系统(外输泵)在细菌多重耐药机制中的作用，用四环素和水扬酸钠对大肠杆菌质控株进行了体外人工诱导，筛选出多重耐药株，再用能量抑制剂CCCP(Carbongl cyanide m-chloropheyhydrazone)时耐药株和质控株进行了环丙沙星摄取抑制试验。结果：在耐药株，其菌体内环丙沙星稳态浓度明显低于质控株；多重耐药株在有CCCP存在时，菌体内环丙沙星的浓度随时间的延长而递增，而无CCCP的抑制时，菌体内环丙沙星的浓度递增缓慢；在质控株，不论有无CCCP存在，菌体内环丙沙星的浓度都随时间的延长而呈递增趋势，且保持较耐药株明显高的水平。结论：体外诱导多重耐药大肠杆菌多重耐药性的产生，可能主要依赖于菌体外输泵的激活。     

Antimicrobial resistance of Providencia spp. isolated from animal manure

Providencia spp. are Gram negative bacteria, belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae and are responsible for gastrointestinal disorders both in humans and animals. We report on the isolation of multi-drug resistant Providencia spp. (n=4) from animal manure. The isolates were found to be resistant to clindamycin and to tetracycline, as well as to the macrolide and sulphonamide groups of antibiotics.     

兔支气管败血波氏杆菌的分离鉴定及耐药基因检测

本试验旨在了解近年来浙江省兔支气管败血波氏杆菌的感染情况及耐药状况,指导合理用药,检测细菌的耐药基因,探究其耐药机理.根据细菌形态、培养特性、生化试验,结合PCR法对分离菌株进行鉴定;K-B纸片扩散法检测细菌对18种常用抗生素的耐药率;设计耐药基因特异性引物,PCR法扩增耐药基因,并进行测序分析.结果显示,分离鉴定出2012-2014年22株兔支气管败血波氏杆菌;药敏结果显示,分离菌对青霉素G、头孢拉定、链霉素、林可霉素、克林霉素、甲氧嘧啶耐药严重,对多黏菌素B、左氟沙星、强力霉素、四环素等药物敏感,耐β-内酰胺类药物的细菌中检测到耐药基因bla_TEM.结果表明,兔支气管败血波氏杆菌是引起兔呼吸道疾病的主要病原菌,分离菌多重耐药,耐药率较高,检测到的耐药基因与耐药表型相符.     

The intensity of resistance by mature Merino ewes against Haemonchus contortus and Tichostrongylus colubriformis in single-species and combined-species infection

Three-year-old, non-lactating and non-pregnant Merino ewes, raised on pasture under a program of strategic treatment with anthelmintic and found to be extremely resistant to "trickle" infection with Haemonchus contortus, were given single-dose infections with either H. contortus or Trichostrongylus colubriformis or both species together. The purpose was to ascertain the intensity of protective immunity against the 2 parasites in sheep with immunity acquired from a presumably slight exposure to infection. To provide a criterion, some infected ewes were immunosuppressed with corticosteroid, dexamethasone. Untreated ewes were extremely resistant to challenge infection with either 15,000 or 150,000 H. contortus or 15,000 T. colubriformis. Surprisingly, when mixed infection was given, egg counts for H. contortus were significantly elevated compared with infection by that species alone. Antibody to antigens from infective larval and adult H. contortus was measured in serum by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) during the course of infection. Serum titres against larval antigens were significantly depressed when infections with either H. contortus or T. colubriformis were permitted by immunosuppression with dexamethasone, whereas those against adult antigen were depressed when infection with T. colubriformis was permitted.     

Antimicrobial susceptibilities and population structure of Staphylococcus epidermidis associated with ovine mastitis

Intramammary infections are a serious problem for dairy sheep farms, and Staphylococcus epidermidis is one of the main etiological agents of ovine mastitis. In this work, 131 S. epidermidis isolates, collected from 2201 dairy Sarda sheep belonging to 14 flocks with high somatic cell count scores, were studied. The flocks were located in diverse geographical areas of Sardinia, Italy. The aim of study was to assess the susceptibility of isolates to 13 antimicrobial agents, many of which are frequently used in mastitis therapy. Oxacillin was used for detecting methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE) by disk diffusion test. Thirty-eight percent of the isolates (n = 50) were resistant to penicillin, 7.6% (n = 10) were resistant to tetracycline, and 2.3% (n = 3) were resistant to both penicillin and tetracycline (PTRSE). Two isolates were resistant to five antimicrobials including methicillin. Analysis of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) elements showed that both MRSE isolates harbored SCCmec type IVa. Based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing by SmaI macrorestriction, S. epidermidis isolates were grouped into four clusters at 75% similarity level. The two multi-drug resistant MRSE isolates displayed distinct PFGE patters. This study indicates that S. epidermidis isolates from sheep milk samples may accumulate resistance markers for different antimicrobial agents. Furthermore, the occurrence of PTRSE and MRSE suggests to adopt adequate hygienic measures when handling animals with intramammary infections, in order to prevent spreading PTRSE and MRSE strains to humans through direct contact and/or consumption of contaminated food.     

Role of coagulase-negative staphylococci in human disease

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are normal inhabitants of human skin and mucous membranes. They have long been dismissed as culture contaminants, but now the potentially important role of CNS as pathogens and their increasing incidence has been recognized. Approximately 55-75% of nosocomial isolates is methicillin resistant. CNS were the first organisms in which glycopeptide resistance was recognized. In the immunocompetent host, CNS endocarditis and urinary tract infections with Staphylococcus saprophyticus are the most common CNS infections. Other patients are usually immunocompromised, with indwelling or implanted foreign bodies. CNS account for approximately 30% of all nosocomial blood stream infections. The majority of these concern catheter-related sepsis. Other important infections due to CNS include central nervous system shunt infections, endophthalmitis, surgical site infections, peritonitis in patients with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and foreign body infections. CNS are rarely associated with mastitis in humans. Staphylococcus lugdunensis is more pathogenic than other CNS as it expresses several potential virulence factors. The distinction between clinically significant, pathogenic and contaminating isolates is a major problem. Several studies show clonal intra and inter hospital spread of Staphylococcus epidermidis strains which suggests that infection control measures may be necessary for multiresistant CNS isolates as for methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. As a result of medical progress, mainly due to the use of invasive and indwelling medical devices, CNS are now a major cause of nosocomial and health-care related infections.     

Septic peritonitis secondary to a perforating gastric foreign body in an Irish Sport Horse gelding

A 17-year-old Irish Sport Horse gelding was referred to the University College Dublin Veterinary Hospital for low-grade colic that had been nonresponsive to medical treatment. Diagnostic investigation revealed a marked septic peritonitis. The inciting cause was detected by gastroscopy to be a perforating foreign body in the pylorus of the stomach from a briar of a blackthorn plant (Prunus spinosa spp.). Successful removal of the foreign body was achieved surgically via gastrotomy. The horse subsequently developed a multi-drug resistant abdominal incision site infection, which was successfully managed over a 2-month period. Abdominal incisional herniation occurred thereafter. Six months post-operatively, the horse was back in light work and no further adverse sequelae had been noted.     

Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from brown rats and house shrews in markets,Bogor, Indonesia

The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in small mammals dwelling in the city was used as an indicator of AMR bacteria in the environment. We captured 87 small mammals (79 brown rats and 8 house shrews) in four markets, Bogor, Indonesia in October 2019, and we obtained 20 AMR Escherichia coli (E. coil) from 18 brown rats and two house shrews. Of these, eight isolates were determined to be multi-drug resistant (MDR) E. coli, suggesting the potential contamination of AMR E. coli in the markets in Bogor, Indonesia, and that mammals, including humans, are at risk of infection with AMR E. coli from environment.     

白头翁汤和黄连解毒汤对鸡大肠杆菌病的治疗作用

研究中药经方白头翁汤和黄连解毒汤对鸡大肠杆菌病的治疗作用。采用体外抗菌和人工感染防治试验相结合的方法,测定了2个经方对临床分离的大肠杆菌多重耐药菌株的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和对人工感染鸡大肠杆菌病的防治效果。结果显示,这2个经方体外对大肠杆菌均有抑菌效果,黄连解毒汤对试验菌株的MIC平均值为0.250 g/mL,而白头翁汤对试验菌株的MIC平均值为0.187 g/mL,效果较优;人工感染防治试验结果显示黄连解毒汤对鸡大肠杆菌病的保护率、有效率和治愈率均高于白头翁汤,尤其是高剂量组防治效果最好,保护率和有效率均达90%,治愈率达85%。说明2个经方在体内外抗菌试验中均有效果,但是体内、外抗菌效果不一致。     

A review of the characteristics and treatment of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the horse and a case series of MRSA infection in four horses

Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an emerging cause of serious bacterial infection in the horse, with an increasing number of cases reported over the last decade. MRSA, along with other commensal staphylococcal species, can reside on the mucosa of several sites in the horse, particularly the nose. Nasal carriage of MRSA appears rare amongst horses in the community, although a higher prevalence has been found in hospitalised horses. MRSA infections can involve a variety of body sites, but most commonly encountered are soft tissue infections of either traumatic or surgical wounds. MRSA strain types isolated from horses are typically multidrug‐resistant and usually differ from those recovered from humans and other small animal species. Treatment of infection can be prolonged and is dependent on timely, accurate diagnosis and on appropriate therapy; often guided by antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The purpose of this review is to provide clinically relevant information for the equine practitioner and, for illustration, the diagnosis, treatment and outcome of 4 clinical cases of MRSA infection in horses is discussed.     

Genetic resistance of hosts and its influence on epidemiology

Evidence for the genetic control of resistance of sheep to gastrointestinal nematode infections was reviewed and compared with that of cattle to infestation with the cattle tick. Variation within sheep breeds in resistance to nematode infection is as great as that between breeds, is moderately heritable, and selection of lines of resistant sheep should result in animals carrying worm burdens around 10%-20% of those of unselected animals. The consequences of genetically resistant sheep for the epidemiology of Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection were examined with the aid of a simulation model. Predicted results were similar to those observed in cattle herds resistant to Boophilus microplus; seasonal peaks in parasite burdens were greatly reduced, and larval numbers on pasture were reduced even further. The use of genetically resistant hosts should permit a reduced frequency of anthelmintic treatment, and hence reduce the rate of development of anthelmintic resistance in the parasite.     

广西地区禽致病性大肠杆菌的耐药性分析

禽致病性大肠杆菌(APEC)是一种能引起鸡、火鸡和其他鸟类肠外感染的致病性大肠杆菌,可以导致肉鸡气囊炎、败血型全身感染、蜂窝织炎和蛋鸡输卵管炎、腹膜炎。为了了解广西地区禽致病性大肠杆菌的耐药表型以及耐药基因的携带情况,本实验室对2019年从广西分离到的69株APEC采取K-B药敏纸片法进行药敏试验,药敏结果显示,69株APEC对氧氟沙星(56.5%)、恩诺沙星(69.6%)、氟苯尼考(79.7%)、氨苄西林(91.3%)、四环素(98.6%)耐药率较高,而对美罗培南、丁胺卡那霉素、呋喃妥因均不耐药;其中,多重耐药现象严重,对10种抗菌药物以耐4种、5种、6种的情况居多。同时用PCR扩增的方法对其耐药基因,包括碳青霉稀类、β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、黏菌素类、喹诺酮类、四环素类在内的6大类共计17种耐药基因进行了检测。特别值得关注的是,发现了7株携带mcr-1基因的多黏菌素耐药APEC。药敏纸片法检测菌株的耐药表型和耐药基因存在一定关联度。本研究可为养禽场临床用药提供参考,同时为减缓耐药菌传播、降低对人类健康和公共卫生安全威胁提供依据。