花后温度和湿度条件对台农1号杧坐果率的影响

为探索杧果坐果率与开花后温度和湿度条件的关系,以台农1号杧为试材,应用生物统计学方法计算分析了80个温度和湿度自变量与不同时期坐果率的相关关系。结果表明:(1)花后14d的坐果率受温度和湿度条件影响最大。(2)花后7d两性花坐果率与花后1～6d平均空气相对湿度呈显著直线线性负相关,与花后1～2d、1～4d、1～6d的平均最高温度、平均温度、平均最低温度、>10℃积温无显著相关关系。(3)花后14d坐果率与花后6～10d的平均最高温度、4～10d平均温度、2～10d平均最低温度、4～14d>10℃积温呈显著或极显著的直线相关;与花后1～14d平均最高温度、平均温度呈显著的多项式线性相关;与花后1～14d平均空气相对湿度呈极显著的直线线性负相关。(4)花后25d坐果率与花后1～10d的平均最高温度、平均温度、>10℃积温以及花后1～14d平均最高温度呈显著的多项式线性相关。(5)有利于花后14d坐果的花后4～14d的下限平均温度为20.6℃,最适温度为24.7℃。     

防草布覆盖提升四季蜜杧反季节成花、产量和品质研究

为探寻种植于年均温度偏低地区四季蜜杧反季节成花效果不理想,花期延后,产量低或果实品质差的解决方法和依据,以5年生四季蜜杧为试材,开展防草布覆盖对四季蜜杧土壤温度、含水率,冠层温湿度,反季节成花,产量和品质影响的田间试验。结果表明,与对照(不覆盖)相比,防草布覆盖提高四季蜜杧0～20 cm土层土壤含水率和平均温度,冠层最高温度和平均温度分别提高0.2～5.9℃和0.4～1.5℃,降低冠层平均湿度和最低湿度;提早开花7～10 d,显著提高成花率和产量;果实可溶性固形物含量和糖酸比分别提高20.3%和51.1%,且果实果皮细腻、斑点少。说明覆盖防草布提高土壤温度和含水率,提高冠层温度而降低湿度,提早四季蜜杧反季节栽培成花时间和提高成花率,提升产量和品质,适合在年均温度偏低种植区推广应用。     

葡萄设施栽培发生果实大小粒的原因及措施

正1品种的选择有些品种本身就存在授粉不良的特性,如:巨峰、京亚等。因此,在定植前一定选择授粉良好、坐果容易的品种。如:黄金蜜、宝光等。2花期的不良环境条件葡萄开花期白天适宜温度25～28℃,夜间温度16～18℃,湿度50%～60%;如花期遇低温、连续寡照或高温干旱天气,都可导致授粉不良,坐果少或产生大小粒。规避措施:做好设施的保温设计,安排好设施升温时间,监测好设施内温湿度,花前调控好湿度,     

‘台农1号’西番莲的成花坐果特性及与气象因子的关系

【目的】探究国内主栽西番莲品种的成花坐果特性及与温度、光照强度等气象因子的关系,明确其优势坐果枝蔓和节位以及影响成花坐果的关键气象因素和主要影响时段。【方法】以国内主栽西番莲品种‘台农1号’为研究对象,采用单因素随机区组法,调查不同节位、不同枝蔓的花芽分化率、花芽退化率及坐果率,并分析不同生长季各级枝蔓的成花坐果特性及与温光等气象因子的相关关系。【结果】(1)‘台农1号’西番莲夏秋季平均花芽分化率为77.2%,平均花芽退化率为41.4%,平均坐果率为36.5%,整体表现为花芽分化多退化也多,坐果率较低。不同节位间呈现基部节位花芽分化少,端部节位花芽退化多的特征;其中,4～7节位花芽分化数较多且坐果率稳定,为优势坐果节位。二级蔓的花芽分化基数较大,且坐果数较多;基部1～3节位着生的一级蔓和二级蔓的花芽性状优于第3节位之后着生的枝蔓。(2)相关关系分析结果显示,在开花前20～35 d日最高温度和日平均温度与单株花芽分化率和花芽退化率均呈显著负相关;其次,开花当日最高温度和平均温度分别高于36.19℃和26.24℃时坐果率随温度升高而下降,且开花后5～20 d的日最高温度与一级蔓和二级蔓坐果率均呈显著负相关。进一步分析表明,花芽形成期最高温/最低温34.2/20.4℃～36.7/23.4℃条件下,不利于二级蔓和三级蔓花芽形成;而越接近花芽分化后期,日平均光照强度为4.00～4.79 klx,光照强度越大则二级蔓和三级蔓的花芽分化率和退化率越高,而低温加弱光条件下花芽分化则受到抑制。此外,日平均相对湿度与二级蔓成花坐果性状呈负相关关系。【结论】‘台农1号’西番莲优势坐果节位为4～7节位,优势坐果枝蔓为二级蔓,且花前20～35 d和开花当天及花后5～20 d的高温分别是限制其花芽形成和坐果的最主要气象因素。     

植物生长调节剂提高杧果座果率试验

<正> 杧果是著名热带水果之一,有“热带果王”之称。其营养价值和经济价值较高。杧果的花序属顶生圆锥花序,每花序有几百至几朵小花不等,座果率极低。据华南热作学院在海南岛观察,杧果的熟果率(每100朵两性花能收成熟果实的百分数)约为0.1～0.2％。广西农学院(1971)对6个品种进行     

苹果花期长短及其相关因子的研究

对富士、国光、新红星等13个苹果品种的花期早晚、长短及花期气候条件、花前积温和树体贮藏营养水平等相关因子进行了长期研究.结果表明,不同品种盛花期早晚有差异,多数品种4月中旬进入盛花期,年间变幅2.6～3.8天;盛花期一般长4～5天,年间变幅0.6～1.5天.盛花期的长短与花期气候条件密切相关.花前40天日均温≥5℃积温高时,开花早;低时开花晚;国光对积温的要求高于富士.树体贮藏营养水平高,花期长,坐果率高;反之,花期则短,坐果率也低.     

宁夏日光温室与塑料大棚环境对比分析

以宁夏日光温室和塑料大棚环境为研究对象,对比分析了2种设施条件下室内空气温湿度和15cm土壤温度,以促进当地设施农业发展。结果表明:从室内气温上看,日光温室气温高于塑料大棚;晴天二者日均气温相差2.3℃,但差异不显著;阴天二者相差2.2℃,差异显著。从季节变化来看,也是日光温室气温高于塑料大棚的温度;从室内土壤温度上看,日光温室土壤温度高于塑料大棚土壤温度;晴天二者日均土温相差1.2℃,差异显著;阴天二者相差2.6℃,差异显著。从室内湿度上看,晴天日光温室平均湿度大于塑料大棚空气湿度,二者平均值分别为73.4%、70.2%;阴天也是日光温室空气湿度大于塑料棚空气湿度,均值分别为81.4%、76.0%,但差异均不显著。从季节变化来看,整个试验期日光温室空气湿度平均为68.2%,塑料大棚为72.1%,二者结论相反,这与温室管理无法统一有关。     

黄瓜霜霉病的防治措施

霜霉病是大棚黄瓜的第一大病害,若防治不及时,5～7d就可能全田发生和病害流行.病害流行要具备三个因素:一是病原菌大量存在;二是种植的是感病品种;三是环境条件适合病害发生.黄瓜霜霉病的流行与温湿度有密切的关系,特别是湿度,孢子囊在温度5℃～30℃均可萌发,适温15℃～20℃,空气相对湿度高于83%才大量产生,且湿度越高孢子囊越多,叶面有水滴或水膜,持续3h以上孢子囊萌发侵入,若低于15℃或高于28℃,相对湿度60%时,不利于霜霉病的发生发展.黄瓜生产所需湿度为75%～80%,保护地日夜温差大,湿度高容易结露,加上结露时间超过2h,种植又是感病品种--密刺类.这是保护地霜霉病容易流行的主要原因.     

不同地理区域甜菜夜蛾生存发育和繁殖力的对比分析

为了进一步了解我国不同地理区域甜菜夜蛾生存发育和繁殖力的规律,收集整理了不同地理区域我国学者对甜菜夜蛾种群与温湿度关系的研究文献,通过提取各相关地区文献中有关温度和湿度对甜菜夜蛾生存发育繁殖影响的相关数据,并应用SPSS11.5统计分析软件中的方差分析和回归分析方法对其进行了综合性比对统计分析。结果表明,温度是影响甜菜夜蛾存活率、发育力的主导因素,地理区域间和湿度与之相关,但不显著;而地理区域则是影响成虫繁殖力的主导因素,在各学者所设试验水平范围内,温度和湿度的变化与成虫产卵量变化相关,但不显著。本文通过对比和综合分析,重新整理了相关文献提供的数据,得出了我国甜菜夜蛾广域的最适生存温度为26～29℃,最适生存湿度为70%～80%。各虫态广域的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为：卵,14.39℃,36.88日度;幼虫,11.31℃,192.86日度;蛹,13.65℃,105.77日度,各地区间差异不显著。     

杧果末级梢质量及其萌动期与开花着果的关系

广西杧果釆收后可抽生秋梢或冬梢2～3次,末级梢是次年的结果母枝.据报道,末级梢放梢期的早晚影响新梢的生育期、开花期、成花率、两性花率和着果;末级梢质量与其成花率也存在相关性.广西多数杧果园存在着放梢期不确定性、随意性,对末级梢质量提高缺乏科学管理意识.     

丰花月季新品种‘北京红’

 丰花月季新品种‘北京红’是从‘塞维丽娜’ב紫色美地兰’的杂交后代群中选出。花朵朱红色,颜色鲜亮,半重瓣,平均花径7.1 cm,年成花量285朵。生长势强健,抗黑斑病,耐湿热,适宜栽植于以北京气候特点为主的华北地区。     

茶香月季新品种‘美人香’

 茶香月季新品种‘美人香’是由‘香欢喜’ב艾丽’杂交育成。花朵淡粉色,重瓣,香气浓郁,平均花径9.9 cm,连续开花性状好。生长势强,不太耐高温高湿,抗病性较强,适宜栽培于以北京气候特点为主的华北地区。     

Controlling the growth and development of rose plants after planting

The effects of pinching and lateral bud removal (deshooting) on the development of structural shoots, the number of flowers, and the average flower stem length in young rose plants were examined, using the cultivars ‘Baccara’, ‘Sonia’ and ‘Belinda’. The effect of deshooting on flower yield varied with each cultivar. It did not affect the number of ‘Baccara’ flowers, but increased ‘Sonia’ and ‘Belinda’ flower production by 50% and 75%, respectively. Leaving flowers to bloom out on plants before the start of commercial harvest resulted in a decrease in the length of the flower stems and also reduced the beneficial effect of deshooting on flower yield. Deshooting enhanced structural shoot formation (“bottom breaks”). Pinching flower buds of structural shoots increased the number of ‘Baccara’ flowers in comparison with pruning these shoots to 40–60 cm, as in common practice. Deshooting of the structural shoots of ‘Sonia’ and ‘Belinda’ increased the number of flowers in both cultivars.     

Effect of night temperature and growing-practices on the winter yield of roses

The effect of night temperatures on the yield and quality of the rose, cultivars ‘Baccara’, ‘Sonia’ and ‘Belinda’, was studied during the winters of 1974/75 and 1975/76. Lower night temperature decreased the number of saleable flowers, reduced flower stem length, and increased ‘Baccara’ flower malformation. Sacrificing autumn yield (October–November) increased the number of mid-winter flowers and their stem length while significantly decreasing ‘Baccara’ flower malformation. The favorable response to sacrificing early yield is attributed to an enhanced rate of lateral bud breaking, as well as to a prolonged accumulation of summer metabolites and a more satisfactory balance of growth substances which reduce the incidence of flower malformation.     

Effects of low temperatures on sexual reproduction of ‘Tainong 1’ mango (Mangifera indica)

Prevailing ambient temperature during the reproductive phase is one of important factors for seed and fruit set in different plant species. In mango (Mangifera indica L.), natural low temperatures during flowering induced seedless fruits. Here the sexual reproduction process of ‘Tainong 1’ mango at low temperatures (diurnal maximum temperature < 20 °C) was studied. For comparison, we also examined this process at “normal” temperatures (diurnal maximum ranging from 25 to 30 °C, diurnal average temperature > 20 °C). Results showed: natural low temperatures significantly affected pistil and male gametophyte development, resulting in pollen grains with low viability. Meiotic chromosomal irregularities, including univalents, multivalents, laggards, bridges and micronuclei were detected at higher incidences and significantly greater proportions of nucleolus fragmentation and dissolution were detected when temperatures were low. Pollen tube growth was retarded under low temperature stress, either in vivo or in vitro. The virtual absence of sexual reproduction of ‘Tainong 1’ mango at low temperatures appears to be due largely to slow growth of pollen tube in vivo and to a low rate of successful fertilization.     

Effect of temperature on pollen germination and pollen tube growth of four cultivars of mango (Mangifera indica L.)

Summary

The effect of a constant (10, 15, 20 or 25°C) or a diurnal maximum/minimum (15/5, 20/10, 25/15 or 30/20°C) incubation temperature on in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube growth in the pistils of two poly-embryonic (‘Kensington’ and ‘Nam Dok Mai’), and two mono-embryonic (‘Irwin’ and ‘Sensation’) mango cultivars was studied. In in vitro experiments where pollen was incubated in a liquid germination medium for 24 h in darkness, little difference was found between pollen germination of mono- and poly-embryonic cultivars. Averaged over the four cultivars, 53.9% of pollen germinated at 10°C, this increased to 76.2% when the incubation temperature was increased to 15°C, thereafter up to 25°C the percentage germination remained stable but germination decreased slightly to 68.2% at 30°C. Similarly, there was no difference in percent germination between cultivars when pollen was incubated under diurnal temperature regimes. Mean pollen germination of all four cultivars was 52.3% at 15/5°C and pollen germination increased by 10% when the temperature was raised to 30/20°C. When self-pollinated flowers were incubated for 24 h on a semi-solid agar medium at 10°C, pollen tube growth of the four cultivars was retarded and no pollen tubes reached the ovaries. As the temperature was increased from 15 to 25°C, the mean number of pollen tubes in ovaries increased from 0.04 to 0.25. At 30°C, the mean number of pollen tubes that entered ovaries decreased to 0.04. After incubation under diurnal temperature regimes, the mean number of pollen tubes in ovaries of all four cultivars at 15/5°C was 0.23 and increased to 0.42 when the temperature increased to 30/20°C. At each incubation temperature, there were significant differences in pollen tube growth between cultivars, but there were no differences between the temperature response of pollen from mono- and poly-embryonic cultivars.     

丹参开花与繁育特性研究

 通过田间观察和人工授粉等方法, 对丹参( Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. ) 的开花生物学和繁育特性进行了初步研究。结果表明: 丹参为无限开花植物, 总状花序上通常有两性花近50朵, 单花花期5～7d, 从花前2 d到开花6 h花粉活力和柱头可授性都较大, 两者有效可遇期约为1.5 d, 可同花自交; 丹参自交结实和自然结实主要是通过同株异花传粉获得; 结合花粉/胚珠比、杂交指数以及繁育处理的结果认为,丹参不存在无融合生殖, 繁育类型为兼性异交, 自交亲和, 需要传粉者; 传粉媒介主要是蜂类。初步推断丹参为常异花授粉植物, 并对丹参育种中适宜采用的杂交方法及育种途径进行了探讨。     

微型月季新品种‘桔月’

微型月季新品种‘桔月’是从‘桔红色火焰’（4x）ב月月粉’（2x）的杂交后代中选育出的，株高 20.0 ~ 30.0 cm，植株无刺，三倍体。花朵杏粉色，果香型，千重瓣花，花径 7.0 ~ 10.0 cm。北京露地春季首花期 4 月中旬，连续开花至 11 月中下旬，较耐寒，有较强的环境适应性。适宜用于中国华北、西北、东北及华中地区栽培。     

切花芍药新品种‘华丹’

‘华丹’芍药是从山东省菏泽市牡丹区马岭岗芍药圃中选育出的天然杂交新品种。花重瓣,玫红色,台阁型,横径15 cm,纵径10 cm,雄蕊金黄色,株高105 cm,枝条硬挺,适宜作切花,花期较早,适合在中国主要芍药生产区栽培。