全麻机理的研究进展

全身麻醉(General anesthesla)是麻醉药经吸入、静脉、肌肉、口服或直肠灌注等途径送入入或动物体内，对中枢神经系统产生广泛的抑制作用，从而使入或动物呈现可逆的感觉和意识消失、痛觉迟钝或消失、神经反射及肌肉活动不同程度受到抑制的一种状态，这种麻醉方法称为全身麻醉。     

“舒泰”和恩氟烷共同麻醉在犬开胸手术中的应用效果研究

麻醉是指用药物或其他方法使机体或机体的一部分暂时失去感觉,以达到无痛的目的,多用于手术或某些疾病的治疗。随着动物实验对麻醉效果的日益苛求和麻醉方法的进一步与提高,一般将实验动物犬麻醉方法归为3大类,即全身麻醉、     

犬猫的注射麻醉

麻醉作为一种动物保定方法,广泛地应用于小动物疾病的诊断、治疗和外科手术.麻醉分为吸入麻醉、非吸入(注射)麻醉和局部麻醉,目前适用于小动物临床的主要是非吸入麻醉.选择理想的麻醉药物和麻醉方法,是手术成功与否的关键.也是小动物诊疗的重要环节.论文介绍了犬猫注射全身麻醉的方法,麻醉前准备,常用麻醉药物以及如何应用联合用药来取长补短对犬猫实施全身麻醉等.     

动物全麻复苏期常见并发症及处理

动物全身麻醉后由于麻醉药物的影响、手术的直接创伤和刺激以及病畜原有的病理生理变化等,均可导致某些并发症的发生.麻醉期间麻醉意外和并发症往往受到高度重视,所以易于控制.     

动物复合麻醉的研究进展

复合麻醉 (compound anesthesia)是指同时或先后应用 2种或 2种以上的麻醉药物及麻醉方法的临床麻醉技术 [1 ] ,以达到满意的术中及术后镇痛效果 ,为外科手术创造良好的条件 ,确保病人或动物的安全和术后顺利康复。复合麻醉具有以下优点 :(1 )减低麻醉用药剂量 ;(2 )减少药物不良反应 ;(3)满足手术操作要求 ;(4 )将麻醉对机体的不良反应减至最低程度 ;(5 )提供完善的术后镇痛 ,有利于机体术后恢复健康。近年来 ,复合麻醉的研究和应用已逐渐成为动物医学麻醉领域发展的主流。1　复合麻醉在动物医学领域的研究及应用　　复合麻醉从麻醉方法上…     

静松灵保定宁等对犬麻醉效果的观察

静松灵、保定宁及852麻醉合剂,是我国近年来新研制的全身镇静、肌松麻醉剂,对马、牛、犬、兔等多种动物有较好的麻醉作用,许多研究者都对此作了较为详尽的研究。但三种麻醉剂对犬麻醉效果的观察对比则少见报道。为此,我们选用推荐常用剂量     

爬行动物麻醉方法研究进展

动物麻醉是动物诊疗及手术过程顺利进行的先决条件,爬行动物由于生理学和解剖学的差异,导致其麻醉方法与哺乳动物也存在差异。爬行动物常见的麻醉方法分为吸入麻醉和注射麻醉,注射麻醉包括肌肉或皮下注射麻醉、静脉注射麻醉等。每种麻醉方法都有各自对应的麻醉药物,吸入麻醉常使用异氟醚和七氟醚,注射麻醉可使用替来他明、氯胺酮、阿法沙龙等药物。论文从爬行动物常见的麻醉方法及各种方法中常用的麻醉药物两个方面进行综述。     

全麻恢复期苏醒延迟发生的原因分析和处理

全身麻醉后，由于麻醉药物的影响、手术的直接创伤以及动物原有病理生理的变化等，均可导致麻醉后某些并发症的发生。如何积极防治全麻恢复期并发症的发生，也是麻醉医师一项至关重要的任务。从麻醉药物过量、麻醉药物残余作用、麻醉中低氧、全身或代谢疾病、手术操作等方面对全身麻醉后苏醒延迟发生的原因进行了分析，并提出了相应的预防措施。     

斑马全身复合麻醉的临床观察

保定宁是盐酸二甲苯胺噻唑与EDTA的混合物,与氯胺酮互用对马属动物是一种安全、实用的麻醉剂,异丙酚为短效静脉全身麻醉药,主要作用于中枢神经系统,引起意识消失、感觉及反应迟缓,起效迅速,无明显蓄积.2001年4月,温州市动物园1匹斑马因两前肢患滚蹄症,需手术治疗,临床采取保定宁作基础麻醉,氯胺酮、异丙酚静脉维持麻醉的方法,取得了良好的全身麻醉效果,现报道如下.     

心电图在动物疾病与麻醉中的应用

动物麻醉是保证术中动物安全无痛,为手术创造良好的操作条件,调整或控制手术动物的各种生理功能,促使动物术后恢复健康,而这种保证需要麻醉监测完成。麻醉监测是保障动物麻醉安全和提高麻醉质量的诊断方法,有利于控制麻醉质量,利用最少的麻醉药物达到最佳的麻醉效果,缩短复苏进程,减少动物出现的各种危险情况,避免术中动物行为伤害及医疗纠纷等不良后果。麻醉深度过浅会使动物感到疼痛,在手术中产生未预料到的活动,对手术不利;麻醉过深则造成循环、呼吸抑制,对动物生命安全造成威胁。心电图则是动物麻醉监测重要指标之一,心脏机械性收缩之前…     

戊巴比妥钠和水合氯醛对猪的全身麻醉

用戊巴比妥钠和水合氯醛共麻醉青年母猪64头,观测了麻醉前后猪体温、呼吸和心跳变化及其诱导期、麻醉期和苏醒时间。戊巴比妥钠麻猪后30min,猪体温、呼吸和心跳变化分别为-0.7℃、-2.0次/min、 0.9次/min,水合氯醛麻猪后30rain,猪体温、呼吸和心跳变化:分别为-0.9℃、-3.6次/min、-15.4次/min,戊巴比妥钠麻猪诱导期短,苏醒较快,无后遗症,不需要麻醉前给药,可单独作为猪全身麻醉的理想用药。     

贵州黑山羊胚胎移植手术不同麻醉方法比较

为了筛选适合于贵州黑山羊胚胎移植手术的麻醉方法,试验以贵州黑山羊为试验动物,比较了速眠新Ⅱ注射液2种麻醉方法（肌肉麻醉和静脉麻醉）对山羊生理指标,麻醉山羊的诱导期、麻醉期、苏醒期,麻醉苏醒后山羊的采食、反刍及精神状况的影响。结果表明：2种麻醉方法下,麻醉效果优、良的山羊数量和生理指标无明显差异;速眠新Ⅱ注射液静脉注射麻醉时,山羊的诱导期、麻醉期和苏醒期均较短,在苏醒后0.5 h,90.0%的山羊可以采食,83.3%的山羊可以反刍,93.3%的山羊精神状况良好;苏醒后1 h基本上全部可以恢复正常;采用静脉注射麻醉山羊进行胚胎移植手术,速眠新Ⅱ注射液用药剂量小,且安全、有效,明显优于肌肉注射。     

地西泮联合利多卡因对家兔麻醉效果的初步研究

为探讨地西泮联合利多卡因对于实验兔血管外科手术的全身麻醉效果,选取试验兔48只,随机分为A、B、C、D四组.A组和B组采用戊巴比妥钠麻醉,C组和D组采用地西泮与利多卡因的复合麻醉,分别观察麻醉起效时间、维持时间、全麻手术过程中动物体温、呼吸频率、血压、心率及麻醉死亡率;B组和D组麻醉后分别给以肾上腺素、普萘洛尔、酚妥拉...     

Development and implementation of veterinary anesthesia medical quality standards for primary care

ObjectiveThe provision of general anesthesia is common in veterinary hospitals and procedures include some level of risk, up to and including mortality. A quality initiative was introduced with a focus on reducing canine and feline anesthesia mortality. This paper describes the development and implementation of risk-based medical quality standards (MQS) and resultant impacts on anesthesia mortality.Study designThis was a qualitative observational study. MQS focused on the provision of anesthesia were researched, developed and implemented. Anesthesia mortality rates, captured via an automated process based on the electronic medical record, were recorded before and after implementation. Compliance to standards was determined via hospital auditing.AnimalsClient-owned dogs and cats presenting to Banfield Pet Hospital (a national network of primary care hospitals) for elective and nonelective general anesthesia procedures. Over the course of the study, 2,038,318 dogs and 350,410 cats had a general anesthesia event.MethodsLiterature reviews and analysis of veterinary patient medical records identified risk factors associated with anesthesia mortality. Risk factors informed the development of MQS. Evidence-based standards focused on the provision of general anesthesia were written, reviewed, evaluated and edited. Implementation occurred over 6 months via a robust communication plan. Anesthesia mortality rates were continuously monitored before, during and after the introduction of standards. Compliance with all quality standards was assessed via hospital-based auditing performed on an annual basis.ResultsPrior to quality standards implementation, anesthesia mortality rates for dogs and cats combined was 7.4 deaths/10,000 procedures. At 6 months after implementation, the mortality rate was 6.24 deaths/10,000 procedures, representing a 16% decrease. Compliance with standards improved over time with continued focus and education.Conclusions and clinical relevanceDevelopment, implementation and continued focus on MQS can improve anesthetic safety and reduce anesthesia mortality in primary care veterinary hospitals.     

Use of the Anderson Sling suspension system for recovery of horses from general anesthesia

OBJECTIVE: To describe a sling recovery system (Anderson Sling) for horses and to evaluate outcome of high-risk horses recovered from general anesthesia by a sling. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Horses (n=24) recovered from general anesthesia. METHODS: Complete medical and anesthetic records (1996-2003) for horses recovered from general anesthesia using the Anderson Sling system were evaluated retrospectively. Information retrieved included anesthetic protocol, surgical procedure, recovery protocol, recovery time, and quality of the recovery. Horses were recovered from anesthesia supported by the Anderson Sling in a standing position within a traditional padded equine recovery stall. RESULTS: Twenty-four horses had 32 assisted recoveries; 31 events were successful. No complications associated with the sling or recovery system protocol occurred. One horse was intolerant of the sling's support and was reanesthetized and recovered successfully using head and tail ropes. CONCLUSION: The Anderson Sling recovery system is an effective and safe way to recover horses that are at increased risk for injury associated with adverse events during recovery from general anesthesia. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The Anderson Sling system should be considered for assisted recovery of equine patients from general anesthesia.     

Plasma arginine vasopressin concentration in horses undergoing surgery for colic

Objective – To determine if horses before undergoing anesthesia for surgical correction of colic would have lower plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentrations than healthy horses undergoing anesthesia for arthroscopic surgery, and would not increase their plasma AVP concentrations in response to anesthesia and surgery. Design – Prospective clinical study. Setting – University teaching hospital. Animals – Fourteen horses with colic and 8 healthy horses. Interventions – Horses with colic underwent anesthesia and surgery for alleviation of colic, and healthy horses underwent anesthesia and surgery for arthroscopy. Measurements and Main Results – Plasma AVP was measured perioperatively in horses with colic and in healthy horses. Before anesthesia, and 30 and 60 minutes after induction, horses with colic had greater median plasma AVP concentrations than control horses (P≤0.001); thereafter during anesthesia differences in AVP concentrations between the 2 groups were not significant. In the control group, plasma AVP concentration increased during 120 minutes of anesthesia; no such increase occurred in colic horses. Conclusions – Compared with healthy horses, horses with colic had higher preanesthesia plasma AVP concentrations that did not increase further in response to anesthesia and surgery. Exogenous AVP is associated with decreased splanchnic perfusion in a variety of animal species and, therefore, could be detrimental to horses with colic. Thus, it may be inappropriate to use exogenous AVP in support of blood pressure in anesthetized horses with colic. Further studies are warranted to define appropriate indications for the use of AVP in horses with colic.     

Arterial Catheterization,Interpretation, and Treatment of Arterial Blood Pressures and Blood Gases in Birds

Blood pressure monitoring of patients has become increasingly common in companion animal veterinary hospitals, especially during anesthesia, surgical procedures, critical care, and general health assessments. Determining an animal’s blood pressure has become a standard part of the routine diagnostic evaluation for monitoring hypertension in geriatric patients or patients affected with renal insufficiency, cardiac disease, vision loss, or endocrine disorders. To increase the standard of care in exotic and zoological medicine, new diagnostic techniques must be identified and implemented. Blood pressure measurements in avian species are more challenging because only direct blood pressure techniques have been reported to be accurate. Arterial catheterization and interpretation can be daunting without the knowledge of avian physiology and anatomy; however, techniques for placing arterial catheters are not difficult once clinicians have gained sufficient experience. This article describes the techniques, anatomy, and appropriate interpretation of blood pressure results obtained through arterial catheterization in birds.     

Duration of thermal support for preventing hypothermia induced by anesthesia with medetomidine-midazolam-butorphanol in mice

Hypothermia during anesthetic events is a common adverse effect of anesthesia in laboratory animals. In particular, small rodents such as mice is susceptible to hypothermia during anesthetic events. Therefore, the animals will need additional thermal support by external heating devices during and after anesthesia. In general, the time of recovery from anesthesia is typically longer in case of injectable anesthesia rather than inhalant anesthesia. However, the durations of thermal support have been almost limited to 1 hr from administration of anesthesia in general. Our study objectives are two-fold: 1) to compare the levels of hypothermia induced by injectable anesthesia with medetomidine-midazolam-butorphanol (MMB) and inhalant anesthesia with isoflurane (ISO); 2) to find the adequate durations of thermal support for preventing hypothermia induced by their anesthesia in mice. Adult male ICR mice were anesthetized during 40 min without and with the thermal support for 1 (both anesthetic groups), 2, 3, and 5 hr (in MMB group). Without thermal support, the decrease of body temperature in MMB group were more severe than that in ISO group. The durations of thermal support completely prevented hypothermia at 5 hr-support in MMB group and that at 1 hr-support in ISO group. However, the other short durations did not prevent hypothermia at 1, 2 and 3 hr-support in MMB group. These results suggest that the mice should be received thermal support over 5 hr after injection of MMB anesthesia to prevent hypothermia.     

More effective induction of anesthesia using midazolam-butorphanol-ketamine-sevoflurane compared with ketamine-sevoflurane in the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus)

The common marmoset has been increasingly used for research in the biomedical field; however, there is little information available regarding effective methods of anesthesia in this species. This study retrospectively analyzed 2 regimens of anesthesia induction: intramuscular injection of ketamine followed by inhalation of 5% sevoflurane, and intramuscular injection of midazolam, butorphanol and ketamine followed by inhalation of 5% sevoflurane. Anesthetic depth did not reach the surgical anesthesia stage in 7 out of 99 animals receiving the former regimen, whereas there were only 2 such animals out of 273 receiving the latter regimen. The latter regimen, when followed by maintenance anesthesia with 3% sevoflurane inhalation, was successfully used in various nociceptive procedures. These results indicate that the injection of a combination of midazolam, butorphanol and ketamine followed by inhalation of a high concentration of sevoflurane is effective for anesthesia induction in marmosets.